nua on basic wood harvesting technology · wooden wedges control for trees felled on slopes...

DHS1GN M\NUA ONBASIC WOOD HARVESTINGTECHNOLOGY

BOOKLET 1

FELLING, DEBRANCHINGAND CROSSCUTTING

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1989

FAO TRAINING SERIES 18FAO TRAINING SERIES 18

DESIGN MANUAL ON BASIC WOOD HARVESTING TECHNOLOGY

''1

BOOKLET 1

FELLING, DEBRANCHING AND CROSSCUTTING


The designations employed and the presentation of material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever onthe part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city orarea or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiersor boundaries.

M-39ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publicafion may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of thereproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100Rome, Italy.

0 FAO 1989

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

M-39 ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmined in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00 1 00 Rome, Italy.

© FAD 1989

Contents

Axe handlePattern for an axe handleHanging an axe handleGauge for axe blades 1Gauge for axe blades 2Log vice for sharpening axe bladesGrindstone attachment foraxe bladesAxe blade guardWooden frame bowsawStand for filing crosscut sawsJointer for saws 1Jointer for saws 2Saw setSet gaugeRaker gaugeSawblade guardLog jack 1Log jack 2Log jack 3Sawhorse 1Sawhorse 2Sawhorse 3Wooden wedgesControl for trees felled on slopes

Contents

1. Axe handle 2. Pattern for an axe handle 3. Hanging an axe handle 4. Gauge for axe blades 1 5. Gauge for axe blades 2 6. Log vice for sharpening axe blades 7. Grindstone attachment for

axe blades 8. Axe blade guard 9. Wooden frame bowsaw

10. Stand for filing crosscut saws 11. Jointer for saws 1 12. Jointer for saws 2 13. Saw set 14. Set gauge 15. Raker gauge 16. Sawblade guard 17. Log jack 1 18. Log jack 2 19. Log jack 3 20. Sawhorse 1 21. Sawhorse 2 22. Sawhorse 3 23. Wooden wedges 24. Control for trees felled on slopes

Symboused

te

s and bbre atlions

0 Degree (angle)0 Diameter measurementkg Kilogram 2.205 pounds (lb)m Metre 1.094 yards (yd)mm Millimetre = 0.0394 inch (in)

Additional valuable information on the kinds of toolsshown in this booklet can be found in FAO ForestryPaper 36, Basic Technology in Forest Operations(ISBN 92-5-101260-1).

Symbols and abbreviations used o

o kg m mm

Degree (angle) Diameter measurement Kilogram Metre Millimetre

Note

= 2.205 pounds (Ib) = 1.094 yards (yd) = 0.0394 inch (in)

Additional valuable information on the kinds of tools shown in this booklet can be found in FAO Forestry Paper 36, Basic Technology in Forest Operations (ISBN 92-5-101260-1).

1. Axe handl

MaterialChoose a piece of hardwood, either from the butt of ayoung tree or from the sapwood of an older tree. Usewell-seasoned wood. The grain of the wood must bestraight and run parallel to the length of the handle. Itshould have no knots.

Parallel grain is best

Cross grain will break easily

Face grain will warp

1. Axe handle

Material Choose a piece of hardwood, either from the butt of a young tree or from the sapwood of an older tree. Use well-seasoned wood. The grain of the wood must be straight and run parallel to the length of the handle. It should have no knots.

Parallel grain is best

~~~'\%~%~~

Cross grain will break easily

~~~~~22~

f??1Z???6¥jiZ Ah ~-=-2Z~ Face grain will warp

2. Pattern lorr an axe hand

MaterialA well-seasoned piece of wood with straight grain.

9

45 51 55

V V

21 24 26

.f0 100t____ t

-4E-- 100 mm--I

200mm

A41

20

200

AA39 37

20 20

300

2

e

InstructionsThe axe handle should reach from the cutter's armpit tofinger tips, and from his hand to the ground (1). If an axehandle is not available as a model, use the pattern (2).Trace the outline of the side of the handle on to the pieceof wood (3). Cut away excess wood on the top with achisel and saw (4). Trace the outline of the top of thehandle (5). Cut away excess wood. Finish shaping thehandle with a knife. File and sandpaper to the dimensionsof the cross sections shown below (6). The finishedhandle should be comfortable to hold.

20

400

20 21

500

23 32 30

6156001

640 6+3

46A

43

23 21

644 62 549 544

5 53 59 644 64 705+8645

2. Pattern for an axe handle

Material A well-seasoned piece of wood with straight grain.

1

2

+ + • • + • 65 58 50 60 63 64

45 51 55 46 43 41 ----

• 62

39

•

Instructions The axe handle should reach from the cutter 's armpit to finger tips, and from his hand to the ground (1). If an axe handle is not available as a model, use the pattern (2). Trace the outline of the side of the handle on to the piece of wood (3). Cut away excess wood on the top with a chisel and saw (4). Trace the outline of the top of the handle (5). Cut away excess wood. Finish shaping the handle with a knife. File and sandpaper to the dimensions of the cross sections shown below (6). The finished handle should be comfortable to hold.

• • • .. 59

5[ 5f 59 64 6470

16 l'5 33 ~30-37 42 60

1\./ V

21--24--26--23--21--20--20--20--20--20--21--23+32130-'i' -, -I-

t I~O 2L Jo 4tO 5t J3r L-- ',' -, ',' 'I' -.- " 1_IOOmm_1

I" 200mm • I

2

/

CF

II:

i e e • ~ ~ ~ , ,. I , I I I I I I , I I I I I

: I I I I I I I I I I I

i~- ---ft---+ + + +-f-----i ---1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I , , (------, \ I \ I \ / I

I I

I 1

/] I

I

I 1----9 I 1 I ..... ____ 1

5

MaterialAxe handle, axehead.

_

InstructionsUsing a rasp, shape the end of the handle to fit the eye ofthe axehead (1). Insert the handle into the head and testfor alignment. The line of sight should run through theblade of the axehead and through the knob on the end ofthe axe handle (2). Remove the handle and saw a slot ofapproximately 40 mm into the end (3). Cut a hardwoodwedge for the slot (4). Insert the handle in the axeheadand drive the wedge into the slot (5). Test again foralignment (6). Cut off the excess handle (7). A well-hungaxehead will rest on the centre of the blade (8).

4

2 3

4 5 6

7 8

3. Hanging an axe handle

Material Axe handle, axehead.

1

[ t -~ ~~ -~ ~ ~

4

7

Instructions Using a rasp, shape the end of the handle to fitthe eye of the axehead (1). Insert the handle into the head and test for alignment. The line of sight should run through the blade of the axehead and through the knob on the end of the axe handle (2). Remove the handle and saw a slot of approximately 40 mm into the end (3). Cut a hardwood wedge for the slot (4). Insert the handle in the axehead and drive the wedge into the slot (5). Test again for alignment (6). Cut off the excess handle (7). A well-hung axehead wil l rest on the centre of the blade (8).

-~----------:::s--

2 3

~_ umu~u

5 6

8

4

4. Gauge for axe blades 1

UseTo test axe-blade profile.

MaterialA piece of sheet iron or aluminium 70 x 30 x 5 mm.

1

oA

o

5

6

5

InstructionsTransfer the pattern on to a piece of metal (1). Using ahacksaw, cut a notch 50 mm deep and varying in widthfrom Oto 10 mm. File the notch smooth. The gaugemeasures the dimensions of the taper (2). When thegauge fits exactly the blade has the proper profile (3). Ifthe blade is too thick to fit the gauge. it should be groundor filed until it does.

3

Distance from2edge of blade

Thicknessof blade

A. 2.5 mm 1. 1.5 mmB. 5.0 mm 2. 2.5 mmC. 10.0 mm 3. 4.5 mmD. 15.0 mm 4. 7.0 mmE. 35.0 mm 5. 8.5 mmF. 50.0 mm 6. 10.0 mm


Use To test axe-blade profile.

Mater.ial A piece of sheet iron or aluminium 70 x 30 x 5 mm.

1 ( 0 l 0

7f" A -- --I B -- -2

C - --- 3

D - ~4

EI -I I~ 5

F 6

5

Instructions Transfer the pattern on to a piece of metal (1). Using a hacksaw, cut a notch 50 mm deep and varying in width from 0 to 10 mm. File the notch smooth. The gauge measures the dimensions of the taper (2). When the gauge fits exactly the blade has the proper profile (3). If the blade is too thick to fit the gauge, it should be ground or filed until it does.

2 Distancefrom Thickness edge of blade of blade

A. 2.5 mm 1. 1.5 mm 8. 5.0 mm 2. 2.5 mm C. 10.0 mm 3. 4.5 mm D. 15.0 mm 4. 7.0 mm E. 35.0 mm 5. 8.5 mm F. 50.0 mm 6. 10.0 mm

3

•


UseTo test axe-blade profile.

MaterialA piece of sheet ¡ron or aluminium 70 x 70 x 5 mm.

Softwood --0-1 L1E-

1'

5 mmlOmm

3 5 mrn

o

2

3

6

InstructionsTransfer the pattern on to a piece of metal (1). Using ahacksaw, cut the notches. File the notches smooth. Thenotches measure the dimensions of the taper (2). For themost efficient use, the taper of the blade must varydepending on whether it is for hardwood or softwood (3).

Softwood

Hardwood

Distance fromedge of blade

2.5 mm5.0 mm

10.0 mm1.5 mm5.0 mm

10.0 mm

Thickness ofaxe blade

1.0 mm2.0 mm3.5 mm1.0 mm2.0 mm3.5 mm

0/0"'

3.5mm

10 m m5 mm 1.5m-rn

Hardwood2 mm I mm


Use To test axe-blade profile.

Material A piece of sheet iron or aluminium 70 x 70 x 5 mm.

1 Softwood _I ~ -''--

t 1°.:LU t

~I ~ 3.5mm

0 3.5mm

-I I--

IOTm n L

Hardwood

2

3

6

Instructions Transfer the pattern on to a piece of metal (1). Using a hacksaw, cut the notches. File the notches smooth. The notches measure the dimensions of the taper (2). For the most efficient use, the taper of the blade must vary depending on whether it is for hardwood or softwood (3).

Distance from Thickness of edge of blade axe blade

Softwood 2 .5 mm 1.0 mm 5.0 mm 2.0 mm

10.0 mm 3.5 mm Hardwood 1.5 mm 1.0 mm

5.0 mm 2.0 mm 10.0 mm 3.5 mm

6. Log vice for sharpening axe bladesUseTo hold an axehead in place when filing the blade.

MaterialA length of heavy log.

7

InstructionsChop a wedge-shaped notch in the log. The angle of thenotch should be about 300. The notch should be wideenough to hold the axehead firmly. The blade is facingupward, ready to be filed.

6. Log vice for sharpening axe blades

Use To hold an axehead in place when filing the blade.

Material A length of heavy log.

= c:::::::=_c::==-"'.. __ c

Instructions Chop a wedge-shaped notch in the log. The angle of the notch should be about 30°. The notch should be wide enough to hold the axe head firmly. The blade is facing upward, ready to be filed.

c::

< ___ c::::=c ===-~

c?: ~::::s=- -~ I -c::. =1

:: -- ~ ~ ~\\~

7

7. Grindstone attachment for axe blades

UseTo apply pressure to an axehead held against agrindstone.

Material1 piece of wood 700 x 100 x 50 mm for the lever arm,1 piece of wood of an appropriate height for the upright200 x 30 mm, about 20 nails 50 mm long.

2

8

InstructionsShape the lever arm using the pattern (1). Drive the nailsthrough the upright and fasten it to the frame of thegrindstone at the centre line of the grinding wheel. Pushthe end of the lever arm into one of the nails. The uprightbecomes the fulcrum to the lever (2). The axehead isfitted into the notch in the lever arm and pushed againstthe grindstone.

1

50mm

7. Grindstone attachment for axe blades

Use To apply pressure to an axehead held against a grindstone.

Material 1 piece of wood 700 x 100 x 50 mm for the lever arm, 1 piece of wood of an appropriate height for the upright 200 x 30 mm, about 20 nails 50 mm long.

I

Instructions Shape the lever arm using the pattern (1). Drive the nails through the upright and fasten it to the frame of the grindstone at the centre line of the grinding wheel. Push the end of the lever arm into one of the nails. The upright becomes the fulcrum to the lever (2). The axehead is fitted into the notch in the lever arm and pushed against the grindstone.

-( 50)-1 t]5:omm 700mm ,·1 f j

___ ~=1~5tm h s/

2

8

8. Axe blade guardUseTo cover an axe blade not in use.

MaterialA piece of rubber hose 150 mm long. 2 pieces of old innertube 10 mm wide. 2 rivets or 2 short bolts with nuts.

9

InstructionsSlit the rubber hose lengthwise. Rivet or bolt two loops ofinner tube to each end of the hose. The loops should belong enough to slip over the axehead and hold the rubberhose in place covering the blade.

8. Axe blade guard

Use Instructions To cover an axe blade not in use.

Material A piece of rubber hose 150 mm long, 2 pieces of old inner tube 10 mm wide , 2 rivets or 2 short bolts with nuts.

9

Slit the rubber hose lengthwise. Rivet or bolt two loops of inner tube to each end of the hose. The loops should be long enough to slip over the axehead and hold the rubber hose in place covering the blade.

9. Wooden frame bowsawUseTo cut light wood.

MaterialUse softwood or light hardwood. For the ends, 1 piece110 x 70 x 800 mm and 1 piece 110x 70 x 480 mm. Forthe crossbar, 1 piece 30 x 20 x 180 mm. Sawblade of1 050 mm, 2 metal pins 6 mm Ox 35 mm, a length of rope3 mm Ox 7 000 mm.

Crossbar

110 X70 X 800 mm

Tension arm

6mm 0 X 35 mm

''-,,,___1050 mm Sawblade

InstructionsShape the ends and the crossbar as shown. Drill a hole ineach end for the sawblade pins and attach the sawblade.Put the crossbar in place. Fold the rope double and loopit over the top of both ends. Push the tension arm throughthe strands of rope as shown, making sure that itoverlaps the crossbar. Turn the tension arm slightly to theside and twist the rope until the blade is straight and tight.When the blade is tight, hook the end of the tension armon the crossbar to keep it from turning.

110 X 70 X 450mm

Sawblade pins

J.Nonmerises.

lo

2

firatEMPAILWASIZEWM101:071/102/41%/5/111%, Ar/WARIPOlielWILKIWAISMICI

130 X 20 X 180 mm Rope

9. Wooden frame bowsaw

Use To cut light wood.

Material Use softwood or light hardwood. For the ends, 1 piece 110 x 70 x 800 mm and 1 piece 110 x 70 x 480 mm. For the crossbar, 1 piece 30 x 20 x 180 mm. Saw blade of 1 050 mm, 2 metal pins 6 mm 0 x 35 mm, a length of rope 3 mm 0 x 7 000 mm.

Tension arm

30 X 20 X 180 mm ........ ~

Crossbar / I I ......

Instructions Shape the ends and the crossbar as shown. Drill a hole in each end for the sawblade pins and attach the sawblade. Put the crossbar in place. Fold the rope double and loop it over the top of both ends. Push the tension arm through the strands of rope as shown, making sure that it overlaps the crossbar. Turn the tension arm slightly to the side and twist the rope until the blade is straight and tight. When the blade is tight, hook the end of the tension arm on the crossbar to keep it from turning .

1

11• 1 c::::::(l -+-- Sawblade pins

........ 1 0 50~ Sawblade

2

~-------

10

10. Stand for filing crosscut sawsUseTo hold a crosscut saw in place when filing the blade.

MaterialA solid tree stump or a length of log driven into theground, thin wooden wedges.

Raker tooth Cutting tooth

11

InstructionsCut off a tree stump at elbow height or drive a length oflog firmly into the ground to elbow height. Cut two slots inthe top of the stump or log, one at an angle for filingcutting teeth and one vertical for jointing the blade andfiling raker teeth. Insert the saw in the appropriate slotand hold it tightly in place with several thin woodenwedges. You can easily make this stand in the field.

10. Stand for filing crosscut saws

Use Instructions To hold a crosscut saw in place when filing the blade.

Material A solid tree stump or a length of log driven into the ground, thin wooden wedges.

Rakertoolh Cutting tooth

11

Cut off a tree stump at elbow height or drive a length of log firmly into the ground to elbow height. Cut two slots in the top of the stump or log, one at an angle for filing cutting teeth and one vertical for jointing the blade and filing raker teeth. Insert the saw in the appropriate slot and hold it tightly in place with several thin wooden wedges. You can easily make this stand in the field.

11. Jointer for saws

UseTo accurately level the cutting teeth of saws.

MaterialA block of hardwood 150 x 60 x 25 mm, a flat file for metal,thin wooden wedges.

12

InstructionsSaw a groove 10 mm deep and 3 mm wide the length ofthe wooden block. Slide the flat file into the groove. Youmay have to hold the file in place with thin woodenwedges. Hold the block against the face of the blade sothat the file is flat and square against the top of the cuttingteeth. Move the file back and forth over the teeth untilthey are level.

11. Jointer for saws 1

Use Instructions To accurately level the cutting teeth of saws.

Material Ablockof hardwood 150 x 60 x 25 mm, a flat file for metal , thin wooden wedges.

mm

12

Saw a groove 10 mm deep and 3 mm wide the length of the wooden block. Slide the flat file into the groove. You may have to hold the file in place with thin wooden wedges. Hold the block against the face of the blade so that the file is flat and square against the top of the cutting teeth. Move the file back and forth over the teeth until they are level.


UseTo accurately level the cutting teeth of saws.

Material1 piece of wood 200 x 50 x 5 mm for the top, 2 pieces ofwood 200 x 30 x 24 mm for the sides, a flat file for metal.

13

InstructionsCut a section 9 x 5 mm off the length of each of the sidesfor the file. Nail the top on to these as shown. Slide a flatfile into this slot. Fit the blade into the 2 mm grooveformed by the two sides so that the bottom of the file is flatand square against the top of the teeth. Move the fileback and forth over the teeth until they are level.


Use To accurately level the cutting teeth of saws.

Material 1 piece of wood 200 x 50 x 5 mm for the top, 2 pieces of wood 200 x 30 x 24 mm for the sides, a flat file for metal.

5_ 50 ","' ... 11)~

J f-0",

~

~~~(:'

0-

13

Instructions Cut a section 9 x 5 mm off the length of each of the sides for the file. Nail the top on to these as shown. Slide a flat file into this slot. Fit the blade into the 2 mm groove formed by the two sides so that the bottom of the file is flat and square against the top of the teeth . Move the file back and forth over the teeth until they are level.

15r1"rf' I

0-

13. Saw set

UseTo set or bend the tips of alternating teeth of a saw.

MaterialA piece of hard metal 150 x 20 x 4 mm.

20 mm

150 mm

14

InstructionsShape the piece of metal to fit the hand. Drill four holes of4 mm each in the metal and cut a slot into each hole to themeasurements shown. Slip the slot that fits best overalternating cutting teeth and bend them out slightly, onetooth one way and one tooth the other way. The roundhole at the end of the slot will protect the tip of eachsawtooth as it is being bent.

4 m

13. Saw set

Use To set or bend the tips of alternating teeth of a saw.

Material A piece of hard metal 150 x 20 x 4 mm.

Instructions Shape the piece of metal to fit the hand. Drill four holes of 4 mm each in the metal and cut a slot into each hole to the measurements shown. Slip the slot that fits best over alternating cutting teeth and bend them out slightly, one tooth one way and one tooth the other way. The round hole at the end of the slot will protect the tip of each sawtooth as it is being bent .

\' 150mm-----------

---'l-r-Sm;:- IPtliU~

20mm

! -I 1- __ I • __ -I f_ -lI-

E E E £ E E E E

"' '" N "' N N

N

G

14

14. Set gauge

UseTo test that sawteeth are properly set.

MaterialAn oval piece of wood 40-60 x 10 mm. 4 nails.

15

InstructionsDrive the four nails into the wood in a diamond pattern.The upper nail must be shorter than the lower three nails.The table below shows the dimensions to use to setsoftwood and hardwood saws. When the gauge can beheld against a tooth firmly with no back and forthmovement, that tooth is properly set.

SoftwoodHardwood

Length of ProtrusionsUpper nail Lower nail

0.3 0.60.2 0.4

14. Set gauge

Use To test that sawteeth are properly set.

Material An oval piece of wood 40-60 x 10 mm, 4 nails.

Instructions Drive the four nails into the wood in a diamond pattern. The upper nail must be shorter than the lower three nails. The table below shows the dimensions to use to set softwood and hardwood saws. When the gauge can be held against a tooth firmly with no back and forth movement, that tooth is properly set.

E E o

"'

-ilomml--=

Length of Protrusions Upper nail lower nail

Softwood Hardwood

0.3 0 .6 0.2 0.4

15

15. Raker gauge

UseTo set the depth of raker teeth on a crosscut saw.

MaterialA flat piece of metal 100 x 50 x 4 mm.

./.

/ 1.7.....7. ,\--//i\s, /

/

Raker tooth

Section of crosscut saw

16

InstructionsFold the piece of metal lengthwise to form a slot thethickness of a saw. Cut one or two sections out of thefolded side of the metal. The diagram below shows thedimensions to use for softwood and hardwood saws.Slide the gauge along the blade and file each raker toothto the proper height. Raker teeth are kept below thepoints of cutting teeth.

I ,i, ; \ / i

,,

1

, ,/II ,\

\ ii.

\ ( i \I

k' `j \ 1 1 I V \I I

\ 1

1

I I I 1

I If 1

II I I i

I I

I III

ff I

I

I

I

I Ii I

1 / \ 1 k / I

15. Raker gauge Use To set the depth of raker teeth on a crosscut saw.

Material A fl at piece of metal 100 x 50 x 4 mm.

-- 20mm- -20 mm-

j j

O4dmm I

O.25mm (Softwood) (Hardwood)

Instructions Fold the piece of metal lengthwise to form a slot the thickness of a saw. Cut one or two sections out of the folded side of the metal. The diagram below shows the dimensions to use for softwood and hardwood saws. Slide the gauge along the blade and file each raker tooth to the proper height. Raker teeth are kept below the points of cutting teeth.

1 "25mm

I - -------- IOOmm - - ----- --

f- " /i\ /\ / :\ -" 'I, \~/ ' , I I 1 I \ ( I ' I I , I 1\ I I I 1\ I i I 1/' I ~' 'i \ ( I I 1/ ~ I ,

II \ , \ ( I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I \ I , I l \ I \ I \ I \ I \ (

Section of crosscut saw

Raker tooth

16

i 6. Sawblade guard

UseTo cover a sawblade not in use.

MaterialA piece of rubber hose about 1 000 mm long.

17

InstructionsCut the hose to the proper length. Unfasten the sawbladeat one end, slide the hose over the blade and fasten theblade to the frame again.

\

16. Sawblade guard

Use To cover a sawblade not in use.

Material A piece of rubber hose about 1 000 mm long.

.:.:;. ,.!':~:"~.' . .' ... ~;,,,.;

Instructions Cut the hose to the proper length. Unfasten the sawblade at one end, slide the hose over the blade and fasten the blade to the frame again.

I.. IOOOmm •

17

7. Log jackUseTo raise the end of a log above the ground for cutting.

MaterialA cant hook, an iron bar 500 x 50 x 10 mm.

Cant hook

Lever attachment

18

InstructionsThis tool is made by adapting a standard cant hook. Cuttwo small pieces about 50 x 50 mm from the end of theiron bar. Shape the remaining piece of the bar as shown.Cut a rounded notch in the top of the small pieces and theupright at the back of the bar so that they fit the undersideof the cant hook. Weld all of the pieces to the cant hookas shown. The log jack should be strong enough to liftheavy logs and hold them at least 15 cm above theground.

250mm

150 mm

17. Log jack 1

Use To raise the end of a log above the ground for cutting .

Material A cant hook, an iron bar 500 x 50 x 10 mm.

Cant hook

________ r

l ever attachment

II \ ,

18

Instructions This tool is made by adapting a standard cant hook. Cut two small pieces about 50 x 50 mm from the end of the iron bar. Shape the remaining piece of the bar as shown. Cut a rounded notch in the top of the small pieces and the upright at the back of the bar so that they fit the underside of the cant hook. Weld all of the pieces to the cant hook as shown. The log jack should be strong enough to lift heavy logs and hold them at least 15 cm above the ground.

r ~n i i ) )~ 150mm

1 _---- 250mm • i

8. Log jack 211111MP,_

UseTo raise the end of a log above the ground for cutting.

MaterialA cant hook, 1 piece of 40 x 40 mm angle iron 350 mmlong and 5 mm thick, 1 piece of 40 x 40 mm angle iron 250mm long and 5 mm thick, 1 piece of pipe 40 mm 0 x 250mm, 3 bolts 10 mm 0 x 50 mm with washers and nuts.

Cant hook

3

Lever attachment

19

InstructionsThis tool is made by adapting a standard cant hook. Asshown in the diagram, cut and shape the longer piece ofangle iron (1), weld a flange to the top of the pipe (2) anddrill holes in the three metal pieces and the cant hook.Bolt the pieces together (3). A log jack should be strongenough to lift heavy logs and hold them at least 15 cmabove the ground.

NoteThe advantage of this log jack over Log Jack 1 is that byremoving two bolts, it can be used as a cant hook as well.

9

40mm

Flange

250 mm

18. Log jack 2

Use To raise the end of a log above the ground for cutting.

Material A cant hook, 1 piece of 40 x 40 mm angle iron 350 mm long and 5 mm thick, 1 piece of 40 x 40 mm angle iron 250 mm long and 5 mm thick, 1 piece of pipe 40 mm 0 x 250 mm, 3 bolts 10 mm 0 x 50 mm with washers and nuts.

~40mm( I, Q "so

1

Instructions This tool is made by adapting a standard cant hook. As shown in the diagram, cut and shape the longer piece of angle iron (1), weld a flange to the top of the pipe (2) and drill holes in the three metal pieces and the cant hook. Bolt the pieces together (3). A log jack should be strong enough to lift heavy logs and hold them at least 15 cm above the ground.

Note The advantage of this log jack over Log Jack 1 is that by removing two bolts, it can be used as a cant hook as well.

2 _~Flange

m"lI! d~~-

T ~~ ""1 255r -,-

40mm - '-

V//T 40~m[kZl°mm -=140mml=-

I 250 mm

I -14omml-

Cant hook

3 ~ g;rzt, z§: i~ :--. nil

19

19. Log jack 3UseTo raise the end of a log above the ground for cutting.

MaterialA length of pipe 35 mm O x 400 mm with a 3 mm thickwall, 1 piece of 40 x 40 mm angle iron 120 x 5 mm, atriangular piece of steel 30 x 30 x 5 mm, 2 square piecesof iron 40 x 40 x 5 mm, 1 flat iron bar 500 x 20 x 7 mm,1 bolt 10 mm O x 40 mm with washers and nut, 1 roundwooden handle 30 mm 0 of convenient length.

InstructionsBend the length of pipe (1) as shownsand weld the angleiron on to the lower end (2). Weld the triangular piece ofsteel (3) on the outside bend of the pipe. Weld on the twosquare pieces of iron 10 mm apart near the upper end ofthe pipe (4). Shape the flat iron bar into a hook (5). Thepoint of the hook should be sharpened and hardened.Drill a hole through the metal squares and the hook (4) insuch a way that the hook will be free to move. Bolt thehook in place. Insert the round wooden handle in thepipe. A log jack should be strong enough to lift heavy logsand hold them at least 15 cm above the ground.

20

19. Log jack 3

Use To raise the end of a log above the ground for cutting.

Material A length of pipe 35 mm 0 x 400 mm with a 3 mm thick wall, 1 piece of 40 x 40 mm angle iron 120 x 5 mm, a triangular piece of steel 30 x 30 x 5 mm, 2 square pieces of iron 40 x 40 x 5 mm, 1 flat iron bar 500 x 20 x 7 mm , 1 bolt 10 mm 0 x 40 mm with washers and nut, 1 round wooden handle 30 mm 0 of convenient length.

1

__ ~dJll ! -'-.--1--40mm

1\

Instructions Bend the length of pipe (1) as shown.and weld the angle iron on to the lower end (2). Weld the triangular piece of steel (3) on the outside bend of the pipe. Weld on the two square pieces of iron 10 mm apart near the upper end of the pipe (4). Shape the flat iro.n bar into a hook (5). The point of the hook should be sharpened and hardened. Drill a hole through the metal squares and the hook (4) in such a way that the hook will be free to move. Bolt the hook in place. Insert the round wooden handle in the pipe. A log jack should be strong enough to lift heavy logs and hold them at least 15 cm above the ground.

20",

'"

30 mm 0 (])/ 35mm 0

20

\ ~ '~7--

20. Sawhorse 1

Use InstructionsTo hold short or long logs level and off the ground for Drill or cut two holes through the log and drive in the legssawing. as shown. Legs are held fast with the wedges. When in

place the legs should form an angle of about 800. Drill orMaterial cut another hole in the log for the short piece of wood.1 log 90 mm 0 x 1 000 mm, 2 pieces of wood 50 mm 0 x This is to hold a log in position for cutting. Two sawhorses550 mm, 1 short piece of wood 30 mm 0 x 140 mm, are used to saw the logs.2 small wedges.

I 000 mm

21

90mm

20. Sawhorse 1

Use Instructions To hold short or long logs level and off the ground for sawing.

Drill or cut two holes through the log and drive in the legs as shown. Legs are held fast with the wedges. When in place the legs should form an angle of about 80"' Drill or cut another hole in the log for the short piece of wood. This is to hold a log in position for cutting . Two sawhorses are used to saw the logs.

Material 1 log 90 mm (2) x 1 000 mm, 2 pieces of wood 50 mm (2) x 550 mm , 1 short piece of wood 30 mm (2) x 140 mm, 2 small wedges.

I- 1000 mm ~ I

~~;;i=~lt' ~'40:X~ 30;mm~¢ ~;;;:~~~~ 90mm -1 + 11 -

-- ---t - -- -~

J~\"o" BOo ~~

I)') ,~,~ Iii ~,~~ I III , .,.<'

/,,,0

- - - - ':- -

21

21 . Sawhorse

UseTo hold short or long logs level and off the ground forsawing.

Material2 pieces of wood 900 x 100 x 100 mm, 1 pole 60 mm Ox2000 mm.

;

%If

eo mm

\00'"5

22

InstructionsCut a notch in the two pieces of wood so that they will fittogether to form an X-piece. The upper part of the Xshould be shorter (300 mm) than the bottom part (600mm). Drill a hole where the pieces of wood are joined anddrive in the pole. Two sawhorses are used.

21. Sawhorse 2

Use To hold short or long logs level and off the ground for sawing.

Material 2 pieces of wood 900 x 100 x 100 mm, 1 pole 60 mm 0 x 2000 mm.

Instructions Cut a notch in the two pieces of wood so that they will fit together to form an X-piece. The upper part of the X should be shorter (300 mm) than the bottom part (600 mm). Drill a hole where the pieces of wood are joined and drive in the pole. Two sawhorses are used.

,,,-- --- --- -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - ------- -- - - - - - ------ -;''''- '\

(, ~ /1)"" ~ Il? (, ::

22

---------' .... - ...

<OOO"''''~l ~/~60mm

22. Sawhorse 3MINIII111111111.UseTo hold a short log level and off the ground for sawing.

Material4 pieces of cut lumber 1 000 x 100 x 50 mm. 2 pieces ofcut lumber 1500 x 100 x SO mm, a short length of chainwith a stirrup or 4 pieces of old sawblade, nails.

Chain and stirrup

23

Sawblades

InstructionsNail the four short pieces of lumber together to form twoX-pieces. Cut the top and bottom of each X so that theywill be parallel to the ground. Join the X-pieces by nailingthe two long pieces of lumber to the lower part of each Xas shown. A log can be held in place in this sawhorse witha short length of chain and a stirrup or with four shortpieces of old sawblade nailed to the upper part of each X.Only one sawhorse is needed.

22. Sawhorse 3

Use Instructions To hold a short log level and off the ground for sawing.

Material 4 pieces of cut lumber 1 000 x 100 x 50 mm, 2 pieces of cut lumber 1500 x 100 x 50 mm, a short length of chain with a stirrup or 4 pieces of old sawblade, nails.

Nail the four short pieces of lumber together to form two X-pieces. Cut the top and bottom of each X so that they will be parallel to the ground. Join the X-pieces by nailing the two long pieces of lumber to the lower part of each X as shown. A log can be held in place in this sawhorse with a short length of chain and a stirrup or with four short pieces of old sawblade nailed to the upper part of each X. Only one sawhorse is needed.

,~

Chain and stirrup--l

23

UseTo direct trees when felling. To assist in splitting logsalong the grain.

MaterialDense hardwood or, when available, metal or plastic.

t_e°\\gt

ti

z-,

4

Thickness

24

InstructionsCut wedges for various functions using the dimensionsshown below.

Poor

-------Concave wedge drives in part way and then pops loose

Straight makes good contact and stays in place

Good

Poor

Convex only makes contact with leading half and often works loose

Application Thickness Width LengthFelling 20-30 mm 50-70 mm 200-280 mmCrosscutting 20 mm 40-60 mm 100-120 mmSplitting(normal) 30-50 mm 40-60 mm 200-280 mmSplitting(large) 80-100 mm 100-120 mm 300-350 mrr

,765Wedge profiles

23. Wooden wedges

Use To direct trees when fel ling. To assist in splitting logs along the grain.

Material Dense hardwood or, when available, metal or plastic.

Instructions Cut wedges for various functions using the dimensions shown below.

Wedge profiles

Thickness :==-======= _1-

Concave - wedge drives in part way and then pops loose

Good ::J

Straight - makes good contact and stays in place

Poor ~

Convex - only makes contact with leading half and often works loose

Application Thickness Width Length Felling 20-30 mm 50-70 mm 200-280 mm Crosscutting 20 mm 40-60 mm 100-120 mm Splitting (normal) 30-50 mm 40-60 mm 200-280 mrr Splitting (large) 80-100 mm 100-120 mm 300-350 mrr

24

24. Control for t rees felled on slopes

25

3

Use InstructionsTo stop a felled tree from sliding downhill on a steep Make the undercut (1). Pass the ends of the cable aroundslope, the tree and clamp one end below the undercut and the

other end of the cable far enough above to make theMaterial felling cut below it (2). Both clamps should be fastened onA short length of wire cable 10-20 mm 0,4 cable clamps the downhill side of the tree as shown. When the fellingfor the size of cable to be used. cut is made, the cable will keep the tree from sliding down

(3).

24. Control for trees felled on slopes

Use Instructions To stop a felled tree from sliding downhill on a steep slope.

Material A short length of wire cable 10-20 mm 0 , 4 cable clamps for the size of cable to be used.

1

25

Make the undercut (1). Pass the ends of the cable around the tree and clamp one end below the undercut and the other end of the cable far enough above to make the felling cut below it (2). Both clamps should be fastened on the downhill side of the tree as shown. When the felling cut is made, the cable will keep the tree from sliding down (3).

II

2

3

ESR,:,:iN MA UN N

SIC WOO HARVESTAGTECHNOLGY

-B06KLE

MOVING AND CARRYINGHEAVY LOADS BY HAND




BOOKLET 2

MOVING AND CARRYING HEAVY LOADS BY HAND



M-39ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of thereproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Public-ations Division, Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100Rome, Italy.

0 FAO 1989


M-39 ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for sud'! permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization 01 the United Nations, Via delle Termedi Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1989

C nitenLD

BackrackYoke 1

Yoke 2Log tongs 1Log tongs 2Wheelbarrow 1Wheelbarrow 2Wheelbarrow 3Wheelbarrow 4Lever logging cartHand sulkyUsing a hand sulkyUsing a sulky on steep slopes 1Using a sulky on steep slopes 2Rolling logs by handWooden chuteMetal chuteLog sledgeNarrow-gauge trackPole track

Contents

1 • Backrack 2. Yoke 1 3. Yoke 2 4. Log tongs 1 5. Log tongs 2 6. Wheelbarrow 1 7. Wheelbarrow 2 8. Wheelbarrow 3 9. Wheelbarrow 4

10. Lever logging cart 11. Hand sulky 12. Using a hand sulky 13. Using a sulky on steep slopes 1 14. Using a sulky on steep slopes 2 15. Rolling logs by hand 16. Wooden chute 17. Metal chute 18. Log sledge 19. Narrow-gauge track 20. Pole track

Symbols and abbreviationsused

Degree (angle)0 Diameter measurementkg Kilogram = 2.205 pounds (lb)m Metre = 1.094 yards (yd)mm Millimetre = 0.0394 inch (in)% Percentage

NoteAdditional valuable information on the kinds of toolsshown in this booklet can be found in FAO ForestryPaper 36, Basic Technology in Forest Operations(ISBN 92-5-101260-1).


o kg m mm

Degree (angle) Diameter measurement Kilogram Metre Millimetre

% Percentage

Note


Additional valuable information on the kinds of tools shown in this booklet can be found in FAO Forestry Paper 36, Basic Technology in Forest Operations (ISBN 92-5- 101260-1).

Backrack

UseTo carry firewood and short logs.

Material4 pieces of wood 700 x 50 x 25 mm, 3 pieces of wood 350X 50 x 25 mm. 2 metal angles, 2 leather bands 400 x 100and 2 leather straps 500 x 50 mm at least 3 mm thick,.screws and nails.

700 mm

1

InstructionsAssemble the two wooden frames of the backrack.Attach the front to the back, leaving an opening of 400mm at the top, using the metal angles as shown in thedetail. Nail the leather bands and straps to the frame sothat loads are comfortable to carry.

25mmI IF--

Flexible strap

400 X100 X 3mm

Shoulder straps

500 X50 X 3 mm

1. Backrack

Use To carry firewood and short logs.

Material 4 pieces of wood 700 x 50 x 25 mm, 3 pieces of wood 350 x 50 x 25 mm, 2 metal angles, 2 leather bands 400 x 100 and 2 leather straps 500 x 50 mm at least 3 mm thick; screws and nails.

700 mm

Instructions Assemble the two wooden frames of the backrack. Attach the front to the back, leaving an opening of 400 mm at the top, using the metal angles as shown in the detail. Nail the leather bands and straps to the frame so that loads are comfortable to carry.

Flexible strap

Shoulder straps

500X50X 3 mm

400 X 100X 3mm

Metal angles

2. Yoke 1UseTo carry firewood and short logs.

Material1 piece of hardwood 170-200 mm 0 x 950 mm, shortlengths of rope, wire or chain, 2 hooks.

950 mm

o

1-4150mmla-

400mm

950mm

2

InstructionsShape the yoke following the diagram. First saw thebasic shape and then carve with a knife. Drill a hole ineach end of the yoke. Thread a rope, wire or chainthrough each hole, adjust the length according to theheight of the user and attach a hook to the bottom ofeach. The wood to be carried is stacked in loose loops ofrope and hung from the hooks.

170-200mm

50mm

2. Yoke 1

Use Instructions To carry firewood and short logs.

Material 1 piece of hardwood 170-200 mm 0 x 950 mm, short lengths of rope, wire or chain, 2 hooks.

I • 950 mm .. I

Shape the yoke following the diagram. First saw the basic shape and then carve with a knife . Drill a hole in each end of the yoke. Thread a rope, wire or chain through each hole, adjust the length according to the height of the user and attach a hook to the bottom of each. The wood to be carried is stacked in loose loops of rope and hung from the hooks.

( (}+ .. ~~ ==-=-------l_/_____ 0

-------~ ------c ::: ~-- j?

c~~ 1 .... 150mm~1

E t 50mm

, - It I c 400mm ., 1

'II 950mm .,

2

3. Yoke 2

UseTo carry firewood and short logs.

Material2 long poles 50 mm 0 x 2 000 mm, 2 short poles 50 mm0 x 400 mm, 2 flexible straps 600 x at least 50 mm, heavycord, a length of rope.

InstructionsLash the long poles together at the ends using heavycord. Pull these poles apart at the middle and lash theshort poles in place as shown. Attach the shoulder strapsto the long poles (1) or the short poles (2) according to theway the yoke is to be used. The wood to be carried isstacked in loose loops of rope hanging from the ends ofthe yoke.

3

3. Yoke 2

Use To carry firewood and short logs.

Material 2 long poles 50 mm 0 x 2000 mm, 2 short poles 50 mm o x 400 mm, 2 flexible straps 600 x at least 50 mm, heavy cord, a length of rope.

Instructions Lash the long poles together at the ends using heavy cord. Pull these poles apart at the middle and lash the short poles in place as shown. Attach the shoulder straps tothe long poles (1) or the short poles (2) according to the way the yoke is to be used. The wood to be carried is stacked in loose loops of rope hanging from the ends of the yoke.

3

4. Log tongs 1

UseTo drag and lift logs.

Material2 iron bars 15 x 25 x 600 mm. 1 iron bar 15 x 25 x110 mm,1 rivet 10 mm 0x70 mm, a length of rope, 1 round pieceof wood 50 mm O x 700 mm.

15 X 25 X 110mm

-.01- 15 X 25 X 600mm

4

InstructionsHeat and bend the long iron bars to form the tong arms(1). Each arm should have an eye at one end and a pointat the other. Various kinds of points are shown below.Sharpen and harden the points. Heat and bend the shortbar into a U-shape (2). Drill a hole through both arms andboth sides of the U-shape and rivet them together (3).Attach the length of rope to the eyes in both tong arms(4). With these tongs one person can drag a log. Anadditional length of rope and a handle will allow twopeople to drag a log (5).

Different points for log tongs

4. Log tongs 1

Use To drag and lift logs.

Material 2 iron bars 15 x 25 x 600 mm, 1 iron bar 15 x 25 x 11 0 mm, 1 rivet 10 mm 0 x 70 mm, a length of rope, 1 round piece of wood 50 mm 0 x 700 mm.

15 X 25 X 600mm

15 X 25 X IIOmm

4

Instructions Heat and bend the long iron bars to form the tong arms (1). Each arm should have an eye atone end and a point at the other. Various kinds of points are shown below. Sharpen and harden the points. Heat and bend the short bar into aU-shape (2). Drill a hole through both arms and both sides of the U-shape and rivet them together (3). Attach the length of rope to the eyes in both tong arms (4). With these tongs one person can drag a log. An additional length of rope and a handle will allow two people to drag a log (5).

t't~~ Different points for log tongs

5. Log tongs 2

UseTo drag and lift logs.

Material2 iron bars 340 x 25 x 15 mm. 1 rivet 10 mm O x 40 mm,2 rings 50 mm 0 and 1 ring 100 mm 0 made from ironrods 6 mm 0 and 9 mm 0 each, a length of rope, 1 roundpiece of wood 50 mm 0 x 700 mm.

5

InstructionsHeat and bend the iron bars to form the tong arms. Eacharm should have a hole at one end and a point at theother. Various kinds of points are shown below. Sharpenand harden the points. Drill a hole through both tong armsand rivet them together. Shape the small rings and fitthem into the holes in the tong arms. Shape the large ringand fit it into the small rings. Attach the rope to the roundwood handle and to the large ring to allow two people todrag a log.

Different points for log tongs

5. Log tongs 2

Use To drag and lift logs.

Material 2 iron bars 340 x 25 x 15 mm, 1 rivet 10 mm 0 x 40 mm, 2 rings 50 mm 0 and 1 ring 100 mm 0 made from iron rods 6 mm 0 and 9 mm 0 each, a length of rope, 1 round piece of wood 50 mm 0 x 700 mm.

Instructions Heat and bend the iron bars to form the tong arms. Each arm should have a hole at one end and a point at the other. Various kinds of points are shown below. Sharpen and harden the points . Drill a hole through both tong arms and rivet them together. Shape the small rings and fit them into the holes in the tong arms. Shape the large ring and fit it into the small rings. Attach the rope to the round wood handle and to the large ring to allow two people to drag a log.

t~~~ Different points for log tongs

90°",·

5

6. Wheelbarrow 1

UseTo move short logs or other materials.

Material1 used oil drum, 2 pieces of pipe 30 mm 0 x 1 700 mm,2 pieces of pipe 30 mm 0 x 600 mm, 2 pieces of pipe30 mm 0 x 400 mm, 6 bolts 10 mm 0 with washers.4 pieces of metal 50 x 50 x 5 mm, 1 wheel and axle.

2

InstructionsCut the oil drum in two (1 ). Shape the long pipes for theframe of the wheelbarrow. Flatten one end of eachframe-pipe and drill a hole in each suitable for the axleand wheel to be used. Assemble axle, wheel andframe-pipes. Drill holes in the drum, legs and leg bracesand bolt them together as shown. The drum, legs and legbraces may also be welded together.

6

6. Wheelbarrow 1

Use To move short logs or other materials.

Material 1 used oil drum, 2 pieces of pipe 30 mm 0 x 1 700 mm, 2 pieces of pipe 30 mm 0 x 600 mm, 2 pieces of pipe 30 mm 0 x 400 mm, 6 bolts 10 mm 0 with washers, 4 pieces of metal 50 x 50 x 5 mm, 1 wheel and axle.

1

2

o

Instructions Cut the oil drum in two (1). Shape the long pipes for the frame of the wheelbarrow. Flatten one end of each frame-pipe and drill a hole in each suitable for the axle and wheel to be used. Assemble axle, wheel and frame-pipes. Drill holes in the drum, legs and leg braces and bolt them together as shown. The drum, legs and leg braces may also be welded together.

~Leg

6

7. Wheelbarrow 2

UseTo move short logs.

Material1 piece of pipe 25 mm O x 4 000 mm. 1 piece of pipe25 mm 0 x 450 mm. 4 pieces of pipe 25 mm 0 x 400 mm,2 pieces of flat iron 80 x 80 x 5 mm, 1 wheel and axle.

6000"n 60°'m

InstructionsBend the long piece of pipe at the centre to form theframe. Weld the 450-mm pipe between the sides of theframe. The handles of the wheelbarrow should then beabout 500 mm apart. For the legs weld on two of the400-mm pipes below the curve of the handle. Weld on theremaining two 400-mm pipes to make the posts to holdthe load. Cut the two small iron squares diagonally andweld them to the frame as shown to strengthen theconnections. Fit the wheel and axle in place usinghardwood blocks or metal bearings.

poOr"\

7

400n'n1

7. Wheelbarrow 2

Use To move short logs.

Material 1 piece of pipe 25 mm 0 x 4000 mm, 1 piece of pipe 25 mm 0 x 450 mm, 4 pieces of pipe 25 mm 0 x 400 mm, 2 pieces of flat iron 80 x 80 x 5 mm, 1 wheel and axle.

,, __ ,' -( ..... '0::, , " \ , --"'< '\ \, \ " , , ,

\ ----r " 400"''''. ,

\

, , "

Instructions Bend the long piece of pipe at the centre to form the frame. Weld the 450-mm pipe between the sides of the frame. The handles of the wheelbarrow should then be about 500 mm apart. For the legs weld on two of the 400-mm pipes below the curve of the handle. Weld on the remaining two 400-mm pipes to make the posts to hold the load. Cut the two small iron squares diagonally and weld them to the frame as shown to strengthen the connections. Fit the wheel and axle in place using hardwood blocks or metal bearings.

~ ",00 ",'"

y.

" \ ~ ,00··

\ .. ~ ------,_,,~\ ' .,0.· \

J-' , ", .--'-"

\

.....------' 000 '" '"

__ ,,00"'''' ---------~'''oo''''''

7

8. Wheelbarrow 3


Material2 pieces of hardwood 1 300 x 60 x 30 mm (1), 2 pieces ofhardwood 600 x 60 x 30 mm (2), 2 pieces of hardwood1 700 mm x 60 x 30 mm (3). 2 pieces of hardwood 450x 60 x 30 mm (4). 4 round pieces of hardwood 30 mm 0x 450 mm (5), 1 wheel and axle (6),

InstructionsShape handles of one end of the two long pieces of woodand drill a hole for the wheel and axle of the other end.Drill or cut holes for the remaining pieces of wood.Assemble all pieces following the illustration. Fit thewheel and axle in place using hardwood blocks. Thelarger the wheel diameter, the less effort is needed topush the wheelbarrow over rough ground.

8

8. Wheelbarrow 3

Use To move short logs.

Material 2 pieces of hardwood 1 300 x 60 x 30 mm (1), 2 pieces of hardwood 600 x 60 x 30 mm (2) , 2 pieces of hardwood 1 700 mm x 60 x 30 mm (3), 2 pieces of hardwood 450 x 60 x 30 mm (4), 4 round pieces of hardwood 30 mm (2)

x 450 mm (5), 1 wheel and axle (6).

8

Instructions Shape handles of one end of the two long pieces of wood and drill a hole for the wheel and axle of the other end. Drill or cut holes for the remain ing pieces of wood. Assemble all pieces following the illustration. Fit the wheel and axle in place using hardwood blocks. The larger the wheel diameter, the less effort is needed to push the wheelbarrow over rough ground.

9. Wheelbarrow 4


MaterialSawn lumber: 2 pieces 100 x 30 x 2 000 mm long(1), 10 boards 200 x 20 x 1 000 (2), 2 pieces100 x 30 x 1 500 mm long (3), 1 piece 300 mm long(4), a wheel and axle (5), nails, spikes, bolts withnuts or screws.

InstructionsThe wheelbarrow may be assembled following thediagram. The design may be changed to suit the need orthe materials available. This kind of wheelbarrow can beused over soft ground on a plankway.

9

2000 mm

FIT11111: I

1 11111

ir i1 1

.11

!

ii i ll,.1

'-`

1

1

:1

Lli Old '

,.., 4 1

9. Wheelbarrow 4

Use Instructions To move short logs.

Material Sawn lumber: 2 pieces 100 x 30 x 2 000 mm long ( I). 10 boards 200 x 20 x 1 000 (2). 2 pieces 100 x 30 x 1 500 mm long (3). 1 piece 300 mm long (4), a wheel and axle (5). nails, spikes, bolts with nu ts or screws.

0

-lj

0

The wheelbarrow may be assembled following the diagram. The design may be changed to suit the need or the materials available. This kind of wheelbarrow can be used over soft ground on a plankway.

a 0 a a 0 0 0 0 0 a

I- 2000 mm ·1 ll1A\U~UmUUQJwi!(! '1'

~ -1/1,' r .~ 1 ilmi'1,~ ( 1' . I .II! III ~ m m I " r' IT I I I

~I l~iln~~Wt~~~~. ~j~ 9

InstructionsBend the long pipe so that the handle will be at waistheight when the other end is about 200 mm off theground. Weld the piece of pipe on for the handle. Heatand bend the iron bar. cut a V-notch in the end and weldit in place on the front end of the long pipe (see detail).Adjust the axle so the tires are about 400 mm apart andweld the axle to the underside of the pipe about 450 mmfrom the front end.

1111*1)411M to10-**4-{(114ftW/41#"itil;-'14---":111 Wik"(41/\IN///,-3111 II(

10. Lever logging cartUseTo lift and rnove small logs.

Material1 piece of pipe 40 mm O x 2 000 mm. 1 piece of pipe40 mm O x 400 mm. 1 iron bar 80 x 15 x 5 mm, 2 usedautomobile wheels and an axle.

10. Lever logging cart

Use To lift and move small logs.

Material 1 piece of pipe 40 mm 0 x 2000 mm, 1 piece of pipe 40 mm 0 x 400 mm, 1 iron bar 80 x 15 x 5 mm, 2 used automobile wheels and an axle.

~-(

Instructions Bend the long pipe so that the handle will be at waist height when the other end is about 200 mm off the ground. Weld the piece of pipe on for the handle. Heat and bend the iron bar, cut a V-notch in the end and weld it in place on the front end of the long pipe (see detail). Adjust the axle so the tires are about 400 mm apart and weld the axle to the underside of the pipe about 450 mm from the front end.

IIU~/IJ~I{/<?itI\~\'I\"'-\~~~j~I""'II",,;WiI<;~l~W.?r;;:I(j$"~JI\l\",.Jt/f \I\'",I/;sIII~r\~1111

~

10

11. ftnd sulkUseTo lift and move small logs.

MaterialThe frame, wheel attachments and braces are made ofchannel iron. The attachment for chain chokers is madeof angle ¡ron. Channel iron 30 x 30 x 30 x 5 x 6 800 mm,angle ¡ron 30 x 30 x 5 x 300 mm, pipe 40 mm 0x400 mm,2 wheels. 2 axles and a length of chain with a ring at theend.

0,"bo°

InstructionsWeld the wheel attachments (1) to the front piece (2) andweld on the wheel braces (3). Weld the sulky pull (4) tothe centre of the front piece and weld on the pull braces(5). Cut slots in the metal angle (see detail) for a chainchoker to hold the logs. Each slot should be a little widerthan the thickness of one chain link. Weld the slottedangle to the centre of the front piece and the pipe handleto the end of the pull. Attach the wheels and axles.

NoteInformation on how to use this sulky is given on Sheet 12of this booklet.

o

11. Hand sulky

Use To lift and move small logs.

Material The frame, wheel attachments and braces are made of channel iron. The attachment for chain chokers is made of angle iron. Channel iron 30 x 30 x 30 x 5 x 6800 mm, angle iron 30 x 30 x 5 x 300 mm, pipe 40 mm 10 x 400 mm, 2 wheels, 2 axles and a length of chain with a ring at the end.

1

--+ Boomm

5

Instructions Weld the wheel attachments (1) to the front piece (2) and weld on the wheel braces (3). Weld the sulky pull (4) to the centre of the front piece and weld on the pu ll braces (5). Cut slots in the metal angle (see detail) for a chain choker to hold the logs. Each slot should be a little wider than the thickness of one chain link. Weld the slotted angle to the centre of the front piece and the pipe handle to the end of the pull. Attach the wheels and axles.

Note Information on how to use this sulky is given on Sheet 12 of this booklet.

1

<:,:<:': '??+:<:':

0<:': "J f

4

2000

"''''

7

1 1

12. Using a hand sulky

2

3

12

InstructionsStretch out the choker chain on the ground next to the logto be moved (1 ). Roll the end of the log over the chain (2).Back up the sulky so that the slotted angle is over the endof the log and the chain and tip the sulky up (3). Slip theend of the chain through the ring and pull tight. Then fit alink of the chain into the slots in the angle and tip the sulkydown (4). One end of the log will be lifted off the groundso that you can drag it (5). You can also chain the log atthe centre, if it is not too long, and lift it clear off the ground(6). If the logs are not too big. you can attach two or moreto the sulky (7).

12. Using a hand sulky

1 (

2 ~- - -~--

3

Instructions Stretch out the choker chain on the ground next to the log to be moved (1). Roll the end of the log overthe chain (2). Back up the sulky so that the slotted angle is over the end of the log and the chain and tip the sulky up (3). Slip the end of the chain through the ring and pull tight. Then fit a link of the chain into the slots in the angle and tip the sulky down (4). One end of the log will be lifted off the ground so that you can drag it (5). You can also chain the log at the centre , if it is nottoo long , and lift it clear off the ground (6). If the logs are not too big , you can attach two or more to the sulky (7).

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13. Using a sulky on steep s

Material Instructions2 sulkies, 1 pulley block and chain, 5 mm 0 cable of Attach the pulley block to a tree or other fixed object at therequired length. top of the slope. Thread the cable through the block and

fasten one end to a loaded sulky above and the other endto an empty sulky below. The loaded sulky movingdownhill will be slowed by the weight of the empty sulkybeing pulled uphill. This method is used on slopes of over40 percent.

' 1 cr-' - .4 (--L. (..7 s-TN , ,. r 1 ,) ..,S, ---,

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14

apes 1- - 1111

NoteThis method can be used with the hand sulky (Sheet 11,Booklet 2). with the self-loading timber arch (Sheet 12,Booklet 3) or with a less heavy version of the loggingsulky with tongs (Sheet 13. Booklet 3).

13. Using a sulky on steep slopes 1

Material 2 sulkies, 1 pulley block and chain, 5 mm 0 cable of requ ired length.

14

Instructions Attach the pulley block to a tree or other fixed object at the top of the slope. Thread the cable through the block and fasten one end to a loaded sulky above and the other end to an empty sulky below. The loaded sulky moving downhill will be slowed by the weight of the empty sulky being pulled uphill. This method is used on slopes of over 40 percent.

Note This method can be used 'with the hand sulky (Sheet 11 , Booklet 2) , with the self-loading timber arch (Sheet 12, Booklet 3) or with a less heavy version of the logging sulky with tongs (Sheet 13, Booklet 3).

Material Instructions2 sulkies, 2 pulley blocks and chains, 5 mm 0 cable of Attach the pulley blocks to two trees or other fixed objectsrequired length. at the top of the slope. By using two pulley blocks, sulkies

can operate on two separate tracks to two separatelandings. Thread the cable through both blocks andfasten one end to a loaded sulky above and the other endto an empty sulky below. The loaded sulky movingdownhill will be slowed by the weight of the empty sulkybeing pulled uphill. This method is used on slopes of over40 percent.

NoteThis method can be used with the hand sulky (Sheet 11Booklet 2). with the self-loading timber arch (Sheet 12.Booklet 3) or with a less heavy version of the loggingsulky with tongs (Sheet 13, Booklet 3).

L._

ggiMS.P

Using a sulky on steep slopes 2

15

14. Using a sulky on steep slopes 2

Material Instructions 2 sulkies, 2 pulley blocks and chains, 5 mm 0 cable of required length.

," .. :- .<',;;, : ~ ·:. .. :::-.:- .. ;:t~~

15

Attach the pulley blocks to two trees or other fixed objects at the top of the slope. By using two pulley blocks, sulkies can operate on two separate tracks to two separate landings. Thread the cable through both blocks and fasten one end to a loaded sulky above and the other end to an empty sulky below. The loaded sulky moving downhill will be slowed by the weight of the empty sulky being pulled uphill. This method is used on slopes of over 40 percent.

Note This method can be used with the hand sulky (Sheet t 1, Booklet 2) , with the self-loading timber arch (Sheet 12, Booklet 3) or with a less heavy version of the logging sulky with tongs (Sheet 13, Booklet 3).

-, ~ '" -..- -'

'.~-~ ~h .,'1\

UseTo move short or long logs,

MaterialsPoles as straight, long and uniform in size as possible,4 or 5 pieces of wood 70 mm 0.

16

(3g

InstructionsLay the poles parallel on the ground to make a rollway.Larger diameter poles may be needed to spandepressions in the terrain or clear obstacles such asrocks. Place the butts of the poles in the direction that thelogs are to be rolled. Short logs can be rolled directly onthe rollway (1). Long logs can be moved on short woodenrollers (2). As the rollers come free at the rear of the logthey are placed in position at the front of the log.

15. oiling by hand15. Rolling logs by hand

Use To move short or long logs.

Materials Poles as straight, long and uniform in size as possible , 4 or 5 pieces of wood 70 mm 0.

2

16

Instructions Lay the poles paral lel on the ground to make a rollway. Larger diameter poles may be needed to span depressions in the terrain or clear obstacles such as rocks. Place the butts of the poles in the direction that the logs are to be rolled. Short logs can be rolled directly on the rollway (1). Long logs can be moved on short wooden rollers (2). As the rollers come free at the rear of the log they are placed in position at the front of the log.

6. Wood n chute

3

UseTo move logs less than 2 m long over steep and difficultterrain.

MaterialsFor each section of chute: 2 hardwood boards 5 000 x200 x 25 mm. 3 strips of flat iron 400 x 50 x 10 mm,12 bolts 10 mm 0 x 45 mm with washers and nuts.1 metal hook of 10 mm 0.

--I 2400 mm

2

or- Flat imn angle

17

InstructionsBend the pieces of flat iron at the centre to a right angle.Drill four holes in each angle and six holes in each board(1). Countersink the holes on the inside edge of eachboard so that the bolt heads will be below the surface.Bolt the angles and boards together with the hookthreaded on the centre of the angle on the top end of theboard (2). The 50 mm gap between the bottom edges ofthe two boards allows bark and wood chips to dropthrough. To assemble the chute, hook the sectionstogether (3). It is important that the upper sectionsoverlap the lower ones so that logs can slide freely (4).This kind of chute can be quickly put together or takenapart and moved to another place. It can be used inlengths of up to 100 m on slopes greater than 60 percent.

4

4

2400 mm

200 mm

50mm x 150mm

5000 mm

o

100 mm 00 mm

16. Wooden chute

Use Instructions To move logs less than 2 m long over steep and difficult terrain.

Materials For each section of chute: 2 hardwood boards 5000 x 200 x 25 mm, 3 strips of flat iron 400 x 50 x 10 mm , 12 bolts 10 mm 0 x 45 mm with washers and nuts, 1 metal hook of 10 mm 0.

1 I~ ,

C8= --I 1- 2400 mm

rOOmm

2

Bend the pieces of flat iron at the centre to a right angle. Drill four holes in each angle and six holes in each board (1). Countersink the holes on the inside edge of each board so that the bolt heads will be below the surface. Bolt the angles and boards together with the hook threaded on the centre of the angle on the top end of the board (2). The 50 mm gap between the bottom edges of the two boards allows bark and wood chips to drop through. To assemble the chute, hook the sections together (3). It is important that the upper sections overlap the lower ones so that logs can slide freely (4). This kind of chute can be quickly put together or taken apart and moved to another place. It can be used in lengths of up to 100 m on slopes greater than 60 percent.

5000mm . -I

IQ ~ ·1 .. 2400 mm

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17. Meta chuteUseTo move logs less than 2 m long over steep and difficultterrain.

MaterialFor each section: 1 piece of sheet metal 2 400 x 600 x2 mm (aluminium is light and easy to handle if available,otherwise sheet iron), 2 strips of metal 2 400 x 30 x 3 mm,20 rivets 3 mm O x 8 mm.

InstructionsFold the sheet metal lengthwise at the centre to form awide angle of 125°. Fold the edges down on both sides 40mm to form a right angle. Rivet the metal strips to eachside. Drill a number of holes in the edges to be used fornails or wire to fasten the chute. To assemble the chute,nail the sections to a double row of wooden poles. Chutesections can also be anchored using wire and stakesdriven into the ground. It is important that the uppersections overlap the lower ones so that the logs can slidefreely. This kind of chute can be put together or takenapart and moved to another place. It can be used inlengths of up to 300 m.on slopes greater than 60 percent.

17. Metal chute

Use To move logs less than 2 m long over steep and difficult terrain.

Material For each section : 1 piece of sheet metal 2400 x 600 x 2 mm (alumin ium is light and easy to handle if available, otherwise sheet iron), 2 strips of metal 2 400 x 30 x 3 mm, 20 rivets 3 mm 0 x 8 mm.

Instructions Fold the sheet metal lengthwise at the centre to form a wide angle of 1250. Fold the edges down on both sides 40 mm to form a right angle. Rivet the metal strips to each side. Drill a number of holes in the edges to be used for nails or wire to fasten the chute. To assemble the chute, nail the sections to a double row of wooden poles. Chute sections can also be anchored using wire and stakes driven into the ground. It is important that the upper sections overlap the lower ones so that the logs can slide freely. This kind of chute can be put together or taken apart and moved to another place. It can be used in lengths of up to 300 m.on slopes greater than 60 percent.

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18

iL Log sledgeUseTo move heavy logs by hand or by winch and cable.

MaterialVVooden poles and cross pieces for the skid road, heavyrough sawn lumber for the sledge. leather or canvasstraps. rope.

A /

0 ® ®

19

InstructionsThe sledge shown in the diagram is pushed or pulledover a skid road of poles (1) laid parallel on the ground,levelled and notched every 500 mm to receive crosspieces (2). The sledge runners (3) are curved at each end(4) so that the sledge can be moved both backward andforward. The runners are rounded (5) to reduce friction.Log bunks (6), notched into the runners, are carved out tohold the load in place. A centre piece (7) providesadditional stability. Holes are drilled in both ends of therunners (8) for cable or rope pulls. For loading, the sledgeis held in place by two heavy stakes (9) against theopposite runner to keep it from sliding off the skid road.Pegs may be driven into the log being carried to providehandholds for pushing or pulling. Wide shoulderharnesses for pulling (10) are fastened to the sledge byropes or canvas straps. An axe may be buried in the frontof the log for steering. Four or six people may be neededto move the sledge along the skid road.

fio

18. Log sledge

Use To move heavy logs by hand or by winch and cable.

Material Wooden poles and cross pieces for the skid road, heavy rough sawn lumber for the sledge, leather or canvas straps, rope.

o

ci 8 6 3

2i:;] 3

7

19

Instructions The sledge shown in the diagram is pushed or pulled over a skid road of poles (1) laid parallel on the ground, levelled and notched every 500 mm to receive cross pieces (2). The sledge runners (3) are curved at each end (4) so that the sledge can be moved both backward and forward. The runners are rounded (5) to reduce friction. Log bunks (6), notched into the runners, are carved out to hold the load in place. A centre piece (7) provides additional stability. Holes are drilled in both ends of the runners (8) for cable or rope pulls. For loading, the sledge is held in place by two heavy stakes (9) against the opposite runner to keep it from sliding off the skid road. Pegs may be driven into the log being carried to provide hand holds for pushing or pulling. Wide shoulder harnesses for pulling (10) are fastened to the sledge by ropes or canvas straps. An axe may be buried in the front ofthe log for steering. Four or six people may be needed to move the sledge along the skid road.

o

6

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19. Narrow-gauge track

UseTo move heavy logs manually or with animals.

MaterialOld narrow-gauge railway rails, logs, 2000-mm ties,planks, spikes, rough sawn lumber, narrow-gaugerailway wheels and axles.

20

InstructionsA narrow trail is cleared as straight as possible (1).Parallel rows of logs (2) are laid down and levelled. Ties(3) are laid across the logs every 500 mm. The narrow-gauge rails are laid out and spiked (4) to the ties. A plankwalkway (5) is laid down between the rails for the peopleor animals pushing or pulling loads of logs. Wagons (6)are mounted on narrow-gauge axles and wheels (7).

19. Narrow-gauge track

Use To move heavy logs manually or with animals.

Material Old narrow-gauge railway rails, logs, 2 OOO-mm ties, planks, spikes, rough sawn lumber, narrow-gauge railway wheels and axles.

20

Instructions A narrow trail is cleared as straight as possible (1). Parallel rows of logs (2) are laid down and levelled. Ties (3) are laid across the logs every 500 mm. The narrowgauge rails are laid out and spiked (4) tothe ties. A plank walkway (5) is laid down between the rails for the people or animals pushing or pulling loads of logs. Wagons (6) are mounted on narrow-gauge axles and wheels (7) .

Pole track

UseTo move heavy logs manually or with animals.

MaterialMedium to heavy logs, long poles, planks and wire orspikes, heavy timber, blocks of wood or sections of logs,metal rods and metal disks with cotter pins.

21

InstructionsDepending on the size of the logs to be used and theweight of the loads to be carried, place log ties 1 to 1 .5 mapart (1). Mount the track of poles on the ties using wireor spikes (2). If wire is used it should be attached so thatit cannot be cut by the wheels. A plank walkway (3) is laiddown between the tracks for the people or animalspushing or pulling loads of logs. The wagon is a simpleplatform built of heavy timber. The wheels, carved fromblocks of wood or sections of logs, have deep grooves toride the poles (4). The wheels are free to move back andforth on metal rod axles (5) between metal disks held inplace with cotter pins (6) to allow for variations in trackalignment.

20. Pole track

Use To move heavy logs manually or with animals.

Material Medium to heavy logs, long poles, planks and wire or spikes, heavy timber, blocks of wood or sections of logs, metal rods and metal disks with cotter pins.

21

Instructions Depending on the size of the logs to be used and the weight of the loads to be carried, place log ties 1 to 1 .5 m apart (1). Mount the track of poles on the ties using wire or spikes (2). If wi re is used it should be attached so that it cannot be cut by the wheels. A plank walkway (3) is laid down between the tracks for the people or animals pushing or pulling loads of logs. The wagon is a simple platform built of heavy timber. The wheels, carved from blocks of wood or sections of logs, have deep grooves to ride the poles (4). The wheels are free to move back and forth on metal rod axles (5) between metal disks held in place with cotter pins (6) to allow for variations in track alignment.

DrS ON IVANUAL SNBASIC WOOD HARVESTINTECHNOLOGY

MOVING LOADSWITH ANIMAL POWER


FAO TRAINING SERIES 18.=11FAO TRAINING SERIES 18

DESIGN MANUAL ON . BASIC WOOD HARVESTING TECHNOLOGY

BOOKLET 3

MOVING LOADS WITH ANIMAL POWER



M-39ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior perrnission of the copyright owner.Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of thereproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1989

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, dty or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

M-39 ISBN 92-!;-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and AgricultureOrganization 01 the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1989

Contents

Saddle-rack 1Saddle-rack 2Skidding harness 1Skidding harness 2Head yoke for oxenShoulder yoke for oxenSkidding hooksSkidding tongsSkidding coneSkidding sledSkidding cradleLogging sulky with tongsSelf-loading timber archSingle skid runnerLog sledge 1Log sledge 2Wood pallet with runners

Contents

1. Saddle-rack 1 2. Saddle-rack 2 3. Skidding harness 1 4. Skidding harness 2 5. Head yoke for oxen 6. Shoulder yoke for oxen 7. Skidding hooks 8. Skidding tongs 9. Skidding cone

to. Skidding sled 11. Skidding cradle 12. Logging sulky with tongs 13. Self-loading timber arch 14. Single skid runner 15. Log sledge 1 16. Log sledge 2 17. Wood pallet with runners

Symbols and abbreviationsused0 Degree (angle)O Diameter measurementkg Kilogram = 2.205 pounds (lb)m Metre 1.094 yards (yd)mm Millimetre = 0.0394 inch (in)



12)

kg m mm

Degree (angle) Diameter measurement Kilogram Metre Mi llimetre

Note


Additional yaluable information on the kinds of tools shown in this booklet can be found in FAO Forestry Paper 36, Basic Technology in Forest Operations (ISBN 92-5-101260-1 ).

L Saddle-rack 11

UseTo carry short lengths of wood by donkey or mule.

MaterialUse round lightweight wood. For each saddle-rack: 8pieces 25 mm 0 x 450 mm, 2 pieces 25 mm 0 x 620 mm,strong cord, strips of leather or wire, a length of rope anda hook. 2 leather or fibre straps.

scs.S.

1

InstructionsLash the six shorter pieces of wood together to form theback and side of the saddle-rack as shown, Lash the twolonger pieces of wood diagonally to the corners of theback. Tie the length of rope to the back and hook it to thetop of the side. Make a second saddle-rack exactly thesame. To attach the two saddle-racks, put the two strapsover the back of the animal and fasten them to the top ofeach rack.

450mm

450 mm

'1441-4' I ,Z

(25mm 0

prK.

450 mm

1. Saddle-rack 1

Use To carry short lengths of wood by donkey or mule.

Material Use round lightweight wood. For each saddle-rack: 8 pieces 25 mm '" x 450 mm, 2 pieces 25 mm '" x 620 mm , strong cord, strips of leather or wire, a length of rope and a hook, 2 leather or fibre straps.

II

Instructions Lash the six shorter pieces of wood together to form the back and side of the saddle-rack as shown. Lash the two longer pieces of wood diagonally to the corners of the back. Tie the length of rope to the back and hook it to the top of the side. Make a second saddle-rack exactly the same. To attach the two saddle-racks, putthe two straps over the back of the animal and fasten them to the top of each rack.

.. 450mm .. I

(25mm III

450mm

1

at! ,~,::')) !! ,~-

rI/: ( "\, :: #450~ I

2. Saddle-rackUse InstructionsTo carry short lengths of wood or drag logs by donkey or Cut a notch 20 mm wide x 25 mm deep at a pointmule. 120 inni from the upper end uf eaplruf the Íuur boards.

Assemble the four notched boards to form two cross.Material pieces. Cut the remaining piece of wood in half4 wooden boards 400 x 50 x 20 mm, 1 piece of wood 400 lengthwise on the diagonal and nail one cross to eachx 50 x 50 mm, nails, 2 leather or fibre straps, a rope. end as shown. Drill a hole near the bottom of each cross

and attach the straps to hold the rack in place on theanimal's back. Short lengths of wood in equal amourscan be tied to each side of the rack (1) or one or more Irgscan be tied to each side of the front (2) and draggedbeside the animal. To tie the rope to the rack, notchescan be cut in the ends of the cross-pieces.

\5011`5\

1 2

2

2. Saddle-rack 2

Use To carry short lengths of wood or drag logs by donkey or mule.

Material 4 wooden boards 400 x 50 x 20 mm, 1 piece of wood 400 x 50 x 50 mm, nails, 2 leather or fibre straps, a rope.

Instructions Cut a notch 20 mm wide x 25 mm deep at a pOint 120 mm from the upper end of each of the four boards. Assemble the fou r notched boards to form two cross· pieces. Cut the remaining piece of wood in half lengthwise on the diagonal and nail one cross to each end as shown. Drill a hole near the bottom of each cross and attach the straps to hold the rack in place on the animal 's back. Short lengths of wood in equal amounls can be tied to each side of the rack (1) or one or more IIgs can be tied to each side of the front (2) and dragged beside the animal. To tie the rope to the rack, notches can be cut in the ends of the cross-pieces.

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1

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2

3. Skidding harness 1

UseTo pull loads or drag logs by donkey or mule.

MaterialA draught-animal collar with crupper strap, 2 pieces ofheavy chain long enough to reach from the collar andextend well behind the heels of the animal, a heavy hookand eye, 2 leather or fibre straps, a piece of wood 50 mm0 x 560 mm, a short piece of heavy chain.

3

InstructionsShape the round piece of wood as shown. Attach the twoloi ig pieces of dial!' lo LI le sides of the collar. Join theends of the chains with the hook and eye. Pass one of thestraps under the animal (1) and one of the straps over theanimal (2) and attach them to the chains on both sides.Insert the round piece of wood in the chains (3) to holdthem apart behind the animal. Pass the short piece ofchain around the log to be pulled and attach it to the hook(4).

50mm 0)

500 mm 0.130mml

Inside chain link


Use Instructions To pull loads or drag logs by donkey or mule.

Material A draught-animal collar with crupper strap, 2 pieces of heavy chain long enough to reach from the collar and extend well behind the heels of the animal, a heavy hook and eye, 2 leather or fibre straps , apieceofwood 50 mm o x 560 mm, a short piece of heavy chain.

Shape the round piece of wood as shown. Attach the two long pieces of chain to the sides of the collar. Join the ends of the chains with the hook and eye. Pass one of the straps under the animal (1) and one of the straps over the animal (2) and attach them to the chains on both sides. Insert the round piece of wood in the chains (3) to hold them apart behind the animal. Pass the short piece of chain around the log to be pulled and attach ilia the hook (4).

50 mm 0 ) / Inside chain link

() :V p_:J 130mm\... 50 0mm .\30mml

CD ~

3


UseTo pull loads or drag logs by donkey or mule.

MaterialA draught animal collar with crupper strap, 2 pieces ofheavy chain long enough to reach from the collar andextend well behind the heels of the animal, a singletree,2 leather or fibre straps, a short piece of heavy chain.

4

InstructionsAttach the two long pieces of chain to the sides of thecollar. Attach the singletree to the ends ot the chains (1).Pass one of the straps under the animal (2) and one ofthe straps over the animal (3) and attach them to thechains on both sides. Pass the short chain around the logto be pulled and attach it to the hook (4).


Use To pull loads or drag logs by donkey or mule.

Material A draught animal collar with crupper strap, 2 pieces of heavy chain long enough to reach from the collar and extend well behind the heels of the animal , a singletree, 2 leather or fibre straps, a short piece of heavy chain .

4

Instructions Attach the two long pieces of chain to the sides of the collar. Attach the singletree to the ends of the chains (1). Pass one of the straps under the animal (2) and one of the straps over the animal (3) and attach them to the chains on both sides. Pass the short chain around the log to be pulled and attach it to the hook (4).

5. Head yoke for oxen

UseTo pull logs or carts.

Material1 piece of wood 2 000 x 150x 150 mm (weight 12 to15 kg). 80 mm 0 ring made from 10 mm 0 iron rod.2 pieces of thick cloth 400 x 200 mm, 3 rawhide stripsof appropriate length.

Front view 7 5mm

100 -4-300mm-b- -11- 550mm 4--

5

InstructionsShape the piece of wood to form the yoke as shownbelow. The final shape will depend on the size of theoxen. When the yoke is finished it should fit the head ofboth animals just behind the horns. Lash the ring to thecentre of the yoke (1) using one of the rawhide strips. Puta piece of thick cloth on the head of each animal to keepthe yoke from rubbing. Lash the yoke tightly to the horns(2) with the two remaining rawhide strips. The load to bepulled is attached to the ring. The pole of a cart can bepushed through the ring and held in place with a pin.

2000mmi 120mm

12 Omm

-.-300mm 100(II

Top view 7 5 mm 150mm

-4---550mm100fr)

5. Head yoke for oxen

Use Instructions To pull logs or carts. Shape the piece of wood to form the yoke as shown

below. The final shape will depend on the size of the oxen. When the yoke is finished it should fit the head of both animals just behind the horns. Lash the ring to the centre of the yoke (1 ) using one of the rawhide strips. Put a piece of thick cloth on the head of each animal to keep the yoke from rubbing. Lash the yoke tightly to the horns (2) with the two remaining rawhide strips . The load to be pulled is attached to the ring. The pole of a cart can be pushed through the ring and held in place with a pin.

Material 1 piece of wood 2000 x 150 x 150 mm (weight 12 to 15 kg) , 80 mm 0 ring made from 10 mm 0 iron rod, 2 pieces of thick cloth 400 x 200 mm, 3 rawhide strips of appropriate length.

I- 2000mm ·1

Front view

Top view

+ ~ 75mm

T -lIool .... 300mm - 1- 550mm --llool-550 mm

mm mm

~ + tl20mm

75mm L[150mm_1 I I L.U t t t

5

- 300mm_IIOOI-4-mm

II:D

6. Shouloref yoke if

UseTo pull logs or carts.

MaterialA piece of wood 1 200 x 200 x 100 mm, 2 round pieces ofwood (such as rattan or willow) 25 mm 0 or 2 pieces of¡ron rod 15 mm 0 x 1 000 mm, 1 bolt 10 mm 0 x 250 mmwith an eye and and a ring made from 10 mm 0 iron rod80 mm long.

200mm

6

en

+.100-4.1-4 250mm 10-1 -4--- 500 mm 250mm to.- -*-100-+

o

InstructionsShape the piece of wood to form the yoke as shownbelow. The final shape will depend on the size of theoxen. When the yoke is finished it should fit the necks ofboth animals just in front of the shoulders. Drill four holesin the yoke for the neck hoops using the dimensionsshown. Drill a hole in the centre of the yoke for the bolt,eye and ring. Place the yoke on the oxen and slip in theneck hoops. Wooden hoops may have to be wet orsteamed to bend them into shape. The load to be pulledis attached to the ring. The pole of a cart can be pushedthrough the ring and held in place with a pin. The weightof a load being pulled holds the yoke firmly in placeagainst the shoulders.

6. Shoulder yoke for oxen

Use To pull logs or carts.

Material Apiece of wood 1200 x 200 x 100 mm, 2 round pieces of wood (such as rattan or wi llow) 25 mm 0 or 2 pieces of ironrod15mm0x1000mm,1 bolt10mm0x250mm with an eye and and a ring made from 10 mm 0 iron rod 80 mm long.

Instructions Shape the piece of wood to form the yoke as shown below. The final shape will depend on the size of the oxen. When the yoke is finished it should fit the necks of both animals just in front of the shoulders. Drill four holes in the yoke for the neck hoops using the dimensions shown. Drill a hole in the centre of the yoke for the bolt, eye and ring. Place the yoke on the oxen and slip in the neck hoops. Wooden hoops may have to be wet or steamed to bend them into shape. The load to be pulled is attached to the ring. The pole of a cart can be pushed through the ring and held in place with a pin. The weight of a load being pulled holds the yoke firmly in place against the shoulders.

[

IOO+I_250mm_I_500mm · .. 1-250mm'--I-IOO-A n 8 n nmm " " • • " I I , ' :.; -.:: ::t !:

1 200mm

.t

6

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~

L Skidding hooksUseTo pull logs using draught animals.

Material2 iron rods 15 mm O x 450 mm, 1 ring 100 mm 0 madefrom 15 mm iron rod, a length of heavy chain.

7

InstructionsHeat and bend the iron rods to form two hooks with eyesas shown. Sharpen and harden the points. Attach thering to the length of chain. Drive the hooks into the sidesof a log near the end. Thread the chain through the eyesand the ring. When the chain is pulled tight the hooks areforced into the log.

7. Skidding hooks

Use To pull logs using draught animals.

Material 2 iron rods 15 mm 0 x 450 mm, 1 ring 100 mm 0 made from 15 mm iron rod , a length of heavy chain.

Instructions Heat and bend the iron rods to form two hooks with eyes as shown. Sharpen and harden the points. Attach the ring to the length of chain. Drive the hooks into the sides of a log near the end. Thread the chain through the eyes and the ring. When the chain is pulled tight the hooks are forced into the log.

t 130mm

1 I • 160 mm .1

-----

7

8. Skidding tongsUseTo pull logs using draught animals.

Material1 iron rod 15 mm 0 x 280 mm (1), 2 iron rods 15 mm 0x 200 mm (2), 2 pieces of steel rod 20 mm 0 x 550 mm(3), a length of 10 mm chain x 2 000 mm.

8

instructionsHPat and bend the steel rods to form two hooks with eyes(3). Sharpen and harden the points. Form the two smallrings through the eyes of each hook (2). Form the largering through the smaller rings (1). Attach the length ofchain to the large ring. Place one hook on each side of alog. When the chain is pulled tight the hooks are forcedinto the log.

20 mm 0

8. Skidding tongs

Use To pull logs using draught animals.

Material 1 iron rod 15 mm 0 x 280 mm (1), 2 iron rods 15 mm 0 x 200 mm (2) , 2 pieces of steel rod 20 mm 0 x 550 mm (3) , a length of 10 mm chain x 2000 mm.

®

Instructions Heat and bend the steel rods to form two hooks with eyes (3) . Sharpen and harden the points. Form the two small rings through the eyes of each hook (2). Form the large ring through the smaller rings (1). Attach the length of chain to the large ring. Place one hook on each side of a log. When the chain is pulled tight the hooks are forced into the log.

'..-20mm 12'

®

8

9. Skid mg co eUseTo prevent logs from digging into the ground and beingcaught on obstacles while being pulled.

MaterialA sheet of heavy-gauge flat metal 1 200 x 1 200 x 2-3mm, an iron rod 10-15 mm 0x160 mm, 12 rivets.

3 thicknesses

9

InstructionsCut a circle 1 200 mm in diameter from the sheet of metal.Make a cut from the edge ot the circle to the centre. Rolethe circle into a cone so that one half has two thicknessesof sheet metal and the other half has three thicknesses.The diameter of the base of the finished cone will beabout 500 mm. Rivet or weld the loose edges of the cone.Cut off the end of the cone to make a hole for the chain.Bend the short iron rod into a ring 50 mm in diameter andweld it into the hole. Attach the chain to the log, thread thechain through the hole in the cone and pull. When usingthe skidding cone the part with the three thicknessesshould be down.

2 thicknesses

Weld or rivet

Hole for chain

Cut off bottom

9. Skidding cone

Use Instructions To prevent logs from digging into the ground and being caught on obstacles while being pulled.

Material A sheet of heavy-gauge flat metal 1 200 x 1 200 x 2-3 mm, an iron rod 10-15 mm 0 x 160 mm, 12 rivets.

Cct ___ -.,

I • 1200mm •

Cut a circle 1 200 mm in diameter from the sheet of metal. Make a cut from the edge of the circle to the centre. Role the circle into a cone so that one half has two thicknesses of sheet metal and the other half has three thicknesses. The diameter of the base of the finished cone will be about 500 mm. Rivet or weld the loose edges of the cone. Cut off the end of the cone to make a hole for the chain. Bend the short iron rod into a ring 50 mm in diameter and weld it into the hole. Attach the chain to the log, thread the chain through the hole in the cone and pull. When using the skidding cone the part with the three thicknesses shou ld be down.

/ 2 thicknesses

Cutoff bonom

3 thicknesses

Weld or rivet

./ Hole for chain

9

10. Skidding sledUseTo pull logs using draught animals.

Material1 piece of pipe 50 mm 0 x 2 500 mm. 1 piece of pipe50 mm 0 x 1 500 mm, 2 pieces of 50 x 50 mm channeliron x 150 mm, 2 bolts 10 mm 0 x 70 mm with nuts, shortpieces of flat iron, a length of chain.

2

lo

InstructionsShape the long piece of pipe to form the sled runner.Weld the short pieces of flat ¡ron to the front of the runnerto form a pull bar. Weld the two pieces of channel iron toeach side of the runner about halfway between the frontand the back. Shape the shorter piece of pipe to form anarch. Drill holes through the base of the arch and thechannel iron and bolt the arch in place. Weld several ironsquares to the top of the arch. Attach the chain to the logto be pulled. Hook the chain through the squares, overthe arch and fasten it to the front of the runner (1). Theforward movement of the sled will cause the arch to moveinto the vertical position. lifting the front end of the log offthe ground (2).

Runner

Pull bar

10. Skidding sled

Use Instructions To pull logs using draught animals.

Material 1 piece of pipe 50 mm (2) x 2500 mm, 1 piece of pipe 50 mm (2) x 1 500 mm, 2 pieces of 50 x 50 mm channel iron x 150 mm, 2 bolts 10 mm (2) x 70 mm with nuts, short pieces of flat iron, a length of chain.

1 Arch ------,

----- = /

Q

2

~/-' ~~ --

10

Shape the long piece of pipe to form the sled runner. Weld the short pieces offlat iron tothe front of the runner to form a pull bar. Weld the two pieces of channel iron to each side of the runner about halfway between the front and the back. Shape the shorter piece of pipe to form an arch. Drill holes through the base of the arch and the channel iron and bolt the arch in place. Weld several iron squares to the top of the arch. Attach the chain to the log to be pulled. Hook the chain through the squares, over the arch and fasten it to the front of the runner (1). The forward movement of the sled will cause the arch to move into the vertical position, lifting the front end of the log off the ground (2).

/ Pull bar

'" Runner

11. Skidding cradleUseTo carry short lengths of wood downhill or over softground.

MaterialA section of curved metal 2500 x 1 250 mm and at least2 mm thick (can be cut from a used metal tank). 2 piecesof iron rod 10-15 mm 0 x 400 mm or 2 flat metal strips150 x 100 x 5 mm, 8-12 bolts with nuts, a length of chain10 mm 0 x 4000 mm.

=-

150 mrn'

100 mm

o160 mm

11

InstructionsShape the piece of metal so that it has the proper curve.Make two brackets using tire iron rods or II le metal stripsas shown below. Bolt one of the brackets to the outside ofthe cradle at the rear end (1) and the other bracket to theinside of the cradle at the front end (2). Attach the chainto the rear bracket and thread it through the front bracket.When the cradle is pulled the tension in the chain holdsthe wood in place.

100 mm

Flat metal bracket Iron rod bracket

11. Skidding cradle

Use Instructions To carry short lengths of wood downhill or over soft ground.

Material A section of curved metal 2500 x 1 250 mm and at least 2 mm thick (can be cut from aused metal tank) , 2 pieces of iron rod 10-15 mm "" x 400 mm or 2 flat metal strips 150 x 100 x 5 mm, 8-12 bolts with nuts, a length of chain 10 mm "" x 4000 mm.

• 100mm

+ t r O':: '. :~60mm

" -:":1. . '

- :ltcl-=~ ~- -: ~ ~~ . - --~~ 150 mm :. . ':'.~ -;;:

l' i ~ .'. ; 2. .,~- ., .P •• -

.... I

Flat metal bracket

Shape the piece of metal so that it has the proper curve. Make two brackets using the iron rods or the metal strips as shown below. Bolt one of the brackets to the outside of the cradle at the rear end (1 ) and the other bracket to the inside of the cradle at the front end (2). Attach the chain to the rear bracket and thread it through the front bracket. When the cradle is pulled the tension in the chain holds the wood in place.

• lOa mm •

t 60mm

- '--1':'" (6' :.::·O·:} i

15 0 mm ,ccO'\ [.' oj ~.~~

.. "

t ~8,j , ~ - '" -, ,'-;

Iron rod bracket

11

12. Logging sulky with tongsUseTo lift and carry or drag heavy logs.

MaterialUsed scrap iron, 2 wheels 2 500-3 000 mm 0, a pair ofheavy metal hook tongs, a length of heavy chain.

1 2

Arch

InstructionsThe design can be varied according to the materialsavailable as long as the parts remain the same (an archwith two wheels. double hook tongs and a long tonguewhich acts as a lever). Position the sulky over the middleof the log, tip up the tongue and clinch the log with thetongs (1). Pull the tongue down and fasten the other endof the log with the chain to lift the log completely off theground (2). The tongs can also be attached near the endof the log to lift only that end and drag the other (3). Withthis sulky only one log at a time can be moved.

12. Logging sulky with tongs

Use Instructions To lift and carry or drag heavy logs.

Material Used scrap iron, 2 wheels 2500-3000 mm 0, a pair of heavy metal hook tongs, a length of heavy chain.

12

The design can be varied according to the materials available as long as the parts remain the same (an arch with two wheels, double hook tongs and a long tongue which acts as a lever). Position the sulky over the middle of the log, tip up the tongue and clinch the log with the tongs (1). Pull the tongue down and fasten the other end of the log with the chain to lift the log completely off the ground (2). The tongs can also be attached near the end of the log to lift only that end and drag the other (3). With this sulky only one log at a time can be moved.

Arch

EL

z

I.

1:1

Self-loading timberUseTo lift and skid one or more logs.

MaterialUsed scrap iron, 2 used truck wheels with tires, a lengthof chain.

14

instructionsThe design can be varied according to the materialsavailable as long as the parts remain the same (an archwith two wheels and a long tongue which acts as a lever).To use the arch, position it over the log or logs as shown;tip up the tongue and secure the load to the centre withthe chain (1). Pull down on the tongue and one end of theload is lifted off the ground for skidding (2).

13. Self-loading timber arch

Use Instructions To lift and skid one or more logs.

Material Used scrap iron, 2 used truck wheels with tires, a length of chain.

Side braces "............. I 1/ .. ~

G

14

The design can be varied according to the materials available as long as the parts remain the same (an arch with two wheels and a long tongue which acts as a lever). To use the arch, position itoverthe log or logs as shown; tip up the tongue and secure the load to the centre with the chain (1). Pull down onthe tongue and one end of the load is lifted off the ground for skidding (2).

_------- Arch

4. Single skid runner

UseTo carry short lengths of wood.

MaterialA piece of timber 2 000 x 250 x 250 mm, 2 lengths ofchain 2 500 mm, a load binder (see Sheet 11. Booklet 4),2 bolts 10 mm 0 x 260 mm. 20 heavy spikes.

InstructionsShape the piece of timber by cutting out the central partaiid ioundilig Will ends to form a double-ended skid asshown below. Drive the spikes through the bottom of theskid so that they extend slightly through the top to holdthe load in place. Attach the two lengths of chain to theload binder. Drill two large holes through the front andback ends of the skid for the chains. Drill two smallerholes at right angles through the large holes to bolt bothchains in place at the desired length. Open the loadbinder, fill the skid runner with short lengths and close theload binder. This skid runner can carry about 0.5 cubicmetres of short wood lengths.

14. Single skid runner

Use To carry short lengths of wood.

Material A piece of timber 2 000 x 250 x 250 mm, 2 lengths of chain 2 500 mm, a load binder (see Sheet 11, Booklet 4), 2 bolts 10 mm (2) x 260 mm, 20 heavy spikes.

/~" ~\ lID I~o ~ .~

'\

15

Instructions Shape the piece of timber by cutting out the central part and rounding both ends to form a double-ended skid as shown below. Drive the spikes through the bottom of the skid so that they extend slightly through the top to hold the load in place. Attach the two lengths of chain to the load binder. Drill two large holes through the front and back ends of the skid for the chains. Drill two smaller holes at right angles through the large holes to bolt both chains in place at the desired length. Open the load binder, fill the skid runner with short lengths and close the load binder. This skid runner can carry about 0.5 cubic metres of short wood lengths.

\)

l::.

",'" ,/-000

\)

\)

\)

'" AXO'" ,0

~ -'\ ",'" ,'00

.Y

~

5. Log sedge 1UseTo carry short lengths of wood or firewood.

Material2 pieces of pipe 40 mm 0 x 2 700 mm, 4 pieces of angleiron 920 x 40 x 40 mm, 4 pieces of angle iron 450 x 40 x40 mm, a length of chain, a metal ring, 2 short pieces ofiron for the pull.

16

InstructionsHeat and bend the two pieces of pipe to form the runnersof the sled (1). Weld of le of lije long pieces of angle iionto each runner as a brace (2). Join the runners by weldingthe four short pieces of angle iron to the underside of thebraces (3). Invert the two remaining long pieces of angleiron and weld them to the braces to support the load (4).The sharp edges of the inverted angle will keep the woodfrom sliding sideways. Attach a pull to the braces at oneend of the sledge using the chain, the ring and the shortpieces of iron as shown.

15. Log sledge 1

Use Instructions To carry short lengths of wood or firewood.

Material 2 pieces of pipe 40 mm 0 x 2 700 mm, 4 pieces of angle iron 920 x 40 x 40 mm, 4 pieces of angle iron 450 x 40 x 40 mm, a length of chain, a metal ring , 2 short pieces of iron for the pull.

16

Heat and bend the two pieces of pipe to form the runners of the sled (1). Weld one of the long pieces of angle iron to each runner as a brace (2). Join the runners by welding the four short pieces of angle iron to the underside of the braces (3). Invert the two remaining long pieces of angle iron and weld them to the braces to support the load (4). The sharp edges of the inverted angle will keep the wood from sliding sideways. Attach a pull to the braces at one end of the sledge using the chain, the ring and the short pieces of iron as shown.

16. Log sledge 2

UseTo carry logs or short lengths of wood.

Material4 pieces of pipe 50 mm 0 x 100 mm (1), 2 pieces of 2 mmchannel iron 2 750 x 40 x 40 mm (2), 4 lag screws 13 mm0 x 100 mm (3), 2 wooden runners 3 000 x 100 x 80 mm,rounded at both ends (4), 4 pieces of pipe 60 mm 0 x 150mm (5), 2 pieces of 2 mm channel iron 1 000 x 60 x 40 mm(6), 4 pieces of pipe 50 mm 0 x 850 mm (7), 2 pieces ofiron rod 13 mm 0 x 75 mm (8), a length of chain 5 mm 0x 2 300 mm (9).

o

17

InstructionsWeld one of the four 100-mm pieces of pipe (1) to eachend of the long pieces of channel iron (2). Drill two holdsin these channels for the lag screws (3) and attach thechannels to the runners (4). Weld one of the four 150-mmpieces of pipe (5) to each end of the short pieces ofchannel iron (6). These are sockets for the 850-mmpieces of pipe (7) to hold the load in place on the sledge.Weld the short iron rods (8) to the long channels toprovide fasteners for load-binding chains or rope. Attachthe pull chain as shown (9). When using this sledge, longlogs are stacked lengthwise and short lengths of woodare stacked crosswise. This piece of equipment can beeasily taken apart and moved from place to place.

c=s

16. Log sledge 2

Use To carry logs or short lengths of wood.

Material 4 pieces of pipe 50 mm 0 x 100 mm (1),2 pieces of2 mm channel iron 2 750 x 40 x 40 mm (2), 4 1ag screws 13 mm o x 100 mm (3), 2 wooden runners 3 000 x 100 x 80 mm, rounded at both ends (4), 4 pieces of pipe 60 mm 0 x 150 mm (5), 2 pieces of 2 mm channel iron 1 000 x 60 x 40 mm (6),4 pieces of pipe 50 mm 0 x 850 mm (7), 2 pieces of iron rod 13 mm 0 x 75 mm (8) , a length of chain 5 mm 0 x 2300 mm (9).

7

2

8

17

Instructions Weld one of the four 100-mm pieces of pipe (1) to each end of the long pieces of channel iron (2). Dri ll two holes in these channels for the lag screws (3) and attach the channels to the runners (4). Weld one of the four 150-mm pieces of pipe (5) to each end of the short pieces of channel iron (6). These are sockets for the 850-mm pieces of pipe (7) to hold the load in place on the sledge. Weld the short iron rods (8) to the long channels to provide fasteners for load-binding chains or rope. Attach the pull chain as shown (9). When using this sledge, long logs are stacked lengthwise and short lengths of wood are stacked crosswise. This piece of equipment can be easily taken apart and moved from place to place.

3

17. Wood pallet with runners

UseTo carry short lengths of wood over soft ground.

Material2 pieces of pipe 80 mm 0 x 2 200 mm, for the pallet 4pieces of iron rod 20 mm 0 x 1 000-1 500 mm and a smallpiece of iron 50 x 50 x 10 mm for the runners, 2 pieces offlat iron 1 500 x 250 x 10 mm and 4 pieces of 2-mm angleiron 1 000 x 50 x 50 mm. 3 lengths of heavy chain, aheavy ring and a wooden spreader 2 mm 0 x 800 mm forthe pull.

Pipe

Flat ¡ron runners

Rods

18

InstructionsHeat and shape the two pieces of pipe and weld themtogether using the foul iron rods to form the pallet. Thewidth of the pallet can vary from 1 000 to 1 500 mmaccording to the length of wood to be carried. Weld thesmall piece of iron to the top iron rod at one end of thepallet and drill a hole in it for the pull chain. Heat andshape the two pieces of flat iron to form the runners andweld two pieces of angle iron to each of them. Drill a holein the curved end of each runner and attach the pull chainas shown. The upper length of chain can be removedwhen the pallet is being loaded. The wooden spreader isused between the lower lengths of chain when only therunners are being pulled to keep them apart. The runnersare placed parallel on the ground and a loaded pallet ispulled into place between the angles on the runners. Thispiece of equipment can be pulled by animals or by winchand cable.

17. Wood pallet with runners

Use To carry short lengths of wood over soft ground.

Material 2 pieces of pipe 80 mm 0 x 2 200 mm, for the pallet 4 pieces of iron rod 20 mm 0 x 1 000-1 500 mm and a small piece of iron 50 x 50 x 10 mm for the runners , 2 pieces of flat iron 1 500 x 250 x 1 a mm and 4 pieces of 2-mm angle iron 1 000 x 50 x 50 mm, 3 lengths of heavy chain, a heavy ring and a wooden spreader 2 mm 0 x 800 mm for the pull.

Flat iron runners

Pipe

Rods

1'<50 . --""'-c.. tnrn -""1

18

Instructions Heat and shape the two pieces of pipe and weld them together using the four iron rods to form the pallet. The width of the pallet can vary from 1 000 to 1 500 mm according to the length of wood to be carried . Weld the small piece of iron to the top iron rod at one end of the pallet and drill a hole in it for the pull chain. Heat and shape the two pieces of flat iron to form the runners and weld two pieces of angle iron to each of them. Drill a hole in the curved end of each runner and attach the pull chain as shown. The upper length of chain can be removed when the pallet is being loaded. The wooden spreader is used between the lower lengths of chain when only the runners are being pulled to keep them apart . The runners are placed parallel on the ground and a loaded pallet is pulled into place between the angles on the runners. This piece of equipment can be pulled by animals or by winch and cable.

Spreader

--,..---.

DESIG \ MANUALBASIC WOOD HAIÈNESTINGTECHNOLOGY

PILING, LOADINGAND TRANSPORT

BOÖKLET 4




BOOKLET 4

PILING, LOADING AND TRANSPORT



M-39ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of thereproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100Rome, Italy.

0 FAO 1989


M-39 ISBN 92-5-102537-1

AU rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00 1 00 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1989

Contents

Pulley block and cable loading 1Pulley block and cable loading 2Hand-winchA-frame for cross-hauling logsGuyed pole loadingLoading pivot 1Loading pivot 2Log jackSkid beamLoading hooksLoad binder 1Load binder 2Release tongsUnloading rampRafting dogTractor cartLogging track

Contents

1. Pulley block and cable loading 1 2. Pulley block and cable loading 2 3. Hand-winch 4. A-frame for cross-hauling logs 5. Guyed pole loading 6. Loading pivot 1 7. Loading pivot 2 8. Log jack 9. Skid beam

10. Loading hooks 11. Load binder 1 12. Load binder 2 13. Release tongs 14. Unloading ramp 15. Rafting dog 16. Tractor cart 17. Logging track

Symbols and abbreviationsused0 Degree (angle)0 Diameter measurementkg Kilogram = 2.205 pounds (lb)m Metre = 1.094 yards (yd)mm Millimetre = 0.0394 inch (in)% Percentage


Symbols and abbreviations used 0 Degree (angle) 0 Diameter measurement kg Kilogram = 2.205 pounds (I b) m Metre = 1.094 yards (yd) mm Millimetre = 0.0394 inch (in) % Percentage

Note Additional valuable information on the kinds of tools shown in this booklet can be found in FAO Forestry Paper 36, Basic Technology in Forest Operations (ISBN 92-5-101260-1).

1. Pulley block and cable loading 1UseTo load logs on trucks and carts.

MaterialA pulley block, a short length of cable, a pair of log-loading tongs, a long length of cable.

1

InstructionsAttach the pulley block (1) to a tree using the short cable(2). Attach the log-loading tongs (3) to one end of the longcable and thread the other end through the pulley block.Attach the long cable to the source of power (4). You canadjust the chain or cable supporting the pulley so that itwill be directly over the place where you want to drop thelog on the truck or cart.

1. Pulley block and cable loading 1

Use To load logs on trucks and carts.

Material A pulley block, a short length of cable, a pair of logloading tongs, a long length of cable.

Instructions Attach the pulley block (1) to a tree using the short cable (2). Attach the log-loading tongs (3) to one end of the long cable and thread the other end through the pulley block. Attach the long cable to the source of power (4). You can adjust the chain or cable supporting the pulley so that it will be directly over the place where you want to drop the log on the truck or cart.

® ..&'

..... :'-

Use InstructionsA single pole (1) or two poles in an A-frame well anchoredto a tree (2) can be used to support the pulley blocks. If

Material there are no trees. four free-standing poles can be usedPulley blocks, rope or wire cable, 1 to 4 poles of suitable (3). Pulley blocks can be used in various combinations.

size. The mechanical advantage will be equal to the number ofstrands supporting the movable pulley block. A spacerbar may be needed to keep the loops of the cables frommoving in from the ends of the logs during loading.

1

To load logs on to trucks and carts.

ock and cable loading 2

2

2

2. Puil ey2. Pulley block and cable loading 2

Use Instructions To load logs on to trucks and carts.

Material Pulley blocks, rope or wire cable, 1 to 4 poles of suitable size.

1

Ilh,

2

A single pole (1) or two poles in an A-frame well anchored to a tree (2) can be used to support the pulley blocks. If there are no trees, four free-standing poles can be used (3). Pulley blocks can be used in various combinations. The mechanical advantage will be equal to the number of strands supporting the movable pulley block. A spacer bar may be needed to keep the loops of the cables from moving in from the ends of the logs during loading.

2

a Hand-UseTo supply power for hauling and lifting.

Material1 flat iron bar 500 x 50 x 35 (crank), 1 iron rod 10 mm 0 x350 mm (crank handle), rubber tube 10 mm 0 x 300 mm(handle cover), 2 pieces of iron 250 x 250 x 20 mm(flanges), 1 iron rod 30 mm 0 x 300 mm (axle). 1 piece ofiron 320 x 200 x 5 mm (drum), 1 flat iron bar 40 x 25 x 10mm (pawl), 1 rivet 10 mm 0 x 40 mm (pawl attachment),2 flat iron bars 500 x 25 x 10 mm (side frames).

3

20mm

Hg-- 200mm

I nch

240 mm

Crank handle and rubber-tube handle cover

Flange

300 mm

50mm

250 mm

35mm

300 mm

InstructionsShape the flat iron bar to form the crank. Attach the crankI iandle and tile rubber tube handle cover (1). Cut twocircles for the flanges and notch one of them as shown(2). Shape the drum and weld on the flanges. Drill a holethrough the centre of the flanges, insert the axle and weldit in place. File one end of the axle to fit the crank (3).Shape the two side frames with mounts for the axle andpawl. Rivet the pawl in place. The notches in one flangeof the winch permit it to be turned in one direction only.The pawl keeps the winch from unwinding (4).

3

2Notched flange

Side frame

3. Hand-winch

Use Instructions To supply power for hauling and lifting.

Material 1 flat iron bar 500 x 50 x 35 (crank), 1 iron rod 10 mm 0 x 350 mm (crank handle), rubber tube 10 mm 0 x 300 mm (handle cover), 2 pieces of iron 250 x 250 x 20 mm (flanges) ,1 iron rod 30 mm 0 x300 mm (axle), 1 piece of iron 320 x 200 x 5 mm (drum), 1 flat iron bar 40 x 25 x 10 mm (pawl), 1 rivet 10 mm 0 x 40 mm (pawl attachment), 2 flat iron bars 500 x 25 x 10 mm (side frames).

20mm

1 ---I f-- /Flange

5mm

~ Crank \ 1 30r

1 _____________ 1

Shape the flat iron bar to form the crank. Attach the crank handle and the rubber tube handle cover (1). Cut two circles for the flanges and notch one of them as shown (2) . Shape the drum and weld on the flanges. Drill a hole through the centre of the flanges, insert the axle and weld it in place. File one end of the axle to fit the crank (3). Shape the two side frames with mounts for the axle and pawl. Rivet the pawl in place. The notches in one flange of the winch permit it to be turned in one direction only. The pawl keeps the winch from unwinding (4).

2 ~

DfUm\ / Pawl

-- - -.. /...- - ................

// " {I \\ II .......- 1\ ..".",-, '" \1

f- '.:,'.:.' ,'~::' .'.1 I 250mm

Drum~

~ 240mm ..j

3

j.-- 200mm _I... 300mm .. I

@: -:g: @ A"e (

, , ~.: .. ,)

t:·:o.tl .;;

Crank handle and rubber-tube handle cover • r:J .~.'. ,I

~.)I

1 \\ " /1 ,,\""'" //

........ --_ ............. ---Side frame

4

l.. 50mm

T ~ 35mm

T 300mm

1

3

4. A-frame for cross-hauling logsUseTo cross-haul logs on to the deck of a truck or trailer.

MaterialHardwood timbers of various sizes, a hand-winch withfittings (see Sheet 4 of this booklet), a length of rope orwire cable.

4

InstructionsBuild the A-frame using the dimensions shown. A cableattached to the hand-winch is passed over and under thelog to be hauled. The end of the cable is anchored to theinside of the truck deck. When the hand-winch isoperated the log is hauled up the wooden plank incline tothe deck of the truck or trailer.

Front view Side view

4. A-frame for cross-hauling logs

Use To cross-haul logs on to the deck of a truck or trailer.

Material Hardwood timbers of various sizes, a hand-winch with fittings (see Sheet 4 of this booklet) , a length of rope or wire cable.

Front view

4

Instructions Build the A-frame using the dimensions shown. A cable attached to the hand-winch is passed over and under the log to be hauled. The end of the cable is anchored to the inside of the truck deck. When the hand-winch is operated the log is hauled up the wooden plank incline to the deck of the truck or trailer.

Side view

-""""~ ~tliiall~;:---- ww 0002 ---==~

o wWI>1

* ww 0001>

WWO(;I!

5. Guyed pole loadingUseTo lift logs for loading.

MaterialA pole at least 150 mm 0 at the top and at least 10 m long.1 ¡ron bar 470 x 100 x 10 mm, 4 U-bolts, 3 pulley blocks,loading hooks and chains (see Sheet 10 of this booklet),cable.

6

InstructionsShape the iron bar to form a collar around the top of thepole. Attach the four U-bolts to the collar. Three U-boltsare for the guy lines and the fourth is for a pulley block.Two other pulley blocks are required as shown. Themovable and upper fixed pulley can be doubled toincrease lifting capacity. The fixed pulley mounted on thepole serves to change the direction of the pull.

5. Guyed pole loading

Use To lift logs for loading.

Material A pole at least 150 mm 12) at the top and at least 10m long, 1 iron bar 470 x 100 x 10 mm, 4 U-bolts, 3 pulley blocks, loading hooks and chains (see Sheet 10 of this booklet), cable.

6

Instructions Shape the iron bar to form a collar around the top of the pole. Attach the four U-bolts to the collar. Three U-bolts are for the guy lines and the fourth is for a pulley block. Two other pulley blocks are required as shown. The movable and upper fixed pulley can be doubled to increase lifting capacity. The fixed pulley mounted on the pole serves to change the direction of the pull.

6. Loading pivot 1

UseTo load logs by hand.

MaterialUsed scrap pipe of varying diameters.

7

InstructionsMake a free-standing tripod with legs sufficiently spread[o be stable. A yoke-shaped lit ackel is welded to a lei iyllof pipe that fits into the tripod. Drill holes in this pipe andinsert a pin to adjust the height. Loading is done byplacing a log on the yoke and then swinging it over on tothe pile.

6. Loading pivot 1

Use To load logs by hand.

Material Used scrap pipe of varying diameters.

8

~

~

500 mm

500mm

7

Instructions Make a free-standing tripod with legs sufficiently spread to be stable. A yoke-shaped bracket is welded to a length of pipe that fits into the tripod. Drill holes in this pipe and insert a pin to adjust the height. Loading is done by placing a log on the yoke and then swinging it over on to the pile.

_ A I --"--II \,7 0 , ---~/I

7. Loading pivot 2UseTo load logs by hand.

Material1 piece of flat ¡ron 160 x 100 x 10 mm (1), 1 piece of flat¡ron 260 x 60 x 10 mm (2), 1 piece of flat ¡ron 350 x 60 x10 mm (3).

60 mm

>r¡oro'

8

InstructionsShape the top piece (1) and the curved upright (3) usingthe dimensions below. Cut the notches as shown. Weldthe three pieces together with the cross-arm (2) at a 90°angle to the upright. Hook the rounded part of the tool toa log in the middle of the pile. Loading is done by placinga log on the pivot and then swinging it over on to the pile.

Notches

7. Loading pivot 2

Use To load logs by hand.

Material 1 piece of flat iron 160 x 100 x 10 mm (1), 1 piece of flat iron 260 x 60 x 10 mm (2), 1 piece of flat iron 350 x 60 x 10 mm (3).

t 60mm

_1-

J~~ /1

'. l /#

Instructions Shape the top piece (1) and the curved upright (3) using the dimensions below. Cut the notches as shown. Weld the three pieces together with the cross-arm (2) at a 90° angle to the upright. Hook the rounded part of the tool to a log in the middle of the pile. Loading is done by placing a log on the pivot and then swinging it over on to the pile.

Notches

~® O •• ~~

\0 o

~ 6'0

"'0 ~'VI.¥ -""'1'0",,,,

8

-=og jack

UseTo pile logs by hand.

Material1 or 2 logs about 150 mm x 3 600 mm.

9

InstructionsChop or saw steps 50-60 mm deep and about 400 mmhigh in each log as shown (1). One person can use onelog jack to pivot medium-sized logs on to a pile (2). If thelogs are large, two people and two log jacks may benecessary (3).

3

8. Log jack

Use Instructions To pile logs by hand.

Material 10r210gsabout150mm0x3600mm.

1

9

Chop or saw steps 50-60 mm deep and about 400 mm high in each log as shown (1). One person can use one log jack to pivot medium-sized logs on to a pile (2). If the logs are large, two people and two log jacks may be necessary (3).

\

3

9. Skid beam

UseTo roll logs on to piles, trucks or carts.

Material2 timber beams 100 x 100 mm and of suitable length,2 pieces of flat iron 160 x 100 x 10 mm, 6 screws 50 mmlong.

100mrn

160 mm

instructionsRound off one end of each beam. Shape the two piecesof tlat iron to torm the beam shoes using the dimensionsbelow. Screw the shoes to the underside of the beams.Place the two beams on the pile or load (the shoes willkeep the beams from slipping) and roll on the logs.

Beam shoe

10

9. Skid beam

Use To roll logs on to piles, trucks or carts.

Material 2 timber beams 100 x 100 mm and of suitable length, 2 pieces of flat iron 160 x 100 x 10 mm, 6 screws 50 mm long.

100mm

1

I • 160 mm • I

'~---~-- .. -" " \\ 40mm :: t " ~ ; ~::=-----

e T=1 \ 80 mm--+~~I-"Ol-:"--O'

_,,_Iomrr. \ \ \

60mm

1 o \_50mm-

I , \

Instructions Round off one end of each beam. Shape the two pieces of flat iron to form the beam shoes using the dimensions below. Screw the shoes to the underside of the beams. Place the two beams on the pile or load (the shoes will keep the beams from slipping) and roll on the logs.

............ _ Beam shoe

10

10. Loading hooksUseTo lift logs for loading.

Material2 iron rods 30 mm 0 x 520 mm, 2 iron rods 20 mm 0 x230 mm, 2 lengths of chain.

ExampleA log weighing 400 kg is raised by hooks forming a 45' angle with the log.The conversion factor for a 45° angle is 0.71. Then. 400 kg x 0.71 = 284kg (the load in each hook, chain or cable).

InstructionsHeat and bend the longer rods to form two hooks witheyes using the dimensions below. Sharpen and hardenthe points. Heat and bend the short rods and form a ringabout 60 mm 0 in the eye of each hook. Loading hooksare used to lift a log by both ends from a central pointsuch as a loading crane or boom. Tension in hooks,chains or cables will vary with the angle formed with thelog. The table below gives conversion factors for variousangles. The example below shows how to use aconversion factor to calculate tension in a lifting arm.

11

Angle of chainor cable

Conversion factor

90° 0.5070° 0.5345° 0.71

30° 1.0020° 1.00

10. Loading hooks

Use To lift logs for loading.

Material 2 iron rods 30 mm 0 x 520 mm, 2 iron rods 20 mm 0 x 230 mm, 2 lengths of chain .

Angle of chain

Example

orcable 90" 70" 45" 30" 20"

Conversion factor

0.50 0.53 0 .71 1.00 1.00

A log weighing 400 kg is raised by hooks forming a 45° angle with the log. The conversion factor for a 45° ang le is 0.71. Then, 400 kg x 0.71 == 284 kg (the load in each hook, chain or cable).

1 1

Instructions Heat and bend the longer rods to form two hooks with eyes using the dimensions below. Sharpen and harden the points. Heat and bend the short rods and form a ring about 60 mm 0 in the eye of each hook. Loading hooks are used to lift a log by both ends from a central point such as a loading crane or boom. Tension in hooks, chains or cables will vary with the angle formed with the log. The table below gives conversion factors for various angles. The example below shows how to use a conversion factor to calculate tension in a lifting arm.

"'-1I0mm---"'1

-) 190 mm

j I~ 220mm •

11. Load binder 1

UseTo anchor loaded logs for transport.

Material1 piece of flat iron 500 x 40 x5 mm (1), 1 piece of flat iron300 x 40 x 5 mm (2). 1 piece of flat iron 450 x 40 x 5 mm(3), 2 bolts 10 mm O x 25 mm with nuts, 3 rings with chainhooks (4), 4 washers, 1 metal pin (5), a length of chain.

12

InstructionsMake the top of the binder by folding the long piece of flatiron double (1). Make an elbow by folding the short pieceof flat iron double (2), then heat and bend it at the centreto an angle of 120°. Make the handle by heating andbending the remaining piece of iron to an angle of 120° ata point about one fourth of the way up from its inside end(3). Drill two holes and bolt the three pieces together withthe rings and hooks in place as shown (4). The binder willopen and close more easily with washers threaded on tothe bolts on each side of the handle. Close the binder anddrill a hole through the handle and the top piece for thelock pin (5). The pin is used to keep the binder closedwhen not in use. To use the binder, wrap the chainaround the load, attach the hooks to the chain and pullthe chain tight by closing the handle. If the load is tooloose, open the handle and hook the next link of thechain. Then close the handle again.

Open Closed

11. Load binder 1

Use To anchor loaded logs for transport.

Material 1 piece of flat iron 500 x 40 x 5 mm (1) , 1 piece of flat iron 300 x 40 x 5 mm (2) , 1 piece of flat iron 450 x 40 x 5 mm (3) , 2 bolts 1 0 mm 0 x 25 mm with nuts, 3 rings with chain hooks (4), 4 washers, 1 metal pin (5), a length of chain.

Open

4}-..{F'\\

o

250mm

t· ~-\~1:; ~, t

1'/.00 ~-..;

)

'l" k{:f;

~{~~':

12

Instructions Make the top of the binder by folding the long piece of flat iron double (1). Make an elbow by folding the short piece of flat iron double (2), then heat and bend it at the centre to an angle of 120°. Make the handle by heating and bending the remaining piece of iron to an angle of 120° at a point about one fourth of the way up from its inside end (3). Drill two holes and bolt the three pieces together with the rings and hooks in place as shown (4). The binderwi ll open and close more easily with washers threaded on to the bolts on each side of the handle. Close the binder and drill a hole through the handle and the top piece for the lock pin (5). The pin is used to keep the binder closed when not in use. To use the binder, wrap the chain around the load, attach the hooks to the chain and pull the chain tight by closing the handle. If the load is too loose, open the handle and hook the next link of the chain. Then close the handle again.

Closed

IIQl

2. 11oad binder 2

UseTo anchor loaded logs for transport.

Material3 pieces of flat iron 150 x 25 x 5 mm, 1 iron rod 5 mm 0X 100 mm, 1 bolt with nut or 1 rivet.

InstructionsMake the two bottom pieces (1) and the handle (2) of thebinder as shown by !leafing and bending. Dt ill two holesthrough both bottom pieces for the rope and for the lockpin. Drill another hole through both bottom pieces and thehandle. Assemble the three pieces with a bolt or a rivet.Heat and bend the iron rod and form a ring of about25 mm 0 in the ring hole. Attach one end of the rope tothe hole in the bottom and make a loop on the other endto hook over the handle. Close the handle to pull the loadtight and lock it with the ring. This binder can be releasedquickly under strain.

13

Closed

Open

o

12. Load binder 2

Use To anchor loaded logs for transport.

Material 3 pieces of flat iron 150 x 25 x 5 mm, 1 iron rod 5 mm "" x 100 mm, 1 bolt with nut or 1 rivet.

Ring lock --__ _

'" " "

13

Instructions Make the two bottom pieces (1) and the handle (2) of the binder as shown by heating and bending. Drill two holes through both bottom pieces for the rope and for the lock pin. Drill another hole through both bottom pieces and the handle. Assemble the three pieces with a bolt or a rivet. Heat and bend the iron rod and form a ring of about 25 mm "" in the ring hole. Attach one end of the rope to the hole in the bottom and make a loop on the other end to hookoverthe handle. Closethe handle to pull the load tight and lock it with the ring. This binder can be released quickly under strain.

2

o

1

o

Closed

Open

13. Release tongs

UseTo quickly release loads of logs.

MaterialA pair of log tongs (see Sheet 5, Booklet 2), 1 iron bar200 x 15 x 15 mm, 1 iron rod 5 mm 0x120 mm, a pulleyblock with ring. rope.

14

InstructionsHeat and shape an eye on one end of the iron bar andweld the other end to the top of one tong hook (1). Heatand shape the iron rod to form a small ring and weld it tothe lower end of the other tong hook (2). Attach the pulleyblock (3), tie the rope to the ring and thread the ropethrough the pulley. A pull on the rope will unhook thetongs. This device can eliminate the need for a person ontop of the load and allow control of swinging empty tongs.

13. Release tongs

Use To quickly release loads of logs.

Material A pair of log tongs (see Sheet 5, Booklet 2) , 1 iron bar 200 x 15 x 15 mm, 1 iron rod 5 mm 0 x 120 mm, a pulley block with ring , rope.

/if! !$'

,~.

1/'

14

Instructions Heat and shape an eye on one end of the iron bar and weld the other end to the top of one tong hook (1). Heat and shape the iron rod to form a small ring and weld it to the lower end of the other tong hook (2). Attach the pulley block (3) , tie the rope to the ring and thread the rope through the pulley. A pull on the rope will unhook the tongs. This device can eliminate the need for a person on top of the load and allow control of swinging empty tongs.

4. Unloading ra_ vta- p

UseTo unload a log truck by gravity.

MaterialHeavy hardwood boards at least 500 mm thick.

15

instructionsBuild a double ramp like the one shown in the diagram.The length ai Id width will depend on whether the truck tobe used has single or dual wheels and single or tandemaxles. The dimensions shown are for double-axle,single-wheel trucks. To use the ramp, back one of therear wheels on to it to tilt the truck to one side. When theside stakes on the truck deck are removed the logs willroll off through the force of gravity.

14. Unloading ramp

Use Instructions To unload a log truck by gravity.

Material Heavy hardwood boards at least 500 mm thick.

15

Build a double ramp like the one shown in the diagram. The length and width will depend on whether the truck to be used has single or dual wheels and single or tandem axles. The dimensions shown are for double-axle, single-wheel trucks. To use the ramp, back one of the rear wheels on to it to tilt the truck to one side. When the side stakes on the truck deck are removed the logs wil l roll off through the force of gravity.

\00 ",,,, ~

15. Rafting dog

UseTo attach a binding or towing rope or cable to a log.

Material1 piece of flat iron 130 x 55 x 30 mm, 1 piece of iron rod10-15 mm x 160-170 mm.

16

InstructionsShape the iron rod to form a ring about 40 mm 0. File orgiind the flat piece of irou to form ti le blade of the raftingdog using the dimensions shown. Round out the topsurface of the blade and weld the ring to it. To use this toolpound the dog into a log near the upper end and pass therope or cable through the ring.

Front view Side view

55mm -4- 30mm -0-

15. Rafting dog

Use To attach a binding or towing rope or cable to a log.

Material 1 piece of flat iron 130 x 55 x 30 mm, 1 piece of iron rod 10-15 mm 0 x 160-170 mm.

Front view

r - ----J---------\-----l

190mm

, I I I , I I I

Instructions Shape the iron rod to form a ring about 40 mm 0. File or grind the flat piece of iron to form the blade of the rafting dog using the dimensions shown. Round out the top surface of the blade and weld the ring to it. To use this tool pound the dog into a log near the upper end and pass the rope or cable through the ring.

-+- 10 mm 0 --

t 45mm

~

8 5 mm

, I I

Side view

---, , I , I I I

__ --''--___ : __ . _____________ T _________ _____ ;, _____ '--_ ~ ___ J _____ L -+-30mm---/ I.. 55mm •

16

16. Tractor cart

Useto haul logs, lumber and other loads.

MaterialsRear end of old car or truck chassis with driveshaft, axle.Nheels and tires. 2 pieces of 10-mm angle iron 100 x100K 250 mm, 2 pieces of pipe 25 mm 0 x 1 100 mm,2 square timbers 100 x 100 mm x the required length;2 500 mm in this example), 6 bolts 10 mm 0 x 120 mmNith nuts, 2 pieces of wood 80 x 100 x 1 500 mm. 4 piecesDf pipe 60 mm 0 x 1 500 mm, 2 pieces of iron 10 x 60 x300 mm, 1 metal pin 20 mm 0 x 70 mm.

A , Juumm-1.-1

10 X 60X 300 mmAIM20mm 0o

o Hitcho

2500 mm

17

InstructionsWeld the two pieces of angle iron to the axles (1). Weldthe two pieces of pipe from the di iveshaft to the axle asbraces (2). Bolt the square timbers to the angles for themain frame of the cart (3). Attach the two shorter piecesof wood (4) to the front and back of the timber frame andthe four pieces of pipe to each corner (5) to hold the load.Make a hitch using the two small pieces of iron and themetal pin as shown in the detail.

10 mm

Angle iron

01-4-- I 300mm 01

1600mm

25mm/ ..,

0

e 0

0

Y100mm o

16. Tractor cart

Use Instructions fo haul logs, lumber and other loads.

Materials "lear end of old car or truck chassis with driveshaft, axle , Nheels and tires. 2 pieces of 1 O-mm angle iron 100 x 100 ( 250 mm, 2 pieces of pipe 25 mm 0 x 1 100 mm, 2 square timbers 100 x 100 mm x the required length (2500 mm in this example) , 6 bolts 10 mm 0 x 120 mm Nith nuts, 2 pieces of wood 80 x 1 00 x 1 500 mm, 4 pieces ) f pipe 60 mm 0 x 1 500 mm, 2 pieces of iron 10 x 60 x 300 mm, 1 metal pin 20 mm 0 x 70 mm.

Weld the two pieces of angle iron to the axles (1). Weld the two pieces of pipe from the driveshaft to the axle as braces (2). Bolt the square timbers to the angles for the main frame of the cart (3). Attach the two shorter pieces of wood (4) to the front and back of the timber frame and the four pieces of pipe to each corner (5) to hold the load. Make a hitch using the two small pieces of iron and the metal pin as shown in the detail.

~ .. _lOX 60X300mm _4__20mm III

'-.... "

Hitch

2500mm

I .. AI500mm .. I

17

IOmm

--I!-

~<=>~"o ,~ <=> I <".so-:;-:; <=> _,

\lloomml-

a -1-IOOmm

Angle iron

-1

17. Logging trackII=M!UseTo allow carts and trucks to operate on soft ground.

MaterialFor each section of track you will need about 10 pieces ofhardwood 600 x 200 x 40 mm. 2 steel straps 20 x 5 mmof appropriate length, 1 steel rod or 1 piece of pipe 20 mm0 x 600 mm, 4 pieces of iron rod 5 mm 0 x 150 mm, nailsor screws.

MINEM

/Aiv/ iYA 1 VA I WMA 1,/ A I I I I/A=MII Ir

MAIIWAF/AWANFAIWPs\

Drive stake into ground

Rod or pipe

18

InstructionsLay out the hardwood boards side by side on the groundwith about 20 mm between each board. Bend the twosteel straps so that they wrap around the bottom of bothend boards and form a loop on each end as shown. Drillholes in the steel straps and the boards (four for eachboard) and nail or screw the straps and the boardstogether. Assemble the logging track by threading thelong steel rod or the piece of pipe through the loops of twosections of track. Drill holes in both ends of the rod orpipe. Bend the ends of the shorter pieces of iron rod toform stakes as shown. Drive the stakes through the holesin the rod or pipe and into the ground to hold the track inplace.

4E=

Stake

Loop

17. Logging track

Use Instructions To allow carts and trucks to operate on soft ground.

Material For each section of track you will need about 1 0 pieces of hardwood 600 x 200 x 40 mm, 2 steel straps 20 x 5 mm of appropriate length, 1 steel rod or 1 piece of pipe 20 mm o x 600 mm, 4 pieces of iron rod 5 mm 0 x 150 mm, nails or screws.

Layout the hardwood boards side by side on the ground with about 20 mm between each board. Bend the two steel straps so that they wrap around the bottom of both end boards and form a loop on each end as shown. Drill holes in the steel straps and the boards (four for each board) and nail or screw the straps and the boards together. Assemble the logging track by threading the long steel rod or the piece of pipe through the loops of two sections of track. Drill holes in both ends of the rod or pipe. Bend the ends of the shorter pieces of iron rod to form stakes as shown. Drive the stakes through the holes in the rod or pipe and into the ground to hold the track in place.

\ N N h ;> h iJJ JY N Nh JI

Loot:

_______ Drive stake into ground

Stake -----~

Rod or pipe I» II

18

DESIGN MANUAL ONBASIC WOOD HARVESTINGTECHNOLOGY

BOOKLET 5

WOOD HANDLING, BARKING,SAWING AND SPLITTING




BOOKLETS

WOOD HANDLING, BARKING, SAWING AND SPLITTING

~


The designations employed and the presentation of material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever onthe part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city orarea or of its authorities, or conoarning the delimitation of its frontiersor boundaries.

M-39ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this public,ation may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of thereproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Termo di Caracalla, 00100Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1989

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boUndaries.

M-39 ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terms di Caracalla, 00 1 00 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1989

Contents

iL Hand hook 1Hand hook 2Hand hook 3Hand hook 4PickaroonSappieUsing a pickaroon or a sappie

3. Cant hook 1Cant hook 2Cant hook 3Pike and log hookFirewood pressStump spike 1Stump spike 2Barking tool 1Barking tool 2Barking tool 3Pit or trestle sawingPit or trestle sawSplitting maulSplitting wedgeSplitting blade and malletWooden hammer 1Wooden hammer 2

Contents

1. Hand hook 1 2. Hand hook 2 3. Hand hook 3 4. Hand hook 4 5. Pickaroon 6. Sappie 7. Using a pickaroon or a sappie 8. Cant hook 1 9. Cant hook 2

10. Cant hook 3 11. Pike and log hook 12. Firewood press 13. Stump spike 1 14. Stump spike 2 15. Barking tool 1 16. Barking tool 2 17. Barking tool 3 18. Pit or trestle sawing 19. Pit or trestle saw 20. Splitting maul 21. Splitting wedge 22. Splitting blade and mallet 23. Wooden hammer 1 24. Wooden hammer 2


Degree (angle)O Diameter measurementkg Kilogram = 2.205 pounds (lb)m Metre = 1.094 yards (yd)mm Millimetre = 0.0394 inch (in)% Percentage


Symbols and abbreviations used o Degree (angle) o Diameter measurement kg Kilogram m Metre mm Millimetre % Percentage

Note

= 2.205pounds (Ib) = 1.094 yards (yd) = 0.0394 inch (in)

Additional valuable information on the kinds of tools shown in this booklet can be found in FAO Forestry Paper 36, Basic Technology in Forest Operations (ISBN 92-5-101260-1).

1 . Hand hook 1

Use Instructionso lift, turn, drag or load small logs. Bend and weld the rods to form these two hooks using

the dimensions shown below. Sharpen and harden theMaterial points.IA, piece of iron rod 15 mm O x 450 mm or a piece ofboncrete reinforcing rod 15 mm 0 x 750 mm.

Hook made from concrete reinforcing rod

Rubber tube handle

1

Hook made from iron rod

• Hand hook 1

se rO lift, turn, drag or load small logs.

~aterial I\. piece of iron rod 15 mm 0 x 450 mm or a piece of ~oncrete reinforcing rod 15 mm 0 x 750 mm.

'! 6'",

'"

~

<'6'0 "'",

Hook made from concrete reinforcing rod

/ R,bbe' ,"be handl.

Instructions Bend and weld the rods to form these two hooks using the dimensions shown below. Sharpen and harden the points.

\ 80mm

~

Hook made from iron rod

2. Hand hook 2

Use InstructionsTo lift, turn, drag or load small logs. Shape the hook and the handhold as shown and weld the

two together. Sharpen and harden the point. Attach theMaterial handle.1 piece of iron 280 x 20 x 5 mm (hook). 1 piece of iron 230x 20 x 5 mm (handhold), 1 iron pin 10 mm 0x120 mm(handle), 1 piece of wood or rubber (handle cover).

2

2. Hand hook 2

Use To lift, turn, drag or load smal l logs.

Material 1 piece of iron 280 x 20 x 5 mm (hook), 1 piece of iron 230 x 20 x 5 mm (handhold), 1 iron pin 10 mm 0 x 120 mm (handle), 1 piece of wood or rubber (hand le cover).

1-120mm-1

---(oY 2:3

280mm

l30mm

~ t

2

Instructions Shape the hook and the handhold as shown and weld the two together. Sharpen and harden the point. Attach the handle.

3. Hard hook 3UseTo lift, turn, drag or load small logs.

MaterialA piece of used axe handle or similar, 2 pieces of soft iron65 x 30 x 3 mm, 1 bolt 1 0 m m 0x85 mm with nut.

Handle cover

InstructionsShape the two pieces of soft iron over the end of thehandle to form handle covers as shown. Drill a holethrough both covers and the handle and draw themtightly together with the bolt. Grind or file the end of thebolt to a point and bend it slightly to form a hook. Hardenthe point of the hook.

3

300 mm

3. Hand hook 3

Use Instructions To lift, turn, drag or load small logs.

Material A piece of used axe handle or similar, 2 pieces of soft iron 65 x 30 x 3 mm, 1 bolt 10 mm 0 x 85 mm with nut.

1\

.".-;:. ;' ,I

J.::: , , \~_.!~I

\)

/ Handle cover

I -, !.:.:::.

Shape the two pieces of soft iron over the end of the handle to form handle covers as shown. Drill a hole through both covers and the handle and draw them tightly together with the bolt. Grind or file the end of the bolt to a point and bend it slightly to form a hook. Harden the point of the hook.

~

~ ?

.. 300 mm II

3

4. Hand hook 4

UseTo lift, turn, drag or load small logs.

MaterialA piece of used axe handle or similar, 1 piece of flatcarbon steel 170 x 30 x 4 mm. 1 bolt 10 mm x 40 mmwith nut, a ring of mild steel of appropriate diameter.

4

InstructionsShape the piece of steel, file one end to a point and drill ahole in the other end as shown (1). Drill a hole in thehandle and attach the hook with the bolt (2) and the steelring (3).

4. Hand hook 4

Use To li ft , turn, drag or load small logs.

Material A piece of used axe handle or similar, 1 piece of flat carbon steel 170 x 30 x 4 mm, 1 bolt 10 mm 0 x 40 mm with nut, a ring of mild steel of appropriate diameter.

t . 40mm

Instructions Shape the piece of steel, file one end to a point and dri ll a hole in the other end as shown (1). Dril l a hole in the handle and attach the hook with the bolt (2) and the steel ring (3).

- . t-70mm \\_Ioomm-I ~ .

I" 300mm .1

4

5. FckaroonUseAs a lever or hook to lift, turn, drag or load logs.

MaterialA used axehead with a handle.

5

InstructionsCut away the parts of the axehead as shown in thediagram. The finished tool looks much like the end of apick. The point of the pick should be sharpened andhardened. Sheet 7 of this booklet shows how to use thistool.

5. Pickaroon

Use As a lever or hook to lift, turn , drag or load logs.

Material A used axehead with a handle.

I' I I I I , ,

" " /' ---/'

/'

/ /

/

I I I I I I I I I

\ I \ I \ I \ I I I \ , II I

/

/ /

5

Instructions Cut away the parts of the axe head as shown in the diagram. The finished tool looks much like the end of a pick. The point of the pick should be sharpened and hardened. Sheet 7 of this booklet shows how to use this tool.

6. Sappie

UseAs a lever or hook to lift, turn, drag or load logs.

Material1 piece of good quality steel 275-320 x 140 x 60 mm,1 wooden handle 1100-1 300 mm (somewhat longerthan an axe handle).

6

InstructionsShape the steel to form the head of the pick as shown.Sharpen and harden the point. Attach the handle as youwould an axe handle. Sheet 7 of this booklet shows howto use this tool.

110 0-130 0 mm

6. Sappie

Use Instructions As a lever or hook to lift, turn, drag or load logs.

Material 1 piece of good quality steel 275-320 x 140 x 60 mm, 1 wooden handle 1 100-1 300 mm (somewhat longer than an axe handle).

Shape the steel to form the head of the pick as shown. Sharpen and harden the point. Attach the handle as you would an axe handle. Sheet 7 of this booklet shows how to use this tool.

I~ IIOO-1300mm ~I

T 275-320mm

6

7. Using a pickaroon or a sappie

7

InstructionsA pickaroon or a sappie can be used point up as a leverto clear logs caught on obstacles or it can be driven pointdown into a log to pull it over rough ground. In harvestingon steep terrain these make ideal tools to keep logsmoving. They can also be used for loading, unloading ormoving logs short distances on level ground.

7. Using a pickaroon or a sappie

7

Instructions A pickaroon or a sappie can be used point up as a lever to clear logs caught on obstacles or it can be driven point down into a log to pull it over rough ground. In harvesting on steep terrain these make ideal tools to keep logs moving. They can also be used for loading, unloading or moving logs short distances on level ground.

8. Cant hook 1

UseTo move or turn logs and take down lodged trees.

Material1 iron bar 300-350 x 20x 13 mm (1). 1 iron bar 125 x 50 x10 mm (2), 1 piece of pipe 40 mm inner 0 x 70 mm (3),1 piece of hardwood 55 mm 0 x 1 350 mm (4), 1 screw.2 bolts 12 mm 0 x 85 mm, 1 bolt 12 mm 0 x 40 mm withnuts and washers.

8

InstructionsShape the hook using the longer iron bar (1). Sharpenand harden the point. Make the bracket to attach thehook to the handle using the shorter iron bar (2). Makethe end-piece using the piece of pipe (3) and weld on ametal V-notch. Drill holes in the hook, bracket, end-pieceand handle as shown. Assemble the cant hook. TheV-notch must be in line with the hook and the hook mustbe free to move.

I 350 mm

8. Cant hook 1

Use Instructions To move or turn logs and take down lodged trees.

Material 1 iron bar 300-350 x 20 x 13 mm (1) , 1 iron bar 125 x 50x 10 mm (2), 1 piece of pipe 40 mm inner 0 x 70 mm (3) , 1 piece of hardwood 55 mm 0 x 1 350 mm (4), 1 screw, 2 bolts 12 mm 0 x 85 mm, 1 bolt 12 mm 0 x 40 mm with nuts and washers.

.... 50mm----...

l - @-

•

&o~ '< "'",

Shape the hook using the longer iron bar (1). Sharpen and harden the point. Make the bracket to attach the hook to the handle using the shorter iron bar (2). Make the end-piece using the piece of pipe (3) and weld on a metal V-notch. Drill holes in the hook, bracket , end-piece and handle as shown. Assemble the cant hook. The V-notch must be in line with the hook and the hook must be free to move.

§J

t _ -_ -_ "5'5mm

=C2=-~= "I

c--__ 8 --J. 5~mm

I\~ )

14 1 350mm .1

8

9. Cs] M hook 2


Material1 iron bar 450 x 20 x 10 mm (1), 1 iron bar 300 x 40 x10 mm (2), 1 bolt 10 mm 0 x 40 mm with nut, 1 pole50 mm 0 of appropriate length.

10 mm

9

InstructionsShape the hook using the longer iron bar (1). The pointshould have an angle of 30° and be about 60 mm long.Sharpen and harden the point. Shape the ring to attachthe hook to the handle using the shorter iron bar (2). Drilla hole in the hook and the ring as shown. Bolt the hookand the ring together. The hook must be free to move.Cut a pole for the handle and shape one end to fit the ring.

50 mm

9. Cant hook 2

Use To move or turn logs and take down lodged trees.

Material 1 iron bar 450 x 20 x 10 mm (1), 1 iron bar 300 x 40 x 10 mm (2), 1 bolt 10 mm 0 x 40 mm with nut , 1 pole 50 mm 0 of appropriate length.

/

/ 0

30 /

I L

10mm

@

300 mm

!

9

Instructions Shape the hook using the longer iron bar (1). The point should have an angle of 30° and be about 60 mm long. Sharpen and harden the point. Shape the ring to attach the hook to the handle using the shorter iron bar (2). Drill a hole in the hook and the ring as shown. Bolt the hook and the ring together. The hook must be free to move. Cut a pole for the handle and shape one end to fit the ring.

50

10. Cant hook 3


Material1 iron bar 350 x 20 x 15 mm, 1 iron rod 15 mm x340 mm, 1 pole of appropriate size.

lo

InstructionsShape the hook and eye. Sharpen and harden the point.Shape the iron rod to form a ring using the dimensionsshown. Fit the ring in the eye of the hook. This tool can beeasily carried in the field and a pole handle can be cutwhen needed. The shape of the ring allows for use onboth large logs (1) and small logs (2).

10. Cant hook 3

Use Instructions To move or turn logs and take down lodged trees.

Material 1 iron bar 350 x 20 x 15 mm, 1 iron rod 15 mm 0 x 340 mm, 1 pole of appropriate size.

-------,-

150 mm

,

Shape the hook and eye. Sharpen and harden the point. Shape the iron rod to form a ring using the dimensions shown. Fitthe ring in the eye of the hook. This tool can be easily carried in the field and a pole handle can be cut when needed. The shape of the ring allows for use on both large logs (1) and smal l logs (2).

I.. IOOmm .1

_15mm IZI

350mm

I 15 X 20 mm------"

III

1

2

10

11. Pike and log hook

UseTo push, pull or guide floating logs.

MaterialA sheet of flat iron 180 x 180 x 5 mm, a pole 3 000-4 000mm, 4 screws.

50 mm

8

180 mm

11

InstructionsCut the sheet of iron to form the hook using thedimensions below. Drill four holes as shown. Bond thebottom of the hook to fit the pole handle. Attach the hookto the handle with screws. The straight spike is forpushing logs. The angled spike is for pulling logs.

90 mm

130 mm

5 mm

11. Pike and log hook

Use Instructions To push, pull or guide floating logs.

Material A sheet of flat iron 180 x 180 x 5 mm, a pole 3000-4000 mm, 4 screws.

l30mm

I 50 mm

(-.,\ .. ~'

6}

1 ,'--. ~ : ""~

-- -------- ---- --- o

Cut the sheet of iron to form the hook using the dimensions below. Drill four holes as shown. Bend the bottom of the hook to fit the pole handle. Attach the hook to the handle with screws. The straight spike is for pushing logs. The angled spike is for pulling logs.

I.. 90 mm "

8

~5mm

, ' , : ~- ..

" ':

, , ,

, ,

,

----- - ----_ ...

I_ 180mm •

11

12. Firewood press

UseTo bundle firewood into compact loads.

MaterialLogs and tree sections of various diameters and lengths,a length of chain or rope about 750 mm, a heavy pole, awooden hook.

Wooden hook

12

InstructionsBuild the base of the press using two pieces of woodabout 150 mm O and [bree cross-braces about 80 mm 0.Attach the four uprights using wood about 50 mm 0 x 600mm. Attach the chain, pole and wooden hook. Load thefirewood to be bundled between the uprights (1). Stretchthe chain over the firewood, slide one end of the poleunder the firewood and attach the other end of the pole tothe hook (2). The bundle of firewood can then be tied byone person.

12. Firewood press

Use To bundle firewood into compact loads.

Material Logs and tree sections of various diameters and lengths, a length of chain or rope about 750 mm, a heavy pole , a wooden hook.

Wooden hook

®

12

Instructions Build the base of the press using two pieces of wood about 150 mm 0 and three cross-braces about 80 mm 0. Attach the four uprights using wood about 50 mm 0 x 600 mm. Attach the chain, pole and wooden hook. Load the firewood to be bundled between the uprights (1). Stretch the chain over the firewood , slide one end of the pole under the firewood and attach the other end of the pole to the hook (2). The bundle of firewood can then be tied by one person.

CD

13. Stump spUseTo hold logs in place for barking or other work.

MaterialA piece of mild steel 175 x 35 x 12 mm.

13

InstructionsCut or forge the spike using the dimensions below. Theoffset edge of the spike is used to hammer it into thestump. Then a log is pushed on to the top point of thespike to hold it firmly in place for the work to be done.

12 mm

55mm

23mm

+3-

100mm

175mm

13. Stump spike 1

Use Instructions To hold logs in place for barking or other work.

Material A piece of mild steel 175 x 35 x 12 mm.

13

Cut or forge the spike using the dimensions below. The offset edge of the spike is used to hammer it into the stump. Then a log is pushed on to the top point of the spike to hold it firmly in place for the work to be done.

-I 1- 12mm

-I Tm

t -35mm~123 mm

15mm I-II 175mm

IOOmm

16. Barking tool 2UseTo strip bark from logs.

Material1 piece of wood 55 mm 0 x 1 000 mm, 1 piece of highcarbon steel (or a piece cut from an old crosscutsawblade) 200 x 100 x 3 mm. 1 piece of soft iron 100 x 90x 3 mm, 1 bolt 5 mm 0 x 40 mm with nut.

600 mm

A

1000 mm

400mm

mm mm55

30

mm

30

45

38

31mm

16

InstructionsShape the handle using the pattern and the dimensionsbelow. The rounded knob al the top of the handle and thelower tapered part serve as handg rips. Shape the softiron around the lower part of the handle to form a socket.Cut the piece of steel to form a blade with a spike on oneside. The spike is used to turn the logs while barking.Grind or file the cutting edge of the blade so that it can bepushed along the surface of the log under the barkwithout digging into the wood. Weld the blade to thehandle socket and bolt both to the handle.

Cutting edge of blade

Wrong Right

I-2mm

16. Barking tool 2

Use To strip bark from logs.

Material 1 piece of wood 55 mm 10 x 1 000 mm, 1 piece of high carbon steel (or a piece cut from an old crosscut sawblade) 200 x 1 00 x 3 mm, 1 piece of soft iron 100 x 90 x 3 mm, 1 bolt 5 mm 10 x 40 mm with nut.

mm t':";1:- mm

\ I I 0

-600mm

-<~

r'r-

1000 m n 30

30 I

50

400mm 45

38

- mm ~ , mm '31

16

Instructions Shape the handle using the pattern and the dimensions below. The rounded knob at the top of the handle and the lower tapered part serve as handgrips. Shape the soft iron around the lower part of the handle to form a socket. Cut the piece of steel to form a blade with a spike on one side. The spike is used to turn the logs while barking. Grind or file the cutting edge of the blade so that it can be pushed along the surface of the log under the bark without digging into the wood. Weld the blade to the handle socket and bolt both to the handle.

Cutting edge of blade

-- - 1- 2 mm

Wrong Right

____ zuv rnfl'l

~-- Spike

3mm

17. Barking tool 3

UseTo strip bark from logs.

MaterialA piece of steel from a used truck spring 130 x 90 x 7 mm,1 mild steel rod 15 mm 0 x 1 220 mm, 2 pieces of rubberhose or tube 15 mm inner 0.

17

InstructionsCut the blade for this tool from the truck spring using thedimensions below. Grind or file tile cutting edge of tileblade. Weld the blade to the steel rod. Slide the twopieces of rubber hose or tube on to the steel rod to serveas handgrips.

17. Barking tool 3

Use To strip bark from logs.

Material A piece of steel from a used truck spring 130 x 90 x 7 mm, 1 mild steel rod 15 mm 0 x 1 220 mm, 2 pieces of rubber hose or tube 15 mm inner 0 .

/ 15mm¢

1359 mm

Instructions Cut the blade for this tool from the truck spring using the dimensions below. Grind or file the cutting edge of the blade. Weld the blade to the steel rod. Slide the two pieces of rubber hose or tube on to the steel rod to serve as handgrips.

~Frontview

I ___ -r-sldev,ew

..... 7mm

130mm

I • 90 mm • I

\ / Cutting edge

17

18. Pit or trestle sawing

UseTo square logs or cut them into planks.

MaterialHeavy logs or timbers.

3

Permanent supports

18

InstructionsThe three sawing methods shown below can be used atlogging sites to reduce logs to timbers or planks in orderto transport them more easily. A temporary location canbe made by digging a pit of suitable length and widthbetween 750 to 1 500 mm deep (1). Build a log frame nextto the pit and a log ramp over the pit. The log to be sawnis rolled up the ramp and held in position over the pit bywedges, notches in the ramp or wooden pegs. Atransportable trestle and crutch can be built to hold logsfor sawing (2). Permanent supports to hold logs forsawing can be built on posts sunk into the ground (3).

NoteSee Sheet 19 of this booklet for the kind of saw to use forpit or trestle sawing.

Crutch

2

18. Pit or trestle sawing

Use Instructions To square logs or cut them into planks.

Material Heavy logs or timbers.

3

Permanent supports

18

The three sawing methods shown below can be used at logging sites to reduce logs to timbers or planks in order to transport them more easily. A temporary location can be made by digging a pit of suitable length and width between 750to 1 500 mm deep (1). Build alog frame next to the pit and a log ramp over the pit. The log to be sawn is rolled up the ramp and held in position over the pit by wedges, notches in the ramp or wooden pegs. A transportable trestle and crutch can be built to hold logs for sawing (2). Permanent supports to hold logs for sawing can be built on posts sunk into the ground (3).

Note See Sheet 19 of this booklet for the kind of saw to use for pit or trestle sawing.

2

Trestle /

19. Pit or trestle saw

UseTo square logs or cut them into planks.

NoteWhen cutting planks, mark the first cut with a chalkline.Lay a cord coated with chalk along the log and hold ittightly at each end. Then, lift the cord at the centre andsnap it to mark the cutting line.

Sawteeth angles

InstructionsA pit or trestle saw has no raker teeth. It has only coarsepeg teeth that are sloped toward the bottom end of theblade as shown. This kind of saw varies in length from1 100 mm to as long as 4 000 mm. The sawbiade shouldbe wide enough to maintain a straight cut. Logs are sawnby two people: one works above on the log being cut andone works below, in the pit or on the ground. The personabove pulls the saw up and the person below pulls thesaw down. Cutting is done by the angled peg teeth as theweight of the saw and the person below pull the sawdown. The handle at the lower end must be easilyremovable so that the sawblade can be withdrawn fromthe cut when required. As the saw cut becomes longer,the cut is kept open with wooden wedges to keep the sawfrom binding.

19

1100- 4000 mm

-4 2mm

Upper handle End handles

19. Pit or trestle saw

Use Instructions To square logs or cut them into planks .

Note When cutting planks, mark the first cut with a chalkline. Lay a cord coated with chalk along the log and hold it tightly at each end. Then , lift the cord at the centre and snap it to mark the cutting line.

Sawteeth angles

'!~

L Y

Upper handle

\

19

A pit or trestle saw has no raker teeth. It has only coarse peg teeth that are sloped toward the bottom end of the blade as shown. This kind of saw varies in length from 1 100 mm to as long as 4000 mm. The sawblade should be wide enough to maintain a straight cut. Logs are sawn by two people ; one works above on the log being cut and one works below, in the pit or on the ground. The person above pulls the saw up and the person below pulls the saw down. Cutting is done by the angled peg teeth as the weight of the saw and the person below pu ll the saw down. The handle at the lower end must be easily removable so that the saw blade can be withdrawn from the cut when required. As the saw cut becomes longer, the cut is kept open with wooden wedges to keep the saw from binding.

End handles

, :&

~ '200

tnll) .1

1100-4000 mm

.. II ..... 2mm

20. Splitting maul

UseTo split short lengths of firewood.

MaterialA heavy triangular piece of steel 100 x 100 mm at thebase and 200 mm long, a threaded pipe socket for 25 mm0 pipe, a piece of pipe of 25 mm O x 750 mm, a length ofrubber hose or tube 25 mm inner 0 x 300 mm.

20

InstructionsWeld the pipe socket to the steel triangle as shown.Thread one end of the piece of pipe and screw it into thepipe socket. Slip the rubber hose or tube on to the pipe toserve as a handgrip. This tool can be used as an axe, amallet or a wedge.

20. Splitting maul

Use Instructions To split short lengths of firewood.

Material A heavy triangular piece of steel 1 00 x 100 mm at the base and 200 mm long, a threaded pipe socket for 25 mm o pipe, a piece of pipe of 25 mm 0 x 750 mm, a length of rubber hose or tube 25 mm inner 0 x 300 mm.

20

Weld the pipe socket to the steel triangle as shown. Thread one end of the piece of pipe and screw it into the pipe socket. Slip the rubber hose or tube on to the pipe to serve as a handgrip. This tool can be used as an axe, a mallet or a wedge.

__ 1_IOOmm-1 ---:-\k'\oo{t'f(\ -- :;;?}

EO EO

;g j

21. Sp Ating wedge

UseTo split wood or logs.

MaterialA section of old truck spring about 200 x 60 x 10 mm,(a piece of tempered steel can also be used).

21

InstructionsHeat the piece of steel to draw temper, twist it to thedesired angle (about 600) and retemper. Grind or file thecutting edge of the wedge. When this tool is driven intowood parallel to the grain, the twist in the wedge will forcethe wood apart.

21. Splitting wedge

Use To split wood or logs.

Material A section of old truck spring about 200 x 60 x to mm, (a piece of tempered steel can also be used).

....---"'"1 /Q 1 l ____ oO~'

21

Instructions Heat the piece of steel to draw temper, twist it to the desired angle (about 60°) and retemper. Grind or file the cutting edge of the wedge. When this tool is driven into wood parallel to the grain, the twist in the wedge will force the wood apart.

~

22. Splitting blade and mallet

UseTo split thin strips of wood from logs.

MaterialA piece of old truck spring 525 x 65 mm, a piece ofhardwood 40 mm O x 450 mm, a piece of densehardwood 100 mm 0 x 660 mm.

Mallet

22

InstructionsThe blade is sometimes called a froe. To make the blade,the truck spring (1) is cut to the desired length (2). Heatand straighten the blade and shape one end to form aneye (3). Temper the blade and sharpen one long edge bygrinding or filing. Attach the short piece of hardwood forthe handle. Shape the long piece of hardwood to form themallet. Drive the splitting blade (froe) into the top edge ofa short log using the mallet. Twist the blade by pushing orpulling the handle to split off a strip of wood. This tool isgood for making clapboards or shakes for roofing.

65 rntll

22. Splitting blade and mallet

Use To split thin strips of wood from logs.

Material A piece of old truck spring 525 x 65 mm, a piece of hardwood 40 mm 0 x 450 mm, a piece of dense hardwood 100 mm 0 x 660 mm.

~ ~ ~ .:J

ffj====t ®

MalleI

II! ~ fE

I

I

illl II

22

Instructions The blade is sometimes called a froe. To make the blade, the truck spring (1) is cut to the desired length (2). Heat and straighten the blade and shape one end to form an eye (3). Temperthe blade and sharpen one long edge by grinding or filing. Attach the short piece of hardwood for the handle. Shape the long piece of hardwood to form the mallet. Drive the splitting blade (froe) into the top edge of a short log using the mallet. Twist the blade by pushing or pulling the handle to split off a strip of wood. This tool is good for making clapboards or shakes for roofing.

450mm

Handle •

~ C' JLJlI 65mm ~\ T\-4 _400mm-

23. Wooden hammer

UseTo drive posts.

MaterialA piece of dense hardwood 90 mm 0 x 200 mm (1), apiece of pipe 90 mm inner 0 x 150 mm (2), a piece ofhardwood which tapers from 50 mm ato 30 mm 0 ofappropriate length (3).

50 mm

23

instructionsFit the 200-mm piece of hardwood (1) into the pipe (2) toform the head of the hammer. Cut or drill a slot throughthe head of the hammer and drive in the tapered woodenhandle (3). The handle, which is larger at the top, will bewedged in the slot. The piece of pipe gives weight to thehammer and prevents the hardwood head from splitting.

90mm 0 X 200mm

90mm 0 X 150mm

-(- 3 0 m m

23. Wooden hammer 1

Use To drive posts.

Material A piece of dense hardwood 90 mm 0 x 200 mm (1), a piece of pipe 90 mm inner 0 x 150 mm (2), a piece of hardwood which tapers from 50 mm l2I,.to 30 mm 0 of appropriate length (3).

• 3

2

~l / ~~\ ~ ,

\ \,

( , , , , , , ,

J , ,

\,

50mm

" ~

Instructions Fit the 200-mm piece of hardwood (1) into the pipe (2) to form the head of the hammer. Cut or drill a slot through the head of the hammer and drive in the tapered wooden handle (3). The handle, which is larger at the top, will be wedged in the slot. The piece of pipe gives weight to the hammer and prevents the hardwood head from splitting.

•

1IIfI' , ,

, , , , : , , ,

,

\ \ 90mm

90mm ¢ X 150mrr

¢ X 200mm

... 30mm .....

23

24. Wooden hammer 2

UseTo drive posts.

MaterialA piece of dense hardwood 170 mm O x 230 mm (1),2 iron rings 150 mm inner 0 x 25 x 5 mm (2), 8 nails, ahardwood handle 30 mm 0 x 900 mm (3), a smallhardwood wedge.

InstructionsShape both ends of the head of the hammer (1) to receivethe iron rings and nail the rings (2) in place. Drill a hole30 mm 0 through the head of the hammer for the handle(3). Slit the end of the handle to be inserted into the head.Drive the handle through the head and fasten it in placeby driving the small wooden wedge into the slit.

24

24. Wooden hammer 2

Use Instructions To drive posts .

Material A piece of dense hardwood 170 mm (21 x 230 mm (1), 2 iron rings 150 mm inner (21 x 25 x 5 mm (2), 8 nails, a hardwood handle 30 mm (21 x 900 mm (3), a small hardwood wedge.

tJj%J

~C; ~ ;) 2;mm <:D

------C150mm~ )-. -,"""~

170mm-

( ! 230mm

CD j I •

~~:5f 1_150mm_1

~ 160mm _______

b

o· Wedge

Shape both ends of the head of the hammer (1) to receive the iron rings and nai l the rings (2) in place. Dri ll a hole 30 mm (21 through the head of the hammer for the handle (3). Slit the end of the handle to be inserted into the head. Drive the handle through the head and fasten it in place by driving the small wooden wedge into the slit.

~ /

900mm ~

24

DESIGN MANUAL 1IN

BASIC WOOD HARVESTECHNOLOGY

DOKLET 6

EQUIPMENT FORGENERAL USE




BOOKLET 6

EQUIPMENT FOR GENERAL USE

_nco, ~c_="'1


The designations employed and the presentation of material in thispublication do not im ply the expression of any opinion whatsoever onthe part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city orarea or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiersor boundaries.

M-39ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of thereproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1989


M-39 ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracal1a, 00 1 00 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1989

Contents

Sliding hooksTerminal pinQuick release linkPlate chain linkAnvil 1

Anvil 2Wire twisterStake driverPost driverWater levelEarth scraperAxe hoeStump pullerAll-purpose hookGround anchorUse of pulley blocksBrush hookMacheteGirdling tool

Contents

1. Sliding hooks 2. Terminal pin 3. Quick release link 4. Plate chain link 5. Anvil 1 6. Anvil 2 7. Wire twister 8. Stake driver 9. Post driver

10. Water level 11. Earth scraper 12. Axe hoe 13. Stump puller 14. All-purpose hook 15. Ground anchor 16. Use of pulley blocks 17. Brush hook 18. Machete 19. Girdling tool


Degree (angle)el Diameter measurementkg Kilogram = 2.205 pounds (lb)m Metre = 1.094 yards (yd)mm Millimetre = 0.0394 inch (in)% Percentage


Symbols and abbreviations used 0 Degree (angle) 0 Diameter measurement kg Kilogram = 2.205 pounds (Ib) m Metre = 1.094 yards (yd) mm Millimetre = 0.0394 inch (in) % Percentage

Note Additional valuable information on the kinds of tools shown in this booklet can be found in FAO Forestry Paper 36, Basic Technology in Forest Operations (ISBN 92-5-101260-1).

1. Sliding hooksUse InstructionsTo attach a choker, chain or cable to a skidding cable. The diagrams below show three simple sliding hooks that

can he made t ising scrap iron. The sling hook is madeMaterial from ¡ron rod 10 mm 0 by about 200 mm (1). The chokerSmall pieces of round and flat scrap iron, chain, a small sling is made from a piece of flat iron about 200 mm bypulley. 80 mm (2). The notch and the pin in the hook keep it from

coming off the cable. The keyhole in the plate holds thechoker. The pulley hook balances on top of the skiddingcable (3).

1

Notch and pin

1. Sliding hooks

Use Instructions To attach a choker, chain or cable to a skidding cable.

Material Small pieces of round and flat scrap iron, chain , a small pulley.

1

3

The diagrams below show three simple sliding hooks that can be made using scrap iron. The sling hook is made from iron rod 10 mm 0 by about 200 mm (1). The choker sling is made from a piece of flat iron about 200 mm by 80 mm (2). The notch and the pin in the hook keep it from coming off the cable. The keyhole in the plate holds the choker. The pulley hook balances on top of the skidding cable (3).

. .. ,.~ ... ~.:>:>;)mzmzzm:..

2

Notch and pin =-===== \ " . ,.. "' I Keyhole f;J j

2. Terminal pin

UseTo hold several chokers during winching operations.

Material1 iron bar 20 mm Ox 200 mm, 1 ¡ron rod 10 mm O x300 mm.

2

InstructionsShape the iron bar to form the terminal pin as shown. Oneend of the bar is tapered tu a point at id the other end isflattened to about 25 mm in width. A handle can beformed on the top end of the pin for convenience but thisis not essential. Drill a hole 11 mm 0 through the pinabout 25 mm from the top as shown. Shape a ring about100 mm O using the iron rod and fit it into the hole. Toattach a terminal pin, a loop of cable is threaded throughthe ring far enough to slip the point of the pin through theloop. The ring then secures the cable. When severalchokers are attached to a skidding line, a terminal pin atthe end will hold them during winching operations.

2. Terminal pin

Use Instructions To hold several chokers during winching operations.

Material 1 iron bar 20 mm 0 x 200 mm, 1 iron rod 10 mm 0 x 300mm.

/ Handle

2

Shape the iron barto form the terminal pin as shown. One end of the bar is tapered to a point and the other end is flattened to about 25 mm in width. A handle can be formed on the top end of the pin for convenience but this is not essential. Drill a hole 11 mm 0 through the pin about 25 mm from the top as shown. Shape a ring about 100 mm 0 using the iron rod and fit it into the hole. To attach a terminal pin, a loop of cable is threaded through the ring far enough to slip the point of the pin through the loop. The ring then secures the cable. When several chokers are attached to a skidding line, a terminal pin at the end will hold them during winching operations.

3. Quick release link

UseTo quickly release loads.

Material1 iron bar 300 x 20 x 20 mm, 2 iron bars 150 x 20 x 20 mm,1 iron rod 20 mm 0 x 500 mm, a rivet, a cotter pin.

Rivet

InstructionsShape the two curved pieces of the release link using thelong iron bar and onc of thc short iron bars. The longercurved piece has a hole at one end for the rivet and aneye at the other end. The shorter curved piece has a holeat one end for the rivet and a small hole at the other endfor the cotter pin. Rivet both curved pieces together sothat they can open and close easily. Using the remainingshort iron bar, shape a slide around both curved pieces tohold the link closed. The cotter pin keeps the slide inplace in the closed position. Shape the iron rod to form aring 150 mm 0 in the eye of the longer curved piece. Thislink can be easily opened under tension by removing thecotter pin and moving the slide forward.

3

3. Quick release link

Use Instructions To quickly release loads.

Material 1 iron bar 300 x 20 x 20 mm, 2 iron bars 150 x 20 x 20 mm, 1 iron rod 20 mm '" x 500 mm, a rivet, a cotter pin.

Ring

Slide----~

Rivet /

Shape the two curved pieces of the release link using the long iron bar and one of the short iron bars. The longer curved piece has a hole at one end for the rivet and an eye at the other end. The shorter curved piece has a hole at one end for the rivet and a small hole at the other end for the cotter pin. Rivet both curved pieces together so that they can open and close easily. Using the remaining short iron bar, shape a slide around both curved pieces to hold the link closed. The cotter pin keeps the slide in place in the closed position. Shape the iron rod to form a ring 150 mm '" in the eye of the longer curved piece. This link can be easily opened under tension by removing the cotter pin and moving the slide forward .

Eye

~-cotte'p;n

<1'<1' ~"'o

3

20 ",,,, 'P

4. Plate chain linkUseTo repair a broken chain or to join two chains together.

Material2 rectangular metal plates and 2 bolts with nuts (the sizeof the plates and the bolts will depend on the chain size).

InstructionsDrill two holes through each plate and tightly bolt the twochain links to be joined as shown.

4

4. Plate chain link

Use Instructions To repair a broken chain or to join two chains together.

Material 2 rectangular metal plates and 2 bolts with nuts (the size of the plates and the bolts will depend on the chain size).

G

@

4

Drill two holes through each plate and tightly bolt the two chain links to be joined as shown.

5.AUseAs a surface for metal working.

MaterialA section of used railroad rail about 600 mm long, awooden block or a piece of tree trunk about 600 mm O ofappropriate height, 8 heavy lag screws.

Holes for tools

5

InstructionsShape the anvil with a cutting torch using the dimensionsshown below. Grind one end of the anvil to form the horn.Cut slots in the base of the anvil and screw it tightly to thewooden block or tree trunk. Holes may also be cut in theback of the anvil to hold tools. The anvil should bepositioned so that the working surface is at fingertipheight.

Horn

Fingertip height

5. Anvil 1

Use Instructions As a surface for metal working.

Material A section of used railroad rail about 600 mm long, a wooden block or a piece of tree trunk about 600 mm 0 of appropriate height, 8 heavy lag screws.

Holes for tools

e ,

Slots

Shape the anvil with a cutting torch using the dimensions shown below. Grind one end of the anvil to form the horn . Cut slots in the base of the anvil and screw it tightly to the wooden block or tree trunk. Holes may also be cut in the back of the anvil to hold tools. The anvi l should be positioned so that the working surface is at fingertip height.

Horn

to: =:i I "'§v A I) -300

mm_ ~/""-/90mm----.J

-600mm _ i

f· ill C"""," "'0"'

5

6. AnvilUseAs a surface for working metal.

MaterialHardwood boards of various dimensions, a section ofused railroad rail about 600 mm long, 8 bolts with nuts,20 nails or screws.

1-4K-200mm--o-

CIF),

150 mm

60 mm

Upright

Bottom

Frame

-4-200 mm

600mm

6

InstructionsFor the frame of the anvil cut the hardwood boards usingthe dimensions below. Assemble the frame as shown.The base boards and the uprights are bolted together.The sides and the bottom board are attached with nails orscrews. The sides and the bottom form a tray to holdtools. Invert the section of railroad rail and place itupside-down in the slots in the top of the frame. Theworking surface of the anvil should be at fingertip height.

650 mm

Side

Base

Anvil

-

Side

6. Anvil 2

Use As a surface for working metal.

Material Hardwood boards of various dimensions, a section of used railroad rail about 600 mm long, 8 bolts with nuts, 20 nails or screws.

J

Upright I ..

Bottom

#' ~.L

L' 1--200mm--1

1--200mm .... 1

+c: I II 600mm

Instructions For the frame of the anvil cut tpe hardwood boards using the dimensions below. Assemble the frame as shown. The base boards and the uprights are bolted together. The sides and the bottom board are attached with nails or screws. The sides and the bottom form a tray to hold tools. Invert the section of railroad rail and place it upside-down in the slots in the top of the frame. The working surface of the anvil should be at fingertip height.

Side

~ I Base

~/

6 '" 00'"

'" 40

'" Side ~

t ",,,, \50

~

~ I

Frame 1;4 ..

·'· 0

• •

(I)

en> en>

en>

6

7e re tvAst

Ring and pin

UseTo twist single-strand wire into four- or six-strand cable.

Material1 piece of flat iron 500 x 100 x 7 mm (1), 1 piece of flat iron850 x 150 x 7 mm (2), 1 iron rod 20 mm 0 x 450 mm (3),1 iron rod 10 mm 0 x 600 mm (4), a wooden handle.8 heavy nails.

Hook

aOmm 0

7

InstructionsShape the two pieces of flat iron to form the base pieces(1 and 2). Form a hook at one end of the 20-mm iron rod(3). Drill holes for the nails to fasten the base pieces whenthe tool is being used. Drill holes for the twisting shaft inthe larger base piece and insert the shaft. Cut the 10-mmiron rod in three pieces. Use one piece for the crank (4)and the remaining two pieces for the ring and pin. Thecrank can be welded to the twisting shaft or the shaft canbe threaded to attach the crank with a nut. Attach thewooden handle to the crank. Attach the ring and pin to theshorter base piece.

To use this tool, nail the base pieces to tree stumps asshown. Then, fasten, the strands of wire to be twistedbetween the ring and pin and the hook on the twistingshaft. When the crank is turned the strands of wire aretwisted. The strain on all strands of wire twisted in thisway will be equal.

230mm -7r-

450 mmEEoto

EEoo

Crank and handle

360 rr'm

7. Wire twister

Use Instructions To twist single-strand wire into four- or six-strand cable.

Material 1 piece of flatiron 500 x 100 x 7 mm (1),1 piece offlat iron 850 x 150 x 7 mm (2), 1 iron rod 20 mm 13 x 450 mm (3), 1 iron rod 10 mm 13 x 600 mm (4), a wooden handle, 8 heavy nails.

t E E

l50mm x 10mm i1!

r;;o ICiv (!l

~ Ring and pin

~11 ..... 7mm

'" 1 a

.... , -

loo",l~

Hook

7

Shape the two pieces of flat iron to form the base pieces (1 and 2). Form a hook at one end of the 20-mm iron rod (3). Drill holes for the nails to fasten the base pieces when the tool is being used. Drill holes for the twisting shaft in the larger base piece and insert the shaft. Cut the 10-mm iron rod in three pieces. Use one piece for the crank (4) and the remaining two pieces for the ring and pin. The crank can be welded to the twisting shaft orthe shaft can be threaded to attach the crank with a nut. Attach the wooden handle to the crank. Attach the ring and pin to the shorter base piece.

To use this tool, nail the base pieces to tree stumps as shown. Then, fasten. the strands of wire to be twisted between the ring and pin and the hook on the twisting shaft. When the crank is turned the strands of wire are twisted. The strain on all strands of wire twisted in this way will be equal.

~""" - I.-

/1//\

8. Stake driverUseTo drive long, thin stakes into the ground.

MaterialA piece of pipe 80 mm O x 200 mm, a wooden wedge ofappropriate length and thickness, a length of chain.

C:

Wedge holder1

8

InstructionsCut the tapered wedge holder from the piece of pipe asshown. Fasten the wedge holder to the stake at aboutwaist height using the length of chain. Put the woodenwedge in the wedge holder and tap in the stake using awooden hammer or mallet. To keep the wooden wedgefrom splitting, strengthen the top edge of the wedge witha metal band.

8. Stake driver

Use Instructions To drive long, thin stakes into the ground.

Material A piece of pipe 80 mm '" x 200 mm, a wooden wedge of appropriate length and thickness, a length of chain.

Cut the tapered wedge holder from the piece of pipe as shown. Fasten the wedge holder to the stake at about waist height using the length of chain. Put the wooden wedge in the wedge holder and tap in the stake using a wooden hammer or mallet. To keep the wooden wedge from splitting, strengthen the top edge of the wedge with a metal band.

~~~~~~.:_:~I , : , ,

'"

Wedge holder

/~ao ---------- 0..,

~

~

200

"''''

8

9. Post driverUseTo drive posts into the ground.

MaterialA piece of pipe 150 mm 0 x 750 mm, a threaded cap150 mm 0x20 mm or a piece of iron 150 mm 0x20 mm,iron rods 20 mm 0 x 830 mm.

Handles

40mm

9

InstructionsClose one end of the piece of pipe to form the shaft. Thiscan be done either by threading the inside of one end ofthe pipe and screwing in a threaded cap or by welding around piece of iron to one end of the pipe. Bend the twoiron rods to form handles and weld them to oppositesides of the pipe. Put the post driver on top of the post andpound it into the ground as shown. This tool can be usedby one or two people.

9. Post driver

Use To drive posts into the ground.

Material A piece of pipe 150 mm 0 x 750 mm, a threaded cap 150mm 0x20 mm or a piece of iron 150mm0x20mm, iron rods 20 mm 0 x 830 mm.

7 50mm .'

Handles

Shaft

-- 40 mm

9

Instructions Close one end of the piece of pipe to form the shaft. This can be done either by threading the inside of one end of the pipe and screwing in a threaded cap or by welding a round piece of iron to one end of the pipe. Bend the two iron rods to form handles and weld them to opposite sides of the pipe. Put the post driver on top of the post and pound it into the ground as shown. This tool can be used by one or two people.

n:;:-'~1·;:

~! t {;iV) ~§ll

, Ii II

10. Water level

UseTo sight horizontal lines.

MaterialA piece of clear plastic tube of appropriate length (up to30 m long depending on the use), 2 corks to fit the tube,2 straight pieces of wood 1 500 x 40 x 20 mm. 2 lightmetal clamps with thumbscrews, 4 screws.

lo

InstructionsAttach a clamp to each end of the plastictube. Screw oneclamp to each of the two pieces of wood. Fill the tube withwater so that the level of the water is a little below theends of the tube. Put a cork in the end of each tube tokeep the water from spilling out. When the tube isstretched out and the pieces of wood are upright, thewater at each end will be at the same level. You can usethis tool to sight horizontal lines as shown below.

NoteUse boiled water to eliminate air bubbles. If the water iscoloured with dye it will be easier to sight along the level.

10. Water level

Use Instructions To sight horizontal lines.

Material A piece of clear plastic tube of appropriate length (up to 30 m long depending on the use), 2 corks to fit the tube , 2 straight pieces of wood 1 500 x 40 x 20 mm, 2 light metal clamps with thumbscrews, 4 screws.

Attach a clamp to each end of the plastic tube. Screw one clamp to each of the two pieces of wood. Fill the tube with water so that the level of the water is a little below the ends of the tube. Put a cork in the end of each tube to keep the water from spilling out. When the tube is stretched out and the pieces of wood are upright, the water at each end will be at the same level. You can use this tool to sight horizontal lines as shown below.

Note Use boiled water to eliminate air bubbles. If the water is coloured with dye it will be easier to sight along the level.

----- ---- - -- - -- ---- --- ---------

o ~

10

11. Earth scraper

UseTo move earth or dig ditches.

MaterialA used oil drum, 2 wooden poles 40 mm 0 x 900 mm,nails, 2 threaded eyes with nuts. 2 lengths of rope.

11

InstructionsCut the oil drum as shown by the dotted lines and roll theupper edges on both sides. Insert the woodcn poles inthe rolled part of the drum to form handles. Nail thehandles in place. Drill a hole through the front part of eachhandle and the drum. Bolt one of the threaded eyes ineach hole. Insert a length of rope in each eye to attach toa draft animal. One person can guide the scraper usingthe handles while the animal pulls.

Rolled edges

EyesHandles

11. Earth scraper

Use Instructions To move earth or dig ditches.

Material A used oil drum, 2 wooden poles 40 mm 0 x 900 mm, nails, 2 threaded eyes with nuts, 2 lengths of rope.

Eyes

Cut the oil drum as shown by the dotted lines and roll the upper edges on both sides. Insert the wooden poles in the rolled part of the drum to form handles. Nail the handles in place. Drill a hole through the front part of each , . handle and the drum. Bolt one of the threaded eyes In

each hole. Insert a length of rope in each eye to attach to a draft animal. One person can gu ide the scraper using the handles whi le the animal pulls.

Handles

A-.,"."'" Q J ~ ~;"";':''':'-:':'''''. [- -.J: I } I

Rolled edges

1 1

1 2. Axe hoe

UseTo cut roots. stumps and brush or to dig into the ground.

MaterialPieces of tempered steel (such as from a used truckspring) of various dimensions, a wooden handle ofappropriate size.

EEo

Lo

EEoin

12

InstructionsCut and shape the axe and hoe blades and shape atapered eye for the centre of the tool using thedimensions below. Weld the two blades and the eyetogether as shown. Sharpen and harden the blades.Shape the wooden handle, insert it into the eye andattach it as you would any axe handle. This is a useful toolfor clearing land or building trails or roads.

Tapered eye

-.If- 120mm

¡II

/

V

28mm

12. Axe hoe

Use To cut roots, stumps and brush or to dig into the ground.

Material Pieces of tempered steel (such as from a used truck spring) of various dimensions, a wooden handle of appropriate size.

E E o '"

E E o '"

t 52mm

~

-- ---------- T

46mm ------- -'

..... 40mm----.

12

Instructions Cut and shape the axe and hoe blades and shape a tapered eye for the centre of the tool using the dimensions below. Weld the two blades and the eye together as shown. Sharpen and harden the blades. Shape the wooden handle, insert it into the eye and attach it as you would any axe handle. This is a useful tool for clearing land or building trails or roads.

Tapered eye

1...-120mm -I /I

" " I' I I

I I , I I I I I

, I

o < .... _ .....

28mm

13. Stump pullerUseTo pull tree stumps out of the ground.

MaterialA piece of log 450 mm 0 x 750 mm (for the roller), a pieceof log 150 mm 0 x 2 000 mm (for the lever arm), a lengthof chain or cable.

Roller

*.4.41g,N6'...."..

Lever arm

450 m m

150fnm

I I-4--

- ,,,..

13

InstructionsCut or drill a hole through the roller a little less than150 mm 0 and drive in thc lover arm. Attach the chain orthe cable to the stump to be pulled and pass it around thebase of the lever arm. To pull the stump, rotate the leverarm in the direction shown. If a stump is hard to pull, digaway the earth and cut as many of the roots as you can.

2000 rr'rfi

13. Stump puller

Use To pull tree stumps out of the ground.

Material A piece of log 450 mm 0 x 750 mm (forthe roller), a piece of log 150 mm 0 x 2000 mm (for the lever arm), a length of chain or cable.

Instructions Cut or drill a hole through the roller a little less than 150 mm 0 and drive in the lever arm. Attach the chain or the cable to the stump to be pulled and pass it around the base of the lever arm. To pull the stump, rotate the lever arm in the direction shown. If a stump is hard to pull , dig away the earth and cut as many of the roots as you can.

150111111

1 -1---------.-

Lever arm ~I J 2000111111

Roller

13

14. All-purpose hook

UseTo anchor a pulley block.

MaterialAn iron bar 550 x 60 x 15 mm, 2 shackles with 15 mm 0pins, a pulley block.

14

InstructionsShape the ¡ron bar to form a hook using the dimensionsbelow. Dr ill a hole in one end ot the hook and taper theother end to a point. Sharpen and harden the point.Attach the shackles and the pulley block as shown. Thehook can be left with the pulley block connected so that itis always ready to be used. When this tool is hooked to atree stump, it is useful in pulling vehicles or other loads.

Pulley block

EE

tr)

Piece of tree limb

14. All-purpose hook

Use Instructions To anchor a pulley block.

Material An iron bar 550 x 60 x 15 mm , 2 shackles with 15 mm 0 pins, a pulley block.

Shape the iron bar to form a hook using the dimensions below. Drill a hole in one end of the hook and taper the other end to a point. Sharpen and harden the point. Attach the shackles and the pulley block as shown. The hook can be left with the pulley block connected so that it is always ready to be used. When this tool is hooked to a tree stump, it is useful in pulling vehicles or other loads.

+ 15mm

t -E E

"' '"

I

• /\ j • €><;, '" '"

380mm . V -1-

25mm

Pulley block

•• §~ o~ ,,-' ' ffiin, j~ I (

Piece of tree limb

14

15. Ground anchorUseTo anchor light guy wires.

MaterialA piece of flat iron 1 000 x 40 x 5 mm.

15

InstructionHeat and shape or cold bend the piece of flat iron to formthe anchor using thc dimencions below. Shape a roundopen eye at one end and sharpen the other end so that itcan be easily driven into the ground. This tool offers thegreatest resistance with horizontal pull. As the angle ofpull increases, the bend of the anchor presses into theground.

15. Ground anchor

Use Instruction To anchor light guy wires.

Material A piece of flat iron 1 000 x 40 x 5 mm.

~':J0

Heat and shape or cold bend the piece of flat iron to form the anchor using the dimensions below. Shape a round open eye at one end and sharpen the other end so that it can be easily driven into the ground. This tool offers the greatest resistance with horizontal pull. As the angle of pull increases, the bend of the anchor presses into the ground.

~~ 00

"

~#

~ ~

15

100 Kg

100 Kg

100 Kg 100 Kg 100 Kg

16

50 Kg

50 Kg

16. Use of pulley blocks

Use InstructionsTo increase pulling force using pulley blocks. The diagrams below show how to use pulley blocks in

various ways to increase pulling force and make pullingMaterial work easier.1 or more pulley blocks.

NoteIn any pulley combination the mechanical advantage isequal to the number of strands supporting the movableblock less friction.

16. Use of pulley blocks

Use Instructions To increase pu lling force using pu lley blocks.

Material 1 or more pulley blocks.

IOOKg

16

The diagrams below show how to use pulley blocks in various ways to increase pulling force and make pulling work easier.

Note In any pulley combination the mechanical advantage is equal to the number of strands supporting the movable block less friction .

17. Brush hook

UseTo clear light brush.

MaterialA piece of tempered steel (such as from a used car ortruck spring), a piece of pipe 35 mm O x 50 mm. 2 bolts5 mm 0 x 45 mm with nuts, a piece of hardwood36 mm Ox 670 mm.

840 mm

- 130 mm

18

InstructionsShape the blade using the dimensions below and weld itto the piece of pipe as shown. Shape the piece of wood toform a handle and insert it into the pipe. Drill two holesthrough the handle and the pipe and bolt them together.Sharpen the blade on both sides by grinding or filing.

50mm

220 mm

e1

17. Brush hook

Use To clear light brush.

Material A piece of tempered steel (such as from a used car or truck spring) , a piece of pipe 35 mm 0 x 50 mm, 2 bolts 5 mm 0 x 45 mm with nuts, a piece of hardwood 36 mm 0 x 670 mm.

Instructions Shape the blade using the dimensions below and weld it lathe piece of pipe as shown. Shape the piece of wood to form a handle and insert it into the pipe. Drill two holes through the handle and the pipe and bolt them together. Sharpen the blade on both sides by grinding or filing.

130 mm-

220 mm

&11~-1 50mm

ILl-I ====,WWII_I -- ~ 840mm

11II

18

1 8. Machete

UseTo clear light brush.

MaterialA section from an old crosscut saw. 2 pieces ofhardwood, 3 rivets 5 mm 0x25 mm, a piece of rope or aleather thong.

G-0 cp

19

instructionsShape the blade using the dimensions below. Shape thetwo pieces of wood to form the handles. Drill three holesthrough the blade and the handles and rivet themtogether. Sharpen the inside of the blade by grinding orfiling. Drill a hole in the end of the handle and attach therope or leather thong.

18. Machete

Use Instructions To clear light brush.

Material A section from an old crosscut saw, 2 pieces of hardwood, 3 rivets 5 mm 0 x 25 mm, a piece of rope or a leather thong.

, , . @l@l@ . , ,

e<D<D<!> , , '

Q ~ ~ " , , ,

e'i' 'i' 'i' ,

a 88'

Shape the blade using the dimensions below. Shape the two pieces of wood to form the handles. Drill three holes through the blade and the handles and rivet them together. Sharpen the inside of the blade by grinding or filing . Drill a hole in the end of the handle and attach the rope or leather thong.

i 90mm

~ -"-120mm~1 II 600mm _[

19

19. GirdUngitocUseTo remove a strip of bark from a tree so that it will die.

MaterialA piece of mild steel rod 10 mm O x 690 mm, a piece oftempered steel 90 x 35 x 3 mm, a piece of wood 50 mm 0x 600 mm.

somm

20

InstructionsBend the steel rod in two so that the ends are about80 mm apart. Bend both sides of the rod at the midpointto form an angle of about 1450. Shape the piece oftempered steel to form the blade as shown and weld itbetween the ends of the rod. Sharpen the inner edge ofthe blade by grinding or filing. Place the piece of woodthrough the loop of the rod and pull it around the tree toremove a strip of bark.

NoteThis tool is useful to kill unwanted or inferior trees whereremoval by felling could cause damage to trees nearby. Itcan also be used before felling so that trees may seasonin place and lose part of their moisture.

19. Girdling tool

Use To remove a strip of bark from a tree so that it wi ll die.

Material A piece of mild steel rod 10 mm "" x 690 mm, a piece of tempered steel 90 x 35 x 3 mm, a piece of wood 50 mm "" x 600 mm.

-; 80mm

Instructions Bend the steel rod in two so that the ends are about 80 mm apart. Bend both sides of the rod at the midpoint to form an angle of about 145°. Shape the piece of tempered steel to form the blade as shown and weld it between the ends of the rod. Sharpen the inner edge of the blade by grinding or filing. Place the piece of wood through the loop of the rod and pull it around the tree to remove a strip of bark.

Note This tool is usefu l to kill unwanted or inferior trees where removal by fe lling could cause damage to trees nearby. It can also be used before felling so that trees may season in place and lose part of their moisture.

300mm

.,(:.-ri • .'.'.,,"!,." .. : ... ... .. .. ;:;<1"::'~

20

nua on basic wood harvesting technology · wooden wedges control for trees felled on slopes...

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