nuclear nomads & weapons of mass destruction 67 u.s. atomic/hydrogen bomb tests from 1946 to...

Nuclear Nomads & Weapons Of Mass

Destruction

67 U.S. Atomic/hydrogen Bomb Tests From 1946 to 1958 in the

Marshall Islands

“History is a reminder of what’s possible.”

President G.W. Bush as he emerged from a guided tour of the gas chambers at Auschwitz.

A Nuclear Holocaust

A Nuclear Holocaust

Holocaust means “a thorough destruction involving extensive loss of life especially through fire.”

And it is the holocaust, the thorough destruction, of the Marshall islands that we must be reminded.

This Presentation . . . Chronicles one of the most underreported

stories of our nuclear past. Unique insight into the callous attitudes

toward the people of Pacific Islands, whose basic human rights were thrashed in the process.

And the crude mentality of the post-war period, where our own sailors and soldiers became victims of the nuclear hysteria.

The Pacific Proving Grounds

Dotting the Pacific, spanning 1/3rd of the world’s surface are places unknown to most people in America and Europe.

No nations are more geographically isolated than those in the Pacific Ocean, making them among the least known and least understood parts of the globe.

The Globe

The Targets

The Marshall Islands, 3,000 miles west of Honolulu, in the Central Pacific, consists of two archipelagic island chains of 1,152 islands and 30 atolls, including Majuro atoll, the capital; Ebeye island in Kwajalein atoll; and Bikini and Enewetak atolls, which were targets of U.S. Nuclear testing programs.

The Ocean

Contrary to continental mentally, rather than a separator the ocean is a connector for those of us who live in these Islands.

We obtain nourishment from this common source. It is our mode of transportation, communications, exchange and cultural development.

What affects one affects us all.

Pacific Islands

Marshall Islands

Bikini Atoll

Enewetak

Eniwetok Atoll

Majuro

Hawai`i

Kauai

“Soil scientist have repeatedly found a layer of radiation in the high mountain forests of the Hawaiian Islands.”

“May Earth Live” Tom Coffman 2000

Micronesia

Kiribati

Kosrae

Chuuk (Truk)

Tinian

Saipan

1946 In 1946, before

President Truman signed the U.N. trusteeship agreement, he authorized the military to test the newly developed Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Marshall Islands.

For “The Benefit of Mankind”

The people of Bikini were told by the U.S. military that their atoll was needed for a project “if you give up your islands for benefit mankind so we [the U.S.] can test our weapons we will take care of you” .

They said the atolls would be returned once the testing is complete. Bikini’s King Juda -1946

Grant Powers #6Watercolor, 1946

U.S. preparations for tests Bikini Atoll was the first

site selected by the U.S. Government as a ground-zero location.

This photograph taken on February 11, 1946, was taken prior to the Bikinians' removal from their home atoll for the testing program.

Republic of the Marshall Islands

Embassy,USA

Nuclear Nomads

Would the Marshallese have consented to becoming “Nuclear Nomads” if the truth had been told that there would be -sixty-seven (67) tests in all--conducted from June 30, 1946 to August 18, 1958?

Saying goodbye to the ancestors

Leaving Home

Operations Crossroads July 1946

At 0900 on 1 July, test ABLE detonated about 518 feet above the target fleet.

The surface temperature of the resulting fireball was about 100,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

Charles Bittinger #3Oil on canvas, 1946

July 1946, Too little. . .

“On board observation ship, sailors were instructed to shield their eyes from the blasts.”

BusinessWeek Online | 100 Years of Innovation

Baker Bomb Test July 25, 1946

Baker tidal wave “The Baker blast

reached to the floor of the lagoon--some 200 feet deep--and spewed bits and pieces of coral on the decks of the target fleet.

The BAKER blast caused a tidal wave that tossed landing craft onto the beach.”

Arthur Beaumont #13Watercolor, 1946 Naval Historical Center

http://www.history.navy.mil/index.html


After Baker

“The BAKER blast tidal wave swept ashore and caused extensive damage to the village.”

Arthur Beaumont #12

Watercolor, 1946

Naval Historical Center



The last stage of Baker

A view of the collapsing cloud raining millions of gallons of radioactive water over the U.S. target fleet, thoroughly contaminating both the warships and the lagoon.

For several hours after the explosion a fine mist rained down over the area.

Source:Naval Historical Center Charles Bittinger #2Oil on canvas, 1946



Hurricane Force

The very rapid expansion of the bomb materials produces a high-pressure pulse, or shock wave, that moves rapidly outward from the exploding bomb.

In air, this shock wave is called a blast wave because it is equivalent to and is accompanied by powerful winds of much greater than hurricane force.

Operations Crossroads

Intended to be the crossroad from conventional war to nuclear war.

The Americans celebrate the “success” of Operations Crossroads.

Because the cake & Mrs. Blandy’s hat resemble the Baker Bomb this picture caused wide spread upset.

Officer in charge of Operation Crossroads Vice Admiral & Mrs.W. H. P. Blandy &Rear Admiral F.J. Lowry

U.S. Medical Care 1946

The Iron Room

Marshallese being tested for radiation effects. 1946

He was found to be within ”safe(?) limits of radiation”

Operation Greenhouse Enewetak

With NO protective gear, VIP observers sitting on the patio of the Officer's Beach Club on Parry Island, Enewetak Atoll are illuminated by the 81 kiloton Dog Bomb test, April 8, 1951.

Defense Special Weapons Agency

Operation Greenhouse 1951

George Bomb Test

May 8, 1951

225 kilotons

Enewetak November 1,1952

“Mike Bomb” weighed 164,000 pounds and had a yield of 10.4 megatons.

1 Megaton equals one million pounds of TNT

Before Mike

“The photograph shows five of forty named islands comprising Enewetak Atoll before the "Mike" test (the gray areas surrounding the islands are coral reefs).”

Credit: U.S. Air Force

After Mike . . .

“The test completely vaporized the island of Elugelab as well as portions of Sanil and Teiter (above), leaving a crater 164 feet (50 meters) deep and 1.2 miles (1.9 kilometers) wide.”

Credit: U.S. Air Force

How many Pentagons?

“The observed destruction from the weapons test in the Marshall Islands was often used to construct scenarios for a nuclear war involving the United States.

Here, the U.S. government calculated how many Pentagons could fit into the crater left by the Mike shot on Enewetak Atoll.”

Republic of the Marshall Islands Embassy,USA

The Crater

After Mike detonation,

the island disappeared in it's place a deep crater 6,000 ft across which would hold

14 Pentagon buildings with room to spare.

The five-sided giant, center of the Defense Department, is the largest building in the world.

Tsunami

“In addition to the damage and fallout from Mike, there was a Pacific wide Tsunami, which traveled from the Marshall Islands to Japan and back across the Pacific as far as the north shore of O’ahu, Hawai`i.”

Richard U. Conant

Midway Island

Midway Island after the Nov. 4, 1952

Tsunami

Operation Ivy 1952

King Bomb Test

November 11, 1952

500 kilotons

One kiloton equals a thousand pounds of TNT

A three-stage weapon

The first stage consisted of a big A-bomb, which acted as a trigger.

The second stage was the H-bomb phase resulting from the fusion of deuterium and tritium within the bomb. In the process helium and high-energy neutrons were formed.

A three-stage weapon

The third stage resulted from the impact of these high-speed neutrons on the outer jacket of the bomb, which consisted of natural uranium, or uranium-238.

The fusion neutrons had sufficient energy to cause fission of the uranium nuclei and thus added to the explosive yield and also to the radioactivity of the bomb residues.

Operation Castle: March 1, 19546 Bomb tests in 3 months at Bikini Atoll exceeded 47 megatons

Bravo March 1, 1954

15 megatons

Two Suns Rose

The people of Rongelap, not understanding what was happening, watched as two suns rose that morning,

observed with amazement as the radioactive dust soon formed a layer on their island two inches deep turning the drinking water a brackish yellow.

Early in the morning on March 1, 1954, the hydrogen bomb, code named Bravo, was detonated on the surface of the reef in the northwestern corner of Bikini Atoll.

The area was illuminated by a huge and expanding flash of blinding light.

A raging fireball of intense heat that measured into the millions of degrees shot skyward at a rate of 300 miles an hour .

March 1, 1954

Within minutes the monstrous cloud, filled with nuclear debris, shot up more than 20 miles and generated winds hundreds of miles per hour.

These fiery gusts blasted the surrounding islands and stripped the branches and coconuts from the trees.

Romeo – 11 megatons

The Decision . . .

“The decision the Navy made to go forward with the Bravo test March 1, 1954, knowing that the winds were blowing in the direction of inhabited atolls, was essentially a decision to irradiate the northern Marshall Islands, and moreover, to irradiate the people who were still living on them.” Bravo - 15 megatons

National Association of Atomic Veterans

Fallout scattered over 7,000 sq miles

Military reports indicate that Bravo was the single worst incident of fallout exposure in all of the U.S. atmospheric testing program.

Fallout was scattered over more than 7,000 square miles of ocean and islands, resulting in the contamination and exposure of military, civilian U.S. personnel working on the shot, and people of the islands who were earlier moved to a supposedly "safe" island but received large amounts of radiation.

7,000 sq. miles is more than Hawai`i and the District of Columbia combined.

Acute radiation effects are still observed among these people.

Daigo Fukuryu Maru Bravo Blast was 135 kilometer

(85 mi) to the west of the boat. For three hours sandy ash

(fallout) rained down on the boat.

14 days on the contaminated boat, most of the 23 crew members suffered nausea, pain, and skin inflammation

Six months later one crewman died.

The rest were hospitalized for more than a year.

They say . . .

“People tell how as children, they ran and cried then played in the milky dust that fell on them.

They tell of confusion, of fear, of thinking that the world had ended.”

Rongelap Mayor James Matayoshi March 1, 2004

“Representatives of governments try to assure us that all that could be done to bring the matter to closure has been done.

They tell you that Washington no longer sees these islands on their radar screen and therefore our quest for fairness and justice is all in vain.” Rongelap Mayor James Matayoshi March 1, 2004

Before & After

People and Islands were vaporized. There is a hole in the ocean where Elugelab Island use to be.

The Marshall Islands, so far from everywhere and unknown, but for their ethnic p1ace names, seemed the likely test grounds.

The Brookhaven National Laboratory "Even though the radioactive contamination

of Rongelap Island is considered perfectly safe for human habitation, the levels of activity are higher than those found in other inhabited locations in the world.

The habitation of these people on the island will afford most valuable ecological radiation data on human beings."

The Brookhaven National Laboratory scientists report about

Rongelap: July 1957

Project 4.1 Guinea Pigs

“Drawn in 1953 for the planned 1954 Castle Nuclear test series, Project 4.1 contemplated the study of exposed human beings months before Bravo.”



“Throughout the years our people have had misgivings about the annual medical examinations they were subjected to by scientists from the United States”



Our discovery of these descriptions of Project 4.1 have reinforced our conviction that we were being studied not treated by the scientists who examined us.”


Health Care? “American doctors have testified

that they were treating our injuries and that the studies were an integral part of the treatment.

Yet it was general knowledge from the beginning that they would not treat conditions which they considered unrelated to the tests and would refer such patients to the trust territory medical authorities.”

Rongelap Mayor James Matayoshi March 1, 2004Union Bomb Test 1954

6.9 megatons

“We have documents pertaining to studies where certain radioactive materials were given to subjects both" exposed " and "unexposed" .

This resulted in previously unexposed subjects being exposed for the purpose of comparison and exposed persons getting even more radiation than they had been gotten from the bomb.

If Project 4.1 was not a study why were there "control groups"?“


Project 4.1

“The photographs in the office of the district administrator here in Majuro were removed and set on fire by agents of the United States Government.

Several other fires involving medical records of Marshallese exposed to radiation have been reported through the years.” Rongelap Mayor James Matayoshi March 1, 2004

And we disappear

The Health of the Islands is Forever Changed

The health of the people of the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, the Mariana’s, other Pacific Islands, the plants and animals of their islands and surrounding waters was impacted by the bombs more than 1,000 times as powerful as the atomic and hydrogen bomb blasts of Hiroshima or Nagasaki. Apache Bomb Test

1.85 megatons

Castle Bomb Test 1954

Women from these islands have suffered disproportionatenumbers of miscarriages and births of severely deformed children, and islanders continue to suffer high rates of cancer, hepatitis, tuberculosis and immune deficiency diseases.

Tripler Army Medical Center classifies their numerous Cancers by numbers, having run out of names.

Operation Redwing 1956a 17-test nuclear weapons series

Seminole June 6, 1956

13.7 kilotons

Operation Redwing 1956

Seminole June 6, 1956

13.7 kilotons

1956 Operation Redwing

Dakota 1956

June 25, 1956

1.1 megatons

Operation Hardtack I: 1958

Hickory June 29, 1958

14 kilotons

Operation Hardtack

Umbrella Underwater

June 8, 1958 8 kilotons

"Are you still there?" "Are you still there?" was the first radio transmission

received at Johnston Island after the TEAK thermonuclear test on August 1, 1958.

The 3.8 megaton, 77-kilometer-high blast triggered an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) which stopped radio communications throughout that large area of the Pacific.

The EMP was so severe that military and civilian aircraft had to be grounded in Hawaii. The TEAK fireball could be seen as far away as Oahu Hawai`i, approximately 800 nautical miles from Johnston Island.

Several scientists viewing the test had to duck into a shelter quickly because an error with the launch vehicle, a Redstone rocket, caused it to detonate directly over Johnston Island instead of 20 miles down range.

Kalama Island (Johnston Island)

Guam

After the bomb tests, the Atomic Energy Commission & The Navy would bring the hot ships from Bikini to Guam and wash them down so they could take vessels in tow back to Pearl Harbor, S.F. and Seattle.

Waters of the Marianas are still contaminated due to radiation fallout.

Guam has more cancers and hepatitis per capita then any other island in the Pacific.

Charles Clark, Commander National Association of Atomic Veterans March 2004

Bikini and Rongelap Atolls still are considered unsafe for habitation.

50 Years later

“July 1994 - U.S. Representatives George Miller and Ron de Lugo write to Dr. Ruth Faden, chairperson of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments: "...There is no doubt that the AEC intentionally returned (Marshallese) to islands which it considered to be "by far the most contaminated places in the world,' but which it told the people were safe.

Nor is there any doubt that the AEC, through the Brookhaven National Laboratory, then planned and conducted test after test on these people to study their bodies' reaction to life in that contaminated environment.”

2002 Republic of the Marshall Islands Embassy,USA

The Record

Particles travel, WE are all impacted!

“Prior to the BRAVO explosion, radioactive tritium was not measurable in Lake Ontario, 6,000 miles from the Marshall Islands (one of the Great Lakes, contiguous to Toronto Ontario).

After the BRAVO bomb blast the measurement of tritium in Lake Ontario was very high. It has remained measurable, but not that high, to this day.”

Dr. Rosalie Bertell

Everyone in the Marshall’s Received Fallout

“To think that the bomb left its mark on Lake Ontario and not on the entire Marshall Islands is truly unbelievable.

Everyone in the Marshall’s received some fallout. Probably the range of exposure doses people received was large, but it is not likely that anyone escaped with no dose.”

Dr. Bertell has been a Grey Nun for more then 50 years, earned a doctorate in biometry and written books about radiation and its effect on the health of humanity and Planet Earth.

“For all these years under American guidance, we have learned principles of democracy and human rights under which all men aspire to live.

Yet, when we seek to be treated with honor and dignity, we are denied the means to assure that fairness and justice is guaranteed to all.

The United States continues to be less than forthcoming in its handling of information and dissemination of facts pertaining to the testing program.”


“Here we are, fifty years after Bravo, and the people forcibly removed from their homes for the atomic tests, with the exception of Utrik, have yet to return home.

The question of exposure as it affects other atolls of the Marshall’s has yet to be fully addressed.

Many claims are still being prepared. Adjudicated claims have not been paid in full as

agreed upon by the United States.”

50 Years


Bikini Underwater

The bombed reef

The USS Saratoga

Bikini Atoll Underwater

“Medical and monitoring programs, promised by those who exposed us, have been severely curtailed or abandoned.

Making "non-exposed" Marshallese responsible for the medical needs of "exposed" Marshallese is not a just solution.

America must own up to the problems it created.” Rongelap Mayor James Matayoshi March 1, 2004

Health Care?

Saipan “It is believed that

ALL of the Islands of the central pacific are contaminated with radiation, Agent Orange and shad chemicals.”

Robert Celestial, Former Guam Legislator

March 20, 2004

Operation Dominic Nuclear Tests - 1962

Christmas Island & Johnston Atoll 36 atmospheric nuclear devices detonated in the

Pacific Proving Ground from April to November 1962. It was the last atmospheric nuclear test series

conducted by the United States. Dominic I was the largest and most elaborate U.S.

testing operation ever conducted. In geographic terms, the diagnostic stations receiving

data from the tests covering more than 15 million square miles.

Christmas Island 1962 Between 1945 and 1992 the

United States detonated 1,149 nuclear test explosions.

Until 1962 the tests were conducted in the atmosphere and oceans.

106 of the 216 above-ground blasts were exploded 63 miles from Las Vegas, Nevada.

The remaining were detonated at the Enewetak or Bikini Atolls in the Pacific Ocean.

Christmas Island 1962

Bluestone 1.27 megaton

Johnston Island 1962

Test: Frigate Bird

Time: 23:30 6 May 1962 (GMT)

Location: Johnston Island

Test Height and Type:

SLBM Airburst; 11,000 Feet

Yield: 600 kilotons

Runit Island

Beneath the concrete dome on Runit Island (part of Enewetak Atoll), built between 1977 and 1980 at a cost of about $239 million, lie 111,000 cubic yards (84,927 cubic meters) or radioactive soil and debris from Bikini and Rongelap atolls.

The dome covers the 30-foot (9 meter) deep, 350-foot (107 meter) wide crated created by the May 5, 1958, Cactus test.

Cover Up Runit Island

Researchers have suggested that this dome was inadequate as it had an estimated life of 300 years, yet the material encased will remain radioactive for 500,000 years.

This particular entombment is a special interest because a nuclear-waste crypt is now being finished 800 miles from Honolulu at Johnston Island where plutonium-laced materials are to be buried under a cap of coral soil.

“The Forgotten Guinea Pigs”

In 1980, Congress issued a stinging report,” The Forgotten Guinea Pigs”, which concluded that the Atomic Energy Commission chose to secure, at any cost, the atmospheric nuclear weapons testing program rather than to protect the health and welfare of the residents of the area who lived downwind from the nuclear test sites. (Y 4.In 8/4:G 94)

Since the tradewinds traverse the length and breadth of the Pacific, all Islands are “downwind.”

A Question of Fairness Marshall Islands has been a member of the U.N. since 17

Sep. 1991 We vote with the United States consistently. We are America' allies in the war on terrorism. At a time when the US is spending billions to study

nuclear clean up at mainland weapons production sites, and hundreds of billions to make the world a safer place, the US has a legal and moral obligation to finally resolve the legacy of nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands.


Decades later

“Because of its geographical isolation from world powers and political areas, the United States government used its strategic Trust Territory to conduct atomic and thermonuclear weapons tests.

Five decades later, the Marshallese people still confront medical problems, environmental contamination, displacement and social upheaval resulting from the testing program.”

Source: Embassy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to the United States

Veterans

“From 1946-63, the military ordered more than 200,000 active-duty GIs to observe one or more nuclear bomb tests either in the Pacific or at the Nevada Test Site.

The 195,000 GIs who served as part of the occupation force in Hiroshima and Nagasaki may also have suffered the effects of radiation.”

DUCK AND COVER(UP): U.S. RADIATION TESTING ON HUMANSby Tod Ensign and Glenn Alcalay

Atomic Veteran

Jim Lyerly obeyed an order to turn away from the impending blast.

“But I still could see the bones in my fingers like an X-ray when Ishielded my eyes.

I could see marrow.”

Photo by Adrin Snider/Daily PressCopyright © 2004, Daily Press

http://www.dailypress.com/

Atomic Veterans

Today, thousands of men and women living in these Islands, who served in the U.S. military are suffering the effects of radiation and have also been forgotten.

6,336 claims approved; 3,156 denied

U.S. Department of Justice, Torts Branch, Civil Division

U.S. Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project August, 1998 1998 The Brookings Institution

Atomic Veterans

Atomic Veterans include members of the United States Armed Forces & civilians who were exposed to ionizing radiation from atomic and nuclear weapons testing during the period beginning with the

Atomic Veterans

Trinity Blast of July 16, 1945 at Alamogordo, New Mexico; continuing through the U.S. clean-up of Nagasaki / Hiroshima;

during the 317 atmospheric atomic and nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific and Nevada test sites; until the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963.

Charlie Clark- Hawaii State Commander National Association of Atomic Veterans

Robert Celestial- Former Legislator of Guam

Both suffer with repeated cancers and their claims have been denied.

No Clinical Trials

After more than 50 years “no clinical trials on the effects of ionizing radiation on the retina have been conducted.”

National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, March 23,2004

Bravo is not over.

“The people of Kwajalein, who sacrificed their home and society for America's nuclear ambitions, still live in squalid conditions on Ebeye, unable to live in peace and comfort in their own homeland.”


They have been subjected to many of the same treatment the islands of the tests suffered: displacement, loss of traditional skills, social disruption, and the contamination of their lands and seas.”


The Future Generations

People throughout the Marshall Islands are concerned about the effects of radiation on future generations. According to many Marshallese communities, severe deformities, did not exist prior to the weapons testing program.


“Bravo” Baby Radiation Burns

Baby after Radiation Burn

Incurable ills: Premature births and

unexplainable health problems have plagued the children and grandchildren ever since.

Veterans say family's sickness is due to his radiation exposure.

Photo by Adrin Snider/Daily PressCopyright © 2004, Daily Press

http://www.dailypress.com/

Marshallese Children after recent radiation check

Dr. Steve Simon with a high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometer, surrounded by young Marshallese children during one of the radiation surveys.Dr. Steve Simon was the Director from its inception through its completion.

RADIOLOGICAL STUDY

The MARSHALL ISLANDS NATIONWIDE RADIOLOGICAL STUDY was the first comprehensive radiological monitoring program of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). It was commissioned by the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands in late-1989 and was completed in mid-1995. Dr. Steve Simon was the Director from its inception through its completion.

Health Physics in July 1997 (Vol 73, Nol 1, 1997). The U.S. Department of Energy has, with permission of the journal, made that publication available on the world-wide-web.

Children of the Marshallese The U.S. Government

accepted responsibility and liability for the consequences of all of the tests--sixty-seven (67) in all--conducted from June 30, 1946 to August 18, 1958.

The people of Hawaii are impacted by the migration of the Marshallese for their healthcare and educational needs.

The U.S. has been slow to repay Hawai’i for the initial outlay of money to finances the Nuclear injured people.

July 1976 – A Brookhaven National Laboratory

report on Rongelap shows that 20 of 29, or 69 percent of the Rongelap children who were under 10 years old in 1954 have developed thyroid tumors.

What are the lasting effects of the 67 bomb tests on this generation?

Long Latency Period

“The people of Utrik, whose original exposure in 1954 of 14 rads of radiation was less than one-twelfth that of Rongelap, suddenly show a higher rate of thyroid cancer than the Rongelap people, indicating the long latency period before health problems develop from low level radiation exposure.”


Everyone received fallout

Ailuk, my Island, was totally ignored by the Americans.

They came to us and asked how many people were to be evacuated. We said 400.

They told us that they would return for us.

They never did. See my brother's granddaughter in

the next picture.

“According to many Marshallese communities, severe deformities, such as this girl from Ailuk Atoll who has no knees, a missing arm, and three toes on each foot, did not exist prior to the weapons testing program.

Although, Ailuk and Likrip Atolls are located outside of the geographic area defined as "exposed," the people vividly remember the radioactive fallout that dusted their islands.”


Does she have the “mutated gene”?

317 Nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific Bikini Atoll (U.S.) 1946-1958

Christmas Island (U.S.) 1962 (U.S./U.K.) 1958 & 1962

Eniwetok Atoll (U.S.) 1946-1958

Fangataufa Atoll (Fr) 1966-1996

Johnston Atoll (U.S.) 1962

Malden Island (U.K.) 1957-1963

Maralinga (U.K. tests)1956-1957

Monte Bello Island (Australia) 1952-1956

Emu Fields (Australia) 1952-1956

Mororua Atoll (Fr). 1995-96Christmas Island 1962

Our story needs to be told.

“We respect and trust the United States to do what is right when it has the facts.

Now is a moment in history when the facts can come out.

The truth can be told.

Our story needs to be told and the American people need to hear it.”

Rongelap Mayor James Matayoshi

March 1, 2004

Rongelap Mayor

James Matayoshi

Marshallese Sunset

Complied by:

Marsha Joyner

March 2004

[email protected]

Copyright 4/2004

Sponsors: The Peoples Fund

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Coalition-Hawaii

Hawaiian National Communications Corporation

United Nations Association, Hawaii Division

mailto:[email protected]

nuclear nomads & weapons of mass destruction 67 u.s. atomic/hydrogen bomb tests from 1946 to...

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