nuclear safety & security culture april 2013

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原子力の安全・核セキュリティ文化 Nuclear Safety & Security Culture 信頼は安全文化の先にあり Trust lies ahead of safety culture. 2013年4月(April, 2013)

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Page 1: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

原子力の安全・核セキュリティ文化 Nuclear Safety & Security Culture

信頼は安全文化の先にありTrust  lies  ahead  of  safety  culture.

2013年4月(April,  2013)

Page 2: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

FBI investigating armed attack at Tennessee nuclear plant

Published time: April 23, 2013 16:42

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Hopson says that amid the confrontation, the suspect pulled a handgun and fired at least two shots at the officer and then fled in a nearby flat-bottomed boat docked at a concrete ramp on the shore of the Tennessee River.

 According to investigators, a Tennessee Valley Authority security officer was routinely patrolling the nuclear plant at around 2 a.m. Sunday when he located a suspicious person in a restricted area, only a few hundred yards from the protected area that houses the nuclear reactor and power production facilities. “They spoke for a few seconds. The officer didn't believe there was any danger," TVA spokesman Jim Hopson tells reporters. In a manner of only seconds, though, things quickly changed. The suspect successfully fled the scene seconds later, says Hopson, but not before exchanging gunfire with the security guard.

http://rt.com/usa/tennessee-nuclear-plant-shooting-276/

Page 3: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

テロ・事故・安全・セキュリティー (Terrorism, accidents, safety and security)

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•  ボストン(Boston)、テキサス(Texas)、アルジェリア (Algeria) •  福島(Fukushima)、JCO、Chernobyl、TMI、 •  アスファルト(Asphalt)、もんじゅ(Monju)、むつ(Mutsu) •  Sep.11、北朝鮮(North Korea)、イラン(Stuxnet) •  大震災(日本、海外)(Earthquake(Japan, overseas)) •  他(others)

Fertilizer Plant Explosion In West, Texas

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ReAjMhCeu0

Page 4: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

一般的には「恐れ(Fear)」、IAEA勧告では悪事を企む(Intention)、動機(Motive)と能力(Capacity)を

持った「人(People)、集団(Group)」

脅威(Threat)とは

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Page 5: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

UN: Nuclear terrorism threat hasn‘t diminished Updated 11:51 a.m., Friday, September 28, 2012

UNITED NATIONS (AP) — The U.N. nuclear chief warned Friday that the threat of nuclear terrorism has not diminished, saying a key risk is that terrorists could detonate a so-called "dirty bomb" to contaminate a major city. Yukiya Amano, director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, told a high-level meeting on the sidelines of the U.N. General Assembly that a dirty bomb — using conventional explosives and some nuclear or radioactive material — wouldn't be a full-fledged nuclear bomb but it could lead to mass panic and serious economic disruption. "We must therefore maintain the utmost vigilance in protecting nuclear and other radioactive material and nuclear facilities," he said. Amano said more than 2,200 incidents have been registered on the International Atomic Energy Agency's "Illicit Trafficking Database" since it was established in 1995. http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/UN-Nuclear-terrorism-threat-hasn-t-diminished-3902688.php

近のIAEA天野事務局長発言から、<汚い爆弾、脅威の増加>

IAEA天野事務局長

Page 6: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

UN Secretary‐General Ban Ki‐Moon “We need to build a stronger connection

between nuclear safety and nuclear security. Though nuclear safety and nuclear security are distinct issues, boosting one can bolster the other. At a time when terrorists and others are seeking nuclear materials and technology, stringent safety systems at nuclear power plants will reinforce efforts to strengthen nuclear security. A nuclear power plant that is safer for its community is also one that is more secure for our world. “

Kiev, Ukraine 19 April 2011

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原子力安全と 核セキュリティの

連携強化

Page 7: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

組織文化(Organizational culture)

安全文化(Safety culture)

核セキュリティ文化 (Security culture)

脅威(Threat)、治安当局(Security authority) 、セキュリティ秘密(Security Secret)

安全管理上 の秘密

(Secret in the safety

management)

原子力安全文化 (Nuclear Safety culture) 原子力安全文化

(狭義) Safety culture

(Narrow sense)

Page 8: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

核セキュリティ文化と原子力安全文化

【共通の組織文化】(以下は安全文化の表現で記載)

・安全の価値観と安全行動への指導力:リーダーはその行動と判断において、安全への取り組み姿勢を積極的に示します。

・問題点の発見と解決:安全に影響すると思われる問題を迅速に発見し、十分に検討し、その重要性に応じた取り組みと修正を迅速に行います。

・個人の責任:個人は安全について責任を負います。

・仕事の仕方:作業計画や管理は、安全が維持されるように遂行されます。

・継続的学習:安全確保の方法に関する学習の機会が検討され、実行されます。

・懸念を表明できる環境:担当者が報復、脅迫、嫌がらせ、または差別を恐れることなく、自由に安全

性の懸念の声を上げることができる、安全に配慮した作業環境が維持されます。

・実効的な安全対話:安全に焦点を当てた会話が維持されます。

・礼儀正しい作業環境:信頼と礼儀が組織を貫いています。

・疑問を持つ態度:間違いや不適切な行動に繋がる矛盾を識別するために、各人は自己満足を避け、いつもの状態や行動を継続的に疑います。                           出典:http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1116/ML11165A021.pdf

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Page 9: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

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Universal features of nuclear security culture

4つの段階

ROLE OF THE STATE

ROLE OF ORGANIZASTIONS

ATTITUDES OF INDIVIDUALS

DEFENITION OF GENERAL PROTECTION OBJECTIVES

QUALIFICATIONS AND TRANING

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITIES

PROTECTION OF INFORMATION

SECURITY POLICY STATEMENT

MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES

RESOURCES

REVIEW AND IMPROVEMENT

DEFINITION OF RESPONSIBILITIES

DEFINITION AND CONTROL OF PRACTICES

MOTIVATION

STRICT AND PRUDENT APPROACH

SPEED OF REACTION AUDIT AND REVIEW

VIGILANCE AND QUESTIONING ATTITUDE

ROLES OF MANAGERS IN

ORGANIZATIONS

出典:IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 7 Nuclear Security Culture

Page 10: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

Characteristics of nuclear security culture

Management systems are well developed and prioritize security

(a) Visible security policy; (b) Clear roles and responsibilities; (c) Performance measurement; (d) Work environment; (e) Training and qualification; (f) Work management; (g) Information security; (h) Operation and maintenance; (i) Continual determination of staff trustworthiness; (j) Quality assurance; (k) Change management; (l) Feedback process; (m) Contingency plans and drills; (n) Self-assessment; (o) Interface with the regulator; (p) Coordination with off-site organizations; (q) Record keeping.

Behaviour fosters more effective nuclear security

Leadership behaviour (a) Expectations;  (b) Use of authority; (c) Decision making; (d) Management oversight; (e) Involvement of staff; (f) Effective communications; (g) Improving performance;  (h) Motivation.

Personnel behaviour

(a) Professional conduct; (b) Personal accountability; (c) Adherence to procedures; (d) Teamwork and 

PRINCIPLES FOR GUIDING DECISIONS AND BEHAVIOUR (a) Motivation; (b) Leadership; (c) Commitment and responsibility;

(d) Professionalism and competence; (e) Learning and improvement.

GOAL: EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR SECURITY

BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES  (a) Credible threat exists; (b) Nuclear security is important

10 出典:IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 7 Nuclear Security Culture

姿 勢 マネージメント

システム

Page 11: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

“What”ではなく、”Why”

「何が機能しなかったのか?」ではなく、

「なぜ機能しなかったのか?」

結局は人間(Human )  

-人間は疲れ、忘れ、過ちを犯すもの- (- tiring, forget, mistakes -)

Page 12: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

A Crossing the limits of safe practices (安全体制の劣化)  1 Pursuit efficiency (and leader lack of knowledge about technology)   - from prolonged depression and price competition  2 Lowered quality of labors  - from cut down the number of experts

B Misperception of current reality (現状認識の欠如)  1 False pride and illusion of technological superiority  - Mr. Kazuo Sato “the level of Safety Culture in Japan is fairly high”, 1999  - Mr. Jiro Kondo “Anzen-do, the Japanese unique way of thinking”, 1999 - (参考追記:広瀬研吉氏 “わかりやすい原子力規制関係の法令の手引き”, 3月 2011)  2 Inadequate open communication   - Come from lack of self-assessment capability which are (1) the extent to which employees bring problems to management (2) management's openness to critical feedback.

Unhealthy Safety Culture <指導者側の誤った態度>

Some 80% of the cases are caused by human error

JCO臨界事故

東電福島事故

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Shigehisa Tsuchiya, et al Graduate School of Management and Systems Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology

Page 13: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

1. Ignorance:無理解・・危険を認識できない "I did not know this was a hazard." 2. Lack of skill:技能不足・・対処方法がわからない "I did not know what to do about it." 3. Mistrust of authority:当局の安全認識への不信 "They lied to us before about safety, so how do I know they're telling the truth now?" 4. Personal experiences :今まで問題は発生しなかったのになぜ今? "Nothing bad ever happened to me before by doing it this way, so why worry now?" 5. Lack of incentives :動機不足:なぜより面倒な方法を私がするの? "What's in it for me? Why should I follow this much harder procedure?”

10 Reasons Nuclear Workers Don't Comply with Safety Culture Expectations

<労働者側の誤った態度(1/2)>

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Dr. Edgar Schein, a Sloan Fellows professor of management emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Page 14: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

6 Mixed incentives:指示の混乱。人員の補充なしで時間通りちゃんとやれと期待しな

がら、不安全状態を報告せよという "My boss tells me to report unsafe conditions but still expects me to get the job done on time and with less help." 7. Unclear disciplinary processes:不明確は懲罰方法:危険を無視しても、

自己流で対応しても懲罰されない "Nothing bad will happen to me if I ignore the hazard or do things my own way." 8. Group norms:グループ規範:指摘有無を仲間はどう考えるか "If I point out the hazard, my buddies will think I'm ratting on them; or if I insist on following some procedure, they'll think I'm a wimp." 9. Macho self-image:筋肉軽薄者イメージ:俺ならできる、ヒーローになる "I can do this job in spite of the hazards, I can be a hero, and others will respect me for it." 10. Personality factors:個人的要因:私の方が知っている。私に関係ない "I know better – who needs to work that hard? Who cares - it's not my problem.”

10 Reasons Nuclear Workers Don't Comply with Safety Culture Expectations

<労働者側の誤った態度(2/2)>

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Page 15: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

安全文化=Defense in Depth

 

[Hardware] [Human behavior]

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Page 16: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

安全文化のマネジメント(1) Safety culture management is ensuring that organizational-managerial [institutional] safety barriers are properly designed, operated and maintained. They are the safety attitudes of the worker, manager, internal oversight and external oversight personnel. This is proper safety culture management, this is safety culture defense in depth management.

組織の体制は:意図したとおりに構築されていますか? 組織の機能は:構築したとおりに、なっていますか? 施設、設備は:必要な性能を維持していますか? 基準は:明確で目標を達成するように、なっていますか? 現実は:言ったとおりに、なっていますか?

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David Collins, INPO coordinator Member of the NRC workshop expert panel on safety culture in 2010

INPO - The Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (原子力発電技術協会)

Page 17: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

安全第一を常に考えるプロ意識・態度- the Leadership Based Safety -

1. Excellence Behaviors Communicates and models values Clearly communicates expectations Focus is on value not cost Ensures training, resources Good problem-solver and coach Promotes open, deep org learning 2. Integrity Behaviors Do the right thing (behaves ethically   →Appropriately humble, not-arrogant, Safety-focused) Communicates openly and honestly Makes conservative decisions Addresses issues promptly, properly Uses failures to learn, not punish Ensures appropriate accountability

3. Relationship Behaviors Listens carefully to suggestions Welcoming and respectful Promotes diversity, development Compliments more than criticizes Promotes work / life balance

EIR behaviors:↓

PROFESSIONALISM

TRUST=(E+I+R)/TIME

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David Collins, INPO coordinator Member of the NRC workshop expert panel on safety culture in 2010

Page 18: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

Communicates and models values :話し合い、価値を構築せよ

Clearly communicates expectations :期待を明確に話せ

Focus is on value not cost :コストより価値に焦点を当てよ

Ensures training, resources :訓練、資源を確実にせよ

Good problem-solver and coach : 良き参謀とコーチを確保せよ

Promotes open, deep org learning : オープンに深く、組織学習を促進せよ

1. Excellence Behaviors

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David Collins, INPO coordinator Member of the NRC workshop expert panel on safety culture in 2010

Page 19: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

Do the right thing:正しいことをせよ

(behaves ethically : Appropriately humble, not-arrogant, Safety-focused) (倫理的に振る舞え : 適切に謙虚に、傲慢でなく、安全性に焦点を当てて)

Communicates openly and honestly :オープンに率直に交流せよ

Makes conservative decisions:保守的に決定せよ

Addresses issues promptly, properly :迅速、的確に対処せよ

Uses failures to learn, not punish :失敗を罰ではなく教訓に使え

Ensures appropriate accountability :適切に説明責任を果たせ

2. Integrity Behaviors

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David Collins, INPO coordinator Member of the NRC workshop expert panel on safety culture in 2010

Page 20: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

Listens carefully to suggestions : 提案に耳を傾けよ

Welcoming and respectful : 親しみと敬意

Promotes diversity, development :  多様性、開発を促進せよ

Compliments more than criticizes : 批判よりも褒めよ

Promotes work / life balance : 仕事と人生のバランスを推進せよ

3. Relationship Behaviors

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David Collins, INPO coordinator Member of the NRC workshop expert panel on safety culture in 2010

Page 21: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

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“Safety culture management is the maintenance of professional leadership attitudes” “安全文化とは、(その分野の)専門家としての統率姿勢(プロの指導者態度)の維持である”

Rickover

安全文化のマネジメント(2)

Page 22: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

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プロの指導者態度とは、

Ownership(主体的責任感)  今の仕事に無期限の責任感をもつこと。 Responsibility (包括責任)  仕事に関して責任を分担せず、全責任を受容すること。 Attention to Detail (細部の注視)  出世し細部を疎かにすると、その意識は部下に伝わる。 Priorities(優先順位)   重要jobにエネルギーを集中する訓練をせよ。

Admiral Rickover

Page 23: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

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プロの指導者態度とは、

Know What is Going On:(現状把握)  責任範囲で何が起こっているか、詳細に把握せよ。 Hard Work (ハードワーク)  上司が働かなければ、部下も働かない。 Checking Up (外部確認)  誰もが間違える。自分以外の者のチェックを受けよ。 Facing the Facts (事実の受け入れ)  失敗を認め、事実を受け入れよ。

Admiral Rickover

Page 24: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

プロ指導者の心構え <Professionalism, Management>

2.Maintain Cognizance(知りうる状態を維持せよ)

3.Do the right thing(正しいことをせよ)

-  受信:現場へ行くことは当然実施され、現場からは部下・関係者から自然に必要な情報が提供され、事象出現前の未確定兆候に触れる機会も確実に与えられる状況にある。

-  理解:状況を理解できる知識、経験に基づく能力を有している。 -  想像:出現した事象を分析しそこから別の危険予兆を感じる感性を有している。 -  維持:上記状況、能力、感性の維持に日々努めている。 -  代替:現場に行けないときでも情報が適時に提供されるツールを整備・維持している。 -  参謀:自分の理解力に限界があることを認識しており、助言者を確保している。

-  基準:正しい判断とは倫理に基づくものであることを理解している。 -  行動:日々、正しい判断をするよう努め、正しい判断をしている。 -  胆力:事態発生時、正しい判断を断行できる強さ・胆力を持っている。

1.Show your appearance to the public(姿を見せよ) -  信頼:自分の姿を見せる。貴方が明示した自分の信念、考え方、要求が伝わっている。

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Page 25: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

- A sustainable nuclear security culture -

持続可能な核セキュリティ文化を

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信頼構築

Page 26: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

核セキュリティ対策    

http://www.nsr.go.jp/activity/bousai/Physical_Protection/

index.html

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核セキュリティ対策公式ホームページ 規制庁ホームページ

http://www.nsr.go.jp ホーム>政策課題>原子力防災>核セキュリティ対策>

Page 27: Nuclear Safety & Security Culture April 2013

 

…Thank you for your attention

PEACE

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規制庁ホームページ: http://www.nsr.go.jp 核セキュリティ対策:

http://www.nsr.go.jp/activity/bousai/Physical_Protection/index.html