nucleus cytoplasm membrane - estrellamountain.edu

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Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Plasmamembrane

(a) Generalized animal cell

1

Nuclear envelopeChromatin

Nucleolus

Nuclearpores

(b) Nucleus

Nucleus

2

Extracellular fluid(watery environment)

Glycoprotein Glycolipid

Cholesterol

Sugar group

Polar heads ofphospholipidmolecules

Bimolecularlipid layercontainingproteins

Nonpolar tails ofphospholipidmolecules

Channel

Proteins Filaments ofcytoskeleton Cytoplasm

(watery environment)

3

Microvilli Tight(impermeable)junction

Desmosome(anchoringjunction)

Plasmamembranes ofadjacent cells

Connexon

Gap(communicating)junction

Underlyingbasementmembrane

Extracellularspace betweencells

4

Chromatin

Nucleolus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Cytosol

Lysosome

Mitochondrion

Nuclear envelope

Nucleus

Plasmamembrane

Centrioles

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Microtubule

Intermediatefilaments

Secretion being releasedfrom cell by exocytosis

Peroxisome

5


Ribosome mRNA

Rough ERAs the protein is synthesized on the ribosome,

it migrates into the rough ER tunnel system.

In the tunnel, the protein folds into itsfunctional shape. Short sugar chains may beattached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein).

The protein is packaged in a tinymembranous sac called a transport vesicle.

The transport vesicle buds from the rough ERand travels to the Golgi apparatus for furtherprocessing.

Protein

Transportvesicle buds off

Protein insidetransport vesicle

1

2

3

4

12

3

4

6


Rough ER Tunnels Proteins in tunnels

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Lysosome fuses withingested substances.

Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome.

Pathway 3

Golgiapparatus

Pathway 1

Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle.

Pathway 2

Secretory vesicles

Proteins

Secretion byexocytosis

Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane and isincorporated into it.

Plasma membrane

Extracellular fluid

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(a) Microfilaments

Actin subunit

7 nm

(b) Intermediate filaments

Fibrous subunits

10 nm

(c) Microtubules

Tubulin subunits

25 nm

Microfilaments form the bluebatlike network.

Intermediate filaments formthe purple network surroundingthe pink nucleus.

Microtubules appear as goldnetworks surrounding the cells’pink nuclei.

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Fibroblasts

Secretedfibers

Rough ER andGolgi apparatus

No organelles

NucleusErythrocytes

(a) Cells that connect body parts

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Epithelialcells

NucleusIntermediatefilaments

(b) Cells that cover and line body organs

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Skeletalmuscle cell

Contractilefilaments

Nuclei

Smoothmuscle cells

(c) Cells that move organs and body parts

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Fat cell Lipid droplet

Nucleus

(d) Cell that stores nutrients

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LysosomesMacrophage

Pseudopods

(e) Cell that fights disease

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ProcessesRough ER

Nerve cell

Nucleus

(f) Cell that gathers information andcontrols body functions

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Nucleus

Sperm

(g) Cell of reproduction

Flagellum

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Extracellular fluid

Lipid-solublesolutes

Cytoplasm

(a) Simple diffusionof lipid-solublesolutes directlythrough thephospholipidbilayer

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Watermolecules

(b) Osmosis,diffusion of waterthrough a specificchannel protein(aquaporin)

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(a) RBC in isotonic solution (b) RBC in hypertonic solution (c) RBC in hypotonic solution

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Small lipid-insolublesolutes

Lipid-insolublesolutes

Lipidbilayer

(d) Facilitated diffusion viaprotein carrier specific for onechemical; binding of substratecauses shape change intransport protein

(c) Facilitateddiffusion througha channel protein;mostly ions,selected on basisof size and charge

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Binding of cytoplasmic Na+to the pump protein stimulatesphosphorylation by ATP, whichcauses the pump protein tochange its shape.

The shape change expelsNa+ to the outside. ExtracellularK+ binds, causing release of theinorganic phosphate group.

Loss of phosphate restoresthe original shape of the pumpprotein. K+ is released to thecytoplasm, and Na+ sites areready to bind Na+ again; thecycle repeats.

Cytoplasm

Extracellular fluid

Na+Na+

K+

Na+

Na+

Na+

Pi

K+

Na+Pi

ATP

ADP

Na+ K+

K+

Na+-K+ pump

1 2 3

2 31

Slide 1

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Extracellularfluid

Plasmamembranedockingprotein

The membrane-bound vesiclemigrates to theplasma membrane.

VesicledockingproteinMoleculeto besecreted

CytoplasmSecretoryvesicle

Fusion pore formed

Fuseddockingproteins

There, dockingproteins on thevesicle and plasmamembrane bind, thevesicle andmembrane fuse, anda pore opens up.

Vesicle contentsare released to thecell exterior.

(a) The process of exocytosis

1

2

3

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Extracellularfluid Cytoplasm

Vesicleforms and fuseswith lysosomefor digestion.

Vesicle

Plasmamembrane

Lysosome

Release ofcontents tocytosol

Transport to plasmamembrane and exocytosisof vesicle contents

Detached vesicleIngestedsubstance

Pit

Membranes and receptors(if present) recycled toplasma membrane

(a) Endocytosis (pinocytosis)

1

2

3

2A

2B

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Extracellularfluid

Cytoplasm

Bacteriumor otherparticle

Pseudopod(b) Phagocytosis

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Membranereceptor

Target molecule

(c) Receptor-mediatedendocytosis

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KEY:AdenineThymineCytosineGuanine

Old(template)strand

Newlysynthesizedstrand

Newstrandforming

DNA of one sister chromatid

Old (template)strand

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Centrioles Chromatin Centrioles Spindlemicrotubules

Centromere

Formingmitoticspindle

Centromere

Plasmamembrane

Interphase

Nuclearenvelope

Nucleolus

Chromosome,consisting of twosister chromatids

Early prophase

Fragments ofnuclear envelope

Late prophase

Nucleolusforming

Metaphaseplate

Cleavagefurrow

Mitoticspindle

Metaphase

Sisterchromatids

Daughterchromosomes

Anaphase

Nuclearenvelopeforming

Telophase and cytokinesis28


Nucleus(site of transcription)

DNAgene

Cytoplasm(site of translation)

mRNA specifyingone polypeptide ismade from a gene onthe DNA template by anenzyme (not shown).

mRNA

Nuclear pore

Nuclear membrane Correct aminoacid attached toeach type oftRNA by anenzyme

Aminoacids

mRNA leaves nucleusand attaches to ribosome,and translation begins.

Synthetaseenzyme

As the ribosome movesalong the mRNA, a new aminoacid is added to the growingprotein chain.

Growingpolypeptidechain

tRNA “head”bearing anticodon

Incoming tRNArecognizes a complementarymRNA codon calling for itsamino acid by temporarilybinding its anticodon to thecodon.

Peptide bond

Released tRNAreenters the cytoplasmicpool, ready to be rechargedwith a new amino acid.

Large ribosomal subunit

Codon

Portion ofmRNA alreadytranslated

Direction of ribosomereading; ribosomemoves the mRNA strandalong sequentiallyas each codon is read.

Small ribosomal subunit

IIe

Met

Gly

Ser

Ala

Phe

1

2

4

5

Slide 1

3

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Apical surface

Basalsurface

Simple

Apical surface

Basalsurface Stratified

(a) Classification based on numberof cell layers

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Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

(b) Classification based oncell shape

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Number of layersCell shape

Squamous

One layer: simple epithelialtissues

Diffusion and filtration Secretion inserous membranes

Secretion and absorption; ciliated typespropel mucus or reproductive cellsSecretion and absorption; ciliated typespropel mucus or reproductive cells

More than one layer: stratifiedepithelial tissues

Protection

Cuboidal

Columnar

Protection; these tissue types are rarein humans

Transitional

(c) Function of epithelial tissue related to tissue type

Protection; stretching to accommodatedistension of urinary structures

No simple transitional epithelium exists

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Air sacs oflungs

Nucleus ofsquamousepithelial cell

Nuclei ofsquamousepithelialcells

Basementmembrane

(a) Diagram: Simple squamous

Photomicrograph: Simple squamousepithelium forming part of the alveolar(air sac) walls (275×).

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Nucleus ofsimplecuboidalepithelialcellBasementmembrane

Simplecuboidalepithelialcells

Basementmembrane

Connectivetissue

Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidalepithelium in kidney tubules (250×).(b) Diagram: Simple cuboidal

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Nuclei of simplecolumnar epithelial cellstend to line up

Mucus of agoblet cell

Simple columnarepithelial cell

Basementmembrane

Basementmembrane

(c) Diagram: Simple columnarPhotomicrograph: Simple columnarepithelium of the small intestine (575×).

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Pseudo-stratifiedepitheliallayer

Basementmembrane

Nuclei ofpseudostratifiedcells do not line up

(d) Diagram: Pseudostratified (ciliated)columnar

Cilia

Pseudostratifiedepithelial layer

Basementmembrane

Connective tissue

Photomicrograph: Pseudostratifiedciliated columnar epithelium liningthe human trachea (560×).

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Nuclei

Stratifiedsquamousepithelium Stratified

squamousepithelium

BasementmembraneConnectivetissue

Basementmembrane

Photomicrograph: Stratifiedsquamous epithelium lining ofthe esophagus (140×).(e) Diagram: Stratified squamous

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Basementmembrane

Transi-tionalepithelium

Basementmembrane

Transitionalepithelium

Connectivetissue

Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining ofthe bladder, relaxed state (270×); surface rounded cellsflatten and elongate when the bladder fills with urine.(f) Diagram: Transitional

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Osteocytes(bone cells)in lacunae Central canal

Lacunae

(a) Diagram: Bone Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional viewof bone (165×).

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Chondrocyte(cartilage cell)

Chondrocytein lacuna

Lacunae

(b) Diagram: Hyaline cartilage

Matrix

Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilagefrom the trachea (400×).

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Chondrocytesin lacunae

Chondro-cytes inlacunae

Collagenfibers

(c) Diagram: Fibrocartilage

Collagen fiber

Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of anintervertebral disc (150×).

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Ligament

Tendon

Collagenfibers

Collagenfibers

Nuclei offibroblasts


(d) Diagram: Dense fibrous Photomicrograph: Dense fibrous connectivetissue from a tendon (475×).

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MucosalepitheliumLaminapropria

Elasticfibers

Collagenfibers

Elasticfibers ofmatrix

Fibroblastnuclei


Collagenfibers

(e) Diagram: Areolar Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, asoft packaging tissue of the body (270×).

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Nuclei offat cells

Vacuolecontainingfat droplet

Nuclei offat cells

Vacuolecontainingfat droplet

(f) Diagram: Adipose Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from thesubcutaneous layer beneath the skin (570×).

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Spleen

ReticularcellBloodcell

Reticularfibers

(g) Diagram: Reticular

White blood cell(lymphocyte)

Reticular fibers

Photomicrograph: Dark-staining networkof reticular connective tissue (400×).

45


Blood cellsin capillary Plasma (fluid

matrix)

Neutrophil(white bloodcell)

Whiteblood cell

Redblood cells

Red bloodcells

Monocyte(white bloodcell)

(h) Diagram: Blood Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1290×)

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(a) Diagram: Skeletal muscle Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (195×).

StriationsMultiple nucleiper fiber

Part of musclefiber

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Intercalateddiscs

Nucleus

(b) Diagram: Cardiac muscle Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (475×).

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Nuclei

Smoothmuscle cell

(c) Diagram: Smooth muscle Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (360×).

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Brain

Spinalcord

Nuclei ofneuroglia(supportingcells)Cell bodyof neuron

Neuronprocesses

Diagram: Nervous tissue

Nuclei ofneuroglia(supportingcells)

Cell bodyof neuron

Neuronprocesses

Photomicrograph: Neurons (320×)

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Nervous tissue: Internal communication and controlHallmarks: irritable, conductive• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movementHallmarks: irritable, contractile• Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)• Muscles of heart wall (cardiac)• Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between differentenvironments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filtersHallmarks: one free (apical) surface, avascular• Lining of GI tract and other hollow organs• Skin surface (epidermis)

Connective tissue: Supports, protects, bindsother tissues togetherHallmarks: extracellular matrix, varying vascularity• Cartilage• Bones• Tendons• Fat and other soft padding tissue

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nucleus cytoplasm membrane - estrellamountain.edu

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