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Examiner’s use only
Team Leader’s use only
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Centre No.
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Candidate No.
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Section A
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Section B
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Paper Reference(s)
4370/2HLondon ExaminationsIGCSEGeography
Higher TierPaper 2HThursday 15 November 2007 – MorningTime: 2 hours 30 minutes
Materials required for examination Items included with question papersRuler, pencil and pen Nil
Instructions to CandidatesIn the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initials and signature.Check that you have the correct question paper.This paper is arranged in two sections, A and B.In Section A, answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.In Section B, answer ONE question in the spaces provided.Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box ( ).If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box ( ) and then mark your new answer with a cross ( ).Some parts of questions must also be answered with a cross in a box ( ).
Information for CandidatesThe marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).There are 9 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 150. There are 36 pages in this question paper. Any blank pages are indicated.
Advice to CandidatesWrite your answers neatly and in good English.
Paper Reference
4 3 7 0 2 H
This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2007 Edexcel Limited.
Printer’s Log. No.
M29187AW850/U4370/57570 5/5/5/2/
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SECTION A
Answer ALL six questions in this section.
1. Water
(a) Study Figure 1(a) which shows a cap rock type of waterfall.
Figure 1(a)
(i) What is the cap rock?
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(ii) Explain why the waterfall has formed.
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River
River
Boulders
Softer rock
Hard rock
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(iii) Explain the formation of the plunge pool.
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(b) Study Figure 1(b) which shows another type of waterfall.
Figure 1(b)
Waterfalls retreat. Suggest why this waterfall is likely to retreat more slowly than the one shown in Figure 1(a).
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River
River
Softer
rock
Hard rock
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(c) Waterfalls can create both benefits and problems. Describe:
1. one benefit
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2. one problem.
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(d) Explain why waterfalls are usually found in the upper and middle courses of rivers and rarely in their lower courses. Named examples may help your answer.
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2. Hazards
(a) Study Figure 2(a) which shows the area of India affected by a cyclone (tropical storm) in October 1999.
Figure 2(a)
(i) What evidence is there to suggest that this was a particularly strong storm?
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Delhi
Calcutta
Bay of Bengal
INDIA
Warm sea
Indian Ocean
BANGLADESH
A
B
Ganges Delta
Track of cyclone150 mph winds7m high storm surge hit low coast
Cyclone loses strength
A
B
12 million people homeless
tens of thousands of people dead or missing
80% of coconut trees and sugar crop lost
$2.5 billion damage to roads, railways, power lines and telecommunications
CYCLONE IMPACT ON ORISSA
Orissa
N
0 500km
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(ii) Suggest why the storm lost strength as it crossed the state of Orissa.
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(iii) A storm surge flooded part of Orissa. Explain why.
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(b) (i) Give one name, other than cyclone, by which tropical storms are known.
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(ii) Referring to examples, give two reasons why the impact of tropical storms is greater in some areas of the world than others.
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(c) Study Figure 2(b) which is a simplified section through a tropical storm.
Figure 2(b)
Describe and explain the weather associated with the passage of such storms.
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Rough SeaVortex
SurfaceSurface Winds
Low Pressure
EYE
12km
0 600
km
Rising moist air.Dense cloud.Thunderstorms.
Descending air.Calm.
Tr ack of storm
KEY
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3. Production
(a) Study Figure 3 which shows Kia Motors’ new research and development (R&D) centre close to Paris, France.
Figure 3
(i) Give two advantages of the site for a modern high-tech R&D centre.
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(ii) R&D is important in high-tech industries such as car manufacturing. Suggest why.
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(b) Kia Motors separates its R&D from its mass production which is located in Asia.
(i) How do R&D and mass production fit into separate sectors of employment?
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(ii) Explain why the R&D work of many transnational companies is carried out in MEDCs such as France.
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(iii) Referring to a named transnational company, explain why it mass produces in Asia and exports its products to MEDCs.
Named transnational company ...............................................................................
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4. Development
(a) Study Figure 4 which is a map of Shanghai, China. Pudong is a district of Shanghai.
Figure 4
(i) Suggest why the government of China preferred to develop Pudong rather than redevelop any other area of Shanghai.
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NYangtze River
Pudong(poor area of marshy farmland and mud flats before 1990)New multi-purpose development:airport, hotels, metro link, restaurants, apartments, banks, Stock Exchange, high-tech industries
Lack of bridgeswas an obstacle todevelopment before 1990
PacificOcean
North America
JapanSouth Korea
Hong KongSingaporeTaiwanMalaysia
Hangpu River
Central Shanghai(overcrowded)
Key
City boundary of Shanghai
Outer ring road
Inner ring road
Pudong district
0 20km
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(ii) State two schemes that would have had to be put in place before any development occurred.
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(b) Multi-purpose development has transformed Pudong and given it growing prosperity. Describe the changes that have occurred in Pudong or in another named area of growing prosperity.
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(c) Suggest two different ways that governments such as that of China can stimulate an area in need of economic development. Examples may help your answer.
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(d) Read this recent newspaper headline:
With reference to China or other NICs, suggest what might happen to this situation as the country continues to develop.
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SHANGHAI ECONOMY PROSPERS BUT MILLIONS OF CHINESE STILL
LIVE IN RURAL POVERTY
Q4
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5. Migration
(a) Study Figure 5 which shows a recent advertisement in a UK newspaper.
Figure 5
(i) Describe the type of migration that the advertisement encourages.
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(ii) Explain why such migrants are being sought.
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COME TO CANADA!We have a booming economy and MANY job vacancies to fill!
Requirements:personal wealth
education and training qualifications
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(b) (i) State three characteristics of refugees.
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(ii) Give reasons for one named international migration of refugees.
Named migration ....................................................................................................
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(c) Explain why governments have difficulty in having fair and workable immigration policies. Examples may help your answer.
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6. Urban Environments
(a) Study Figure 6(a) which shows land use in Nairobi, Kenya.
Figure 6(a)
(i) Suggest why people chose the locations they did for shanty settlements.
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Mathare Valley (African)
Floodplain
NairobiHill
UhuruPark
Kibera
Westlands
Parklands
Muthaiga
Dandora
Nairobi NationalPark
Road to Nairobiairport and road/railto Mombasa
Modern industrialarea
Industrialzone
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Shantysettlement
Self-helphousing
FloodplainShanty
settlement
Shantysettlement
NairobiValley
Golfcourse
CBD
Openspace
(mainly European)
(mainly Asian)
(mainlyAfrican)
Shantysettlements
(African)
Middleincom e
residential(mainly African)
Lowincom e
residential(mainly African)
Hi g
hi n
co
me
re
si d
e n t i a l
2km
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Lower Nairobi
ValleyRiver Nairobi
River Mathare
River Ngong
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(ii) Dardora in the Mathare Valley is a self-help housing scheme. Describe how self-help housing schemes work.
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(iii) Describe how the population of Nairobi is segregated according to income and ethnicity.
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(b) Study Figure 6(b) which is a photograph taken from Nairobi Hill.
Figure 6(b)
Using both Figures 6(a) and 6(b), suggest why the photograph shows Nairobi’s Central Business District (CBD).
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(c) Explain why the CBDs of MEDC and LEDC cities are broadly similar.
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TOTAL FOR SECTION A: 120 MARKS
Q6
(Total 20 marks)
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SECTION B
Answer ONE question only from this section.
Put a cross in the box indicating the question you have chosen to answer ( ). If you change your mind, put a line through the box ( )
and then put a cross in another box ( ).
If you answer Question 7, put a cross in the box ( ).
7. Fragile Environments
(a) Study Figure 7(a) which shows how the level of deforestation varies within the Amazonia region of Brazil.
Figure 7(a)
Describe the distribution of different levels of deforestation within Amazonia.
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R. Amazon
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KEYLevel of deforestation
Low Medium High
River
National boundary
Boundary of Amazoniaregion of Brazil
ColombiaVenezuela
Peru
Bolivia 0 500 1000
km
AtlanticOcean
Equator0o
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(b) Explain how deforestation can lead to:
(i) increased flooding of the river Amazon
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(ii) problems for the Amazonian ecosystem and local Indians
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(iii) world climate change.
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(c) Explain why some Brazilians are keen for economic activities such as farming and logging to be developed in the Amazonian rainforest.
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(d) Study Figure 7(b) which shows an area of agroforestry in the Amazonian rainforest.
Figure 7(b)
Explain how agroforestry may be thought of as a sustainable form of rainforest development.
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Annual crop
Mature tree crope.g. Wood (charcoal,
building timber, fuel)fruits (coconuts,
brazils, breadfruit)
Tree seedlingsplanted with annual
food crops
Hedgerows denselyplanted with trees
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(e) Referring to examples, describe how international agencies and foreign governments are trying to conserve tropical rainforests.
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If you answer Question 8, put a cross in the box ( ). 8. Globalisation
(a) Study Figure 8 which gives information about the overseas stores of Tesco plc, a UK supermarket company. In 2005, Tesco’s 1,879 stores in the UK had sales of £29.5 billion.
Figure 8
(i) Name two continents that will not have Tesco stores after 2007.
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(ii) Outline how Tesco has expanded its business overseas since 1994.
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50
100
150
200
250
Num
ber o
f sto
res
1994 1995 1996 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2003 2004 2007
0.9 0.7 0.4 0.3 1.5 1.0 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.6
Dates of first store opening
Sales (£billion) in 2005
HungaryPoland
CzechRepublic Slovakia
Ireland
Thailand
S Korea
TaiwanMalaysia
Turkey
Japan
China
USA(predicted)
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(iii) Approximately what percentage of Tesco’s sales came from its overseas stores in 2005? Put a cross ( ) in the correct box.
10 25 50 75(1)
(iv) Suggest why Tesco’s actions are an example of globalisation.
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(b) Read the information below:
• USA grocery market worth £343 billion in 2005 and expected to grow 40% by 2010
• Chinese economic miracle continues: GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to be equal to USA by 2041.
Suggest how this explains Tesco’s investment in those two countries.
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(c) Seven items recently bought in a UK Tesco store for a three-course dinner had collectively travelled approximately 55 000 kilometres from producer to store.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of this long-distance trade.
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(d) Using examples, describe and explain the global shift in industry.
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9. Human Welfare
(a) Study Figure 9(a) which shows the number of people suffering from a poor diet (malnutrition) in five areas of the world.
Figure 9(a)
(i) In which area did malnutrition become less of a problem throughout the period 1975–2005?
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(ii) What suggests that Africa south of the Sahara has the most serious malnutrition problem?
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100
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300
400
500
Region
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f peo
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n m
illio
ns
0
100
200
300
400
500
North Africa and Near East
Africa south of the Sahara
East Asia South Asia Latin Americaand Caribbean
1975 1985 1995 2005
Key
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(b) Study Figure 9(b) which shows how food supply and population can change in an LEDC.
Figure 9(b)
(i) What is a famine?
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Time
Incr
easi
ng to
tal a
mou
nt
food s
upply
popu
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(ii) Explain how the graph shows a cause of famine.
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(iii) Suggest three other causes of famine in LEDCs.
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(c) Describe how some LEDCs are trying to slow down the rate of population growth. Refer to examples in named countries.
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(d) Study Figure 9(c) which shows cycles of poverty typical of some areas in LEDCs.
Figure 9(c)
illness
reduced ability to work
low productivity
poverty
malnutritionand nourishment
lowproductivity
little or nosurplus for sale
low real income
lack of capital
not enough money to buy machinery and fertilisers
less work done
less food
fewer cropssickness and less energy
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Explain the wide-ranging effects that malnutrition has on human welfare. Examples from named LEDCs may help your answer.
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TOTAL FOR SECTION B: 30 MARKSTOTAL FOR PAPER: 150 MARKS
END
Q9
(Total 30 marks)
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