paper reference(s) 4370/2h examiner’s use only london ... · leave blank 4 (c) (i) explain the...
TRANSCRIPT
This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with
Edexcel Limited copyright policy.
©2005 Edexcel Limited.
Printer’s Log. No.
M23046AW850/4370/57570 3/5/5/4/3/
Paper Reference(s)
4370/2H
London Examinations IGCSE
Geography
Higher Tier
Paper 2H
Tuesday 17 May 2005 – Morning
Time: 2 hours 30 minutes
Materials required for examination Items included with question papers
Ruler, pencil and pen Nil
Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initials and signature.This paper is arranged in two sections, A and B.In Section A, answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.In Section B, answer ONE question in the spaces provided.
Information for Candidates
The total mark for this paper is 150.The marks for parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).There are nine questions in this question paper.There are 36 pages in this question paper. Any blank pages are indicated.
Advice to Candidates
Write your answers neatly and in good English.
Turn over
Examiner’s use only
Team Leader’s use only
Question LeaveNumber Blank
Section A
1
2
3
4
5
6
Section B
7
8
9
Total
CentreNo.
Candidate No.
Surname Initial(s)
Signature
Paper Reference
4 3 7 0 2 H
*M23046A0136*
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2
SECTION A
Answer all six questions.
1. Water
(a) Study Figure 1, which shows the hydrological cycle of a drainage basin.
Figure 1
(i) Name one store of water shown in Figure 1.
................................................................................................................................(1)
(ii) What is the difference between throughflow and groundwater flow?
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*M23046A0236*
Precipitation(snow, rain)
Evapo-transpirationfrom trees
Evaporation from groundInfiltrationInfiltration
RockRock
ThroughflowThroughflow
Groundwater flowGroundwater flow
Throughflow River flowingto seaGroundwater flow
Rock
Infiltration
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(iii) Describe the transfer of water through a drainage basin. Start with the input of
water as precipitation.
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(b) (i) What term is used to describe the volume of water in a river channel?
................................................................................................................................(1)
(ii) Draw and label a diagram to show how a river is part of a drainage basin.
(2)
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(c) (i) Explain the main physical causes of river flooding.
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(ii) Suggest how human activities in a drainage basin can help to cause flooding.
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(d) For a named river management scheme, describe and explain its purposes.
Name of river management scheme: ............................................................................
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(Total 20 marks)
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Q1
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2. Hazards
(a) Study Figure 2, which shows the island of Montserrat (West Indies) before and after
the Soufriere Hills volcano erupted in 1997.
Figure 2
(i) Compare the impact of the eruption in northern Montserrat with that in southern
Montserrat on:
1. Landscape .........................................................................................................
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2. Population .........................................................................................................
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The SouthDeveloped: small townsand villages with patches offarmland growing vegetables.
BEFORE the volcanic eruption
AirportSalem
PlymouthS
H
Port
Population:11,000
50% of thepopulationdied or leftthe island
The NorthUndeveloped:
few roads, settlementsor services. Makeshift
camps set up.
AFTER the volcanic eruption
Area evacuated.Villages destroyed.
N
0 3 km
Key
S
HRoads
Volcano
Capital city
Hospital
School
Industry
Forest
Villages and patches of farmland
Area affected by lava and ash: population evacuated
SoufriereHillsVolcano
SoufriereHillsVolcano
50% of thepopulationmove to thenorth of theisland
Plymouth(capital city)evacuated
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3. Transport ...........................................................................................................
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(ii) Give one short-term effect and one long-term effect of the eruption.
1. short-term effect ................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. long-term effect .................................................................................................
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(b) Using an annotated diagram, explain why volcanoes exist at plate boundaries.
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(c) Referring to at least one named example, describe how people prepare for and
respond to volcanic eruptions.
Named example(s) .........................................................................................................
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(6)
(Total 20 marks)
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Q2
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3. Production
(a) Study Figures 3a and 3b, which show employment in the three economic sectors of a
sample of countries.
Figure 3a
Figure 3b
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Country
Percentage of workforce employed inLevel of
economic
developmentPrimary
sector
Secondary
sector
Tertiary
sector
Tanzania 83 6 11 LEDC
(Less Economically
Developed Country)
MEDC
(More Economically
Developed Country)
Indonesia
Nigeria 56 17 27
Brazil 41 22 37
Jamaica 28 17 55
Russia 17 47 36
Japan 13 39 48
USA 2 33 65
Brazil
Nigeria
Indonesia
Tanzania
USAJapan
Russia
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10090
80
70
60
50
40
3020
10
0
100
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% primary sector
% secondary sector
% ter
tiar
y se
ctor
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(i) Use information from Figure 3a to complete Indonesia’s entry in Figure 3b.(2)
(ii) Use information from Figure 3b to plot the position of Jamaica on Figure 3b.(1)
(b) Name one occupation that is typical of each of the following three sectors:
1. Primary sector ........................................................
2. Secondary sector ........................................................
3. Tertiary sector ........................................................(3)
(c) As a country develops economically, its employment structure changes.
Use information from Figures 3a and 3b to explain this statement.
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(d) Farming in some LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) fails to prevent
food shortages.
(i) Explain why such shortages occur.
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(ii) For one named LEDC, describe two attempts that have been made to increase
food supply.
Name of LEDC: .....................................................................................................
1. ............................................................................................................................
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2. ............................................................................................................................
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(Total 20 marks)
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Q3
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4. Development
(a) Study Figure 4. This shows information about the South West region of the UK
(United Kingdom) in 2000, including wealth, indicated by GDP (Gross Domestic
Product) per person.
Figure 4
(i) The South West region is one of the less economically developed regions of the
UK.
What evidence is there to support this claim?
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Cornwall71.2
Devon86.8
Somerset91.0
Dorset91.5
Wiltshire113.5
Avon106.5
Gloucester-shire103.2
Decline of fishing andtin mining industries.
New investment andjobs in health care,medical products andelectronic industries.
150 km eastto wealthyLondon
N
0 60 km
GDP per person (wealth)UK average = 100South West average = 95.5
Above UK average
Below UK average
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(ii) Describe the pattern of wealth (GDP per person) in the South West region.
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(iii) Using Figure 4, give two reasons to explain why Cornwall has the lowest GDP
per person in the South West region.
1. .............................................................................................................................
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2. .............................................................................................................................
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(4)
(b) Apart from a low GDP per person, describe two other features you would expect in
a less economically developed area.
1. ....................................................................................................................................
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2. ....................................................................................................................................
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(4)
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(c) With reference to a named less economically developed area of a country other than
the UK, explain why new investment and jobs are so important for development.
Named less economically developed area.....................................................................
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(Total 20 marks)
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Q4
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5. Migration
(a) Study Figure 5, which gives information about refugees entering the UK (United
Kingdom) in 1982, 1992 and 2002.
Figure 5
(i) Describe how refugee migration into the UK changed between 1982 and 2002.
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(ii) Referring to refugees, explain how forced migration differs from voluntary
migration.
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number of refugees (thousands)
2002
Year 1992
1982
Year Main sources of refugees
2002 Iraq, Zimbabwe, Somalia
1992 Former Yugoslavian republics, Sri Lanka, Turkey
1982 Poland, Ghana, Iraq
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(b) (i) Suggest two reasons why some of the refugees shown in Figure 5 might seek
asylum in the UK.
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(ii) Suggest why some refugees may later feel that they made the wrong decision in
seeking asylum in the UK.
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(c) (i) Explain the push-pull model of migration.
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(ii) Use the push-pull model to help explain one named international migration.
Named international migration ..............................................................................
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(Total 20 marks)
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Q5
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6. Urban Environments
(a) Study Figure 6 which shows part of a mega-city in an LEDC (Less Economically
Developed Country). Four typical shanty town locations are marked A, B, C and D.
Figure 6
(i) What is a shanty town?
................................................................................................................................
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*M23046A01836*
CBD
C
A
D
A
C
B
BB
Type of Shanty townlocation
On rural-urban fringe
On wasteground near city centre
On steep valley sides
On marshland
A
B
C
D
Movement of people
Development spine: line ofoffices, shops, apartments
Industrial district
Rivervalley
Mainroads
City boundary
Newindustrialareas Industrial district
Poor-qualityhousing withsome basicservices
Rural-urbanfringe
Mainlyruralmigrants
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(ii) Explain how shanty towns contribute to the growth of mega-cities in LEDCs.
................................................................................................................................
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(iii) For two of the locations marked A, B, C or D, give reasons why a shanty town
is located there.
Location .................................................................................................................
Reasons ..................................................................................................................
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Location .................................................................................................................
Reasons ..................................................................................................................
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(iv) Suggest why people are moving from location B out towards locations A and C.
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(v) Describe the ‘development spine’ shown on Figure 6 and suggest why this
development is in this location.
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(b) How do developments in the rural-urban fringe of cities in MEDCs (More
Economically Developed Countries) compare with those in the rural-urban fringe of
LEDC cities? Use examples to support your answer.
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(Total 20 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION A: 120 MARKS
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Q6
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SECTION B
Answer one question from this Section.
7. Fragile Environments
(a) Study Figure 7a, which contains information about a particular global threat.
‘Global Warming is the greatest threat to the world.’
Global temperatures have risen by 0.6°C over the past 100 years.
Further rises are forecast.
This threat may be made worse by the US Government’s delay in signing up to
the Kyoto Agreement.
Many countries are cutting their emissions of greenhouse gases.
The US contributes 20% of this pollution.
Figure 7a
(i) What is meant by the term global warming?
................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Global warming may cause climate change. Give two ways in which the climate
of a named country could change.
Named country .......................................................................................................
1. ............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. ............................................................................................................................
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(iii) Name one greenhouse gas.
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*M23046A02236*
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(b) Adding greenhouse gases to the Earth’s atmosphere strengthens the greenhouse
effect.
(i) Annotate Figure 7b below to show how this works.
Figure 7b
(4)
(ii) Explain why the world is becoming warmer.
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Earth
atmosphere
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(iii) Describe two sources which are releasing more greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere every year.
1. ............................................................................................................................
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2. ............................................................................................................................
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(c) Any country’s greenhouse gas emissions are affected by the following factors:
heating and cooling requirements
transport requirements
access to renewable sources of energy
level of wealth and economic development
Choose two of these factors, and for each explain how it affects emissions.
1. ............................................................................................................................
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2. ............................................................................................................................
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*M23046A02436*
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(d) Global warming could make the environments of the world more fragile and less
sustainable.
(i) What is meant by the term fragile environment?
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(ii) Explain how the USA’s failure to sign up to the Kyoto Agreement could result in
a less sustainable future for the whole world.
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(Total 30 marks)
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Q7
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8. Globalisation
(a) Study Figure 8a, which shows the movement of jobs from the UK (United Kingdom)
to China and India. This is an example of globalisation. Figure 8a also contains
information about the GNP (Gross National Product) of China and India.
Figure 8a
(i) What evidence in Figure 8a suggests that China and India are experiencing:
1. an export boom
2. economic development?
1. ............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. ............................................................................................................................
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(2)
(ii) What term is used to describe the movement of manufacturing to countries like
China?
................................................................................................................................
(1)
*M23046A02636*
Shift ofmanufacturing jobs
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Equator
· Value of exports of IT services increased by 4 times in past five years
· GNP growing 5 to 8% per year
Shift ofservice sector jobs
· Exports and
share of world trade doubled in past 5 years
· GNP growing 7 to 9% per year
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(iii) Suggest how the movements shown in Figure 8a may change the trade patterns
of China and India.
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(b) (i) Suggest how moving jobs from the UK to China or India might benefit:
1. the UK
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2. China or India
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(ii) Describe two factors that enable companies to have parts of their business
located in different countries.
1. .............................................................................................................................
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2. .............................................................................................................................
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(c) New service sector jobs in India are often located in business parks outside the main
cities. Texas Instruments, a transnational ICT company, is located in the Information
Technology Park, Bangalore, India (Figure 8b).
Figure 8b
(i) What is a TNC (transnational company)?
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*M23046A02836*
Main features of the Information
Technology Park:
Space for offices, shops, homes, parks
18 km east of Bangalore
20 minutes from airport
Modern buildings, power supply,
communications
Designed for technology-orientated
companies, including large
transnational companies
India’s first science park
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(ii) Describe one advantage and one disadvantage that TNCs bring to countries like
India.
Advantage ...............................................................................................................
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Disadvantage...........................................................................................................
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(iii) Using named examples, explain the importance of TNCs in globalisation and the
global economy.
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(Total 30 marks)
*M23046A03036*
Q8
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9. Human Welfare
(a) Study Figure 9a, which gives two human welfare indicators for countries around the
Mediterranean Sea.
Figure 9a
(i) Suggest why the human welfare divide line has been drawn between countries
north of the Mediterranean Sea and those to the south and east.
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N
0 500 kmFrance
Spain
Morocco AlgeriaTunisia
Libya Egypt
Syria
TurkeyGreece
Italy
Lebanon
Israel
Atlantic
Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
KeyHuman welfare divide
Country
Human welfare indicator
Health: number of
patients per doctor
Literacy: adult
literacy rate (%)
Spain 360 96
France 421 99
Italy 552 97
Greece 340 93
Turkey 1385 90
Syria 1354 65
Lebanon 1390 80
Israel 234 96
Egypt 5419 49
Lybia 3950 62
Tunisia 2127 65
Algeria 8400 58
Morocco 2120 45
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(ii) Explain why literacy and health are often used as indicators of human welfare.
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(iii) Suggest why the human welfare divide line does not give a full picture of human
welfare differences around the Mediterranean Sea.
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(b) For a named country, describe how human welfare varies between its regions.
Named country ..............................................................................................................
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(c) Study Figure 9b, which shows some responses to the difficulties caused by flooding
and debt in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries).
Figure 9b
(i) What is meant by the term aid?
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(ii) Explain why agencies and organisations in MEDCs (More Economically
Developed Countries) provide aid for LEDCs.
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(c) Describe how aid and trade might be made more appropriate for LEDCs.
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(Total 30 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION B: 30 MARKS
TOTAL FOR PAPER: 150 MARKS
END
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Q9
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