numerical and experimental study on the human blood
TRANSCRIPT
血流循環と生体熱輸送現象に関する数値と実験的研究--末梢の温度調節および温熱療法による腫瘍血流の変化--
Numerical and Experimental Study on the Human Blood Circulation and Heat Transport Phenomena--
Thermoregulation in the Periphery and Hyperthermia-induced Tumor Blood Flow--
Ying HE1 , Shirazaki MINORU1, Hao LIU2,1,
Ryutaro HIMENO1, and Tetuya KAWAMURA3
1Computational Biomechanics Unit, RIKEN2Department of Electronics & Mechanical Engineering, Chiba University
3Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University
血流循環と生体熱輸送現象に関する数値と実験的研究--末梢の温度調節および温熱療法による腫瘍血流の変化--
Numerical and Experimental Study on the Human Blood Circulation and Heat Transport Phenomena--
Thermoregulation in the Periphery and Hyperthermia-induced Tumor Blood Flow--
Ying HE1 , Shirazaki MINORU1, Hao LIU2,1,
Ryutaro HIMENO1, and Tetuya KAWAMURA3
1Computational Biomechanics Unit, RIKEN2Department of Electronics & Mechanical Engineering, Chiba University
3Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University
• Research Background
• Study on the thermoregulation in the periphery
♦Two-dimensional thermal model of the human finger
♦Two-dimensional FEM thermo-fluid model of the human finger
♦One-dimensional blood circulation model in the upper limb and the coupling analysis with the thermal model of the finger
♦Experimental observation
• Variation of tumor blood perfusion rate induced by hyperthermia
• Summary
• Research Background
• Study on the thermoregulation in the periphery
♦Two-dimensional thermal model of the human finger
♦Two-dimensional FEM thermo-fluid model of the human finger
♦One-dimensional blood circulation model in the upper limb and the coupling analysis with the thermal model of the finger
♦Experimental observation
• Variation of tumor blood perfusion rate induced by hyperthermia
• Summary
Temperature research range in biological system
Higher than the physiological temperature
of warm-blooded organisms: 40oC ~ 120oC
Physical range of warm-blooded
organisms: 36oC~40oC
Lower than the physiological
temperature of warm-blooded organisms:
36oC~-27oC
1. Use of high temperatures to treat undesirable tissue
Application of laser technique in surgery
hyperthermia: infrared, microwave, etc.
analysis of burn wound
1. Microscale: protein motors
2. Mesoscale: Effect of blood flow on tissues
3.macroscale:relationship between human body and thermal environment
1. Above freezing
2. Below freezing
Hypothermia
cryosurgery
cryobiology: preserve biological tissues and cells
Research Background (2)
● Circulatory system is not only related to the diseases of blood-vascular system, but also important for the development and treatment of diabetes, tumors, and so on.
● Blood Circulation significantly affect body temperature. The factors to affect the blood circulation will cause the variation of body temperature (especially the peripheral part).
Aging , Exercising, mental stress, Smoking etc…
● Diagnosing blood circulation illness by measuring skin temperature (Finger skin temperature is widely used as a parameter for the investigation of cold-induced vasoconstriction )
●How to maintain hand dexterity and comfort , how to avoid cold injury during cold exposure when hand work is involved
● Circulatory system is not only related to the diseases of blood-vascular system, but also important for the development and treatment of diabetes, tumors, and so on.
● Blood Circulation significantly affect body temperature. The factors to affect the blood circulation will cause the variation of body temperature (especially the peripheral part).
Aging , Exercising, mental stress, Smoking etc…
● Diagnosing blood circulation illness by measuring skin temperature (Finger skin temperature is widely used as a parameter for the investigation of cold-induced vasoconstriction )
●How to maintain hand dexterity and comfort , how to avoid cold injury during cold exposure when hand work is involved
A-A A-A
Arteries and the cross section structure of a finger (cited from Tachenatlas Der Anatomie )
The peripheral circulation system in the hand
(cited from Angiology and Taschenatlas der Anatomie)
1
3 4
2
5
1. Bone 2. Tendon 3. Dermis 4. Epidermis 5. Artery
The geometrical model of the middle finger
Pennes bioheat equation (1948)
volumetric specific heat of tissue
metabolic heat generation
volumetric specific heat of blood
thermal conductivity of tissue
blood perfusion rate
temperature of artery
temperature of vein, assumed to be equal to the local tissue temperature
)()( vabbmetttt
tt TTcqTktTc −++∇∇=∂∂ ωρρ
ttcρ
metq
bbcρ
ω
aT
vT
tk
Transient Temperature Distribution of the Middle Finger in the Air and Cold Water
480 600 720 8402223242526272829303132333435
120 240 360 480
time t, s
mea
n sk
in te
mpe
ratu
re T
, o C
time t, s
experimental result
Tw=10 oCTair=22 oC
4ωdermisωdermis
The variation of mean skin temperature
( the comparison between simulated results and the experimental result )
Summary
•Two dimensional temperature distribution of the human finger including the effect of main arteries was obtained
• The blood perfusion rate becomes larger after cold stimulus
• The re-warm speeds are different around the finger. The side part re-warms faster.
A FE thermo-fluid model to investigate the blood flow inside vessels and heat transfer in solid tissues
The geometric model of the finger in longitudinal direction
bone
Blood vessels
tendon
skin
Blood flow
x
y
x=0.0
d=1.0
20
x=80
tendon
skin
blood flow
d=1.0
bone
20
80 X
Y x=0
bone
Isotherm contour and temperature profile of model-B finger
0 10 2030
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
position in y direction, mm
Tem
pera
ture
, o C
u*m=20cm/s
C–C cross section
u*m=10cm/s
Summary and Discussion
• The effect of blood flow on the temperature distribution of the finger is investigated by FEM model. The results show that there is a temperature difference in veins with different blood velocities.
Problems:
• Long computation time
• Difficult to model the vascular structure
• The effects of blood pressure and blood vessels are not known
One-dimensional thermo-fluid model of blood circulation
The previous studies on the one-demensional model of blood flow
● Blood flow in arteries with structured –tree model (Olufsen, et al 2000)
● Blood flow in the cerebral circulation of man (Zagzoule, et al, 1986)
● Blood flow in the whole human circulation (Sheng, et al, 1995)
● The analyses of viscous resistance and viscoelasticity (Kitawaki et al. 2003)
● Multi-scale model of blood flow (Liu, 2002)
The objectives of the present study
• Apply the one-dimensional fluid model in the thermal analysis of blood flow
• Couple the blood-circulation model with the thermal model of the solid tissue
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 18
19
20
21
22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29
30
31
32
33
34
Schematic diagram of the circulation system in upper limb
Schematic diagram of the circulation system in upper limb
One dimensional model of elastic blood vessel
Continuity equation
momentum equation
state equation
0xq
tA
=∂∂
+∂∂
AqR
xPA
Aq
xtq
δπν
ρ22
−=∂∂
+⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛∂∂
+∂∂
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−=−
AA
rEhPtxP 0
00 1
34),(
1010
2/3
00 ≤≤
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−=−
−
AAwhile
AAkPP p
The Derivation of the Energy Equation
x direction heat exchange between artery and tissue
x enthalpy
x+dx enthalpy
artery blood
energy transfered from artery to capillaries
Energy Balance equation in Arteries
)()()(tasabb
abbabb TThAATcxuATc
tATc
−−−∂
∂−=
∂∂ ωρρρ
1
5 6
3
2 4
1. Bone 2. Tendon 3. Dermis 4. Epidermis 5. Artery 6.Vein
The schematic of the modeled finger
The Coupling Method for the BloodCirculation Model and the Thermal Model
Computation of
1D model for the
blood circulat ion
Computation of
2D thermal model
for the finger Ta, Tc, Tv, qc
Tt issue
Computation of
1D model for the
blood circulat ion
Computation of
2D thermal model
for the finger
waiting waiting
Ta, Tc, Tv, qc
Computed Pressure signals in different vessels
0 5 10
0
50
100
150
No.1
No.10
No.26
Time, s
Pres
sure
, mm
Hg
capillaries
proper palmar digital artery
ascending aorta
No. 30 ulnar vein
one period T=0.8s
Computed flow rate signals in different vessels
24 25 2668
1012
0102030
No. 10 simulated velocitiesmeasured velocities
0
0.2
0.4simulated velocities by present modelsimulated velocities by Zagzoule et al.[7]No. 26
0
20
40
60No. 1
No. 30
Time, s
Velo
city
, cm
/s
0 2 4 6 8 10048
0
150
300No. 1 ascending aorta
–0.1
0.1
0.3
No. 10proper palmar digital artery
–2
0
2
No. 26 capillaries
No. 30 ulnar vein
time ,s
Flow
rate
, cm
3 /s
one period T=0.8s
Computed temperature signals in different vessels
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 133.8533.8633.8733.88
36.6
36.8
37
No.1, ascending aorta
24 25 2634.634.8
3535.235.4
No.26, capillariesNo.10 proper palmar artery
Time, s
Tem
pera
ture
,o C
35.836
36.236.4
No.30, ulnar vein
Average tissue temperature of the finger
Time, s
Tem
pera
ture
, o C
a
b
0 10 20 3003690
20
40
60
0 10 20 3034
36
38
40data from reference [22]simulated blood temperature
number of the vessel
Aver
age
bloo
d flo
w ra
te, c
m3 /s
Aver
age
tem
pera
ture
, o C
a
b
c
Temperatures in Artery, Vein, Capillary, and Solid Tissues of the Modeled Finger
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 134.8
35
35.2
35.4
35.6
Time, s
Tem
pera
ture
, o C
terminal artery
capillary
terminal vein
one period T=0.8s
Blood Temperature and Pressure and Pressure
24 25 2640
70
100
130
160
35
35.1
35.2
35.3
No. 10
Tem
pera
ture
(o C)
ν = 4.0e–6 m2/sν = 4.6e–6 m2/sν = 5.6e–6 m2/s
ν = 4.0e–6 m2/sν = 4.6e–6 m2/sν = 5.6e–6 m2s
No. 10
Time (s)
Pres
sure
(mm
Hg)
a
b
24 25 26
50
10035.05
35.1
35.15
35.2
Tem
pera
ture
(o C)
No. 10 Eh/r0 = 1.2 (Eh/r0)normal(Eh/r0)normal
36.1
36.2
36.3
36.4 No. 30 Eh/r0 = 1.2 (Eh/r0)normal(Eh/r0)normal
No. 10(Eh/r0)normal
Eh/r0 = 1.2 (Eh/r0)normal
Time (s)
Pres
sure
(mm
Hg)
a
b
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8306.3
306.32
306.34
306.36
306.38
Time (s)Sk
in T
empe
ratu
re (K
) Skin Average Temperature for the normal case
Skin Average Temperature for larger viscosity
Skin Average Temperature for larger wall stiffness
Objectives of the Experiment
● The detail observation of temperature variation; especially near the blood-vessel areas
● Comparing the experimental results and the predicted results by the one-dimensional thermo-fluid model of blood circulation and the thermal model
The Experimental System
software for
analysis of
thermal images
connection cable
Automatic sphygmomanometer
HEM 770 Fuzzy
built in board to the
main body Capture board
on PC
TVS-600
thermography Lap top PC
Infrared
(a)Thermal Images of the Palm (b) Spectrum Analyses of the Temperature in the Palm before
and after Exercising
Summary
● A one-dimensional thermo-fluid model is developed to investigate the relationship of flow rate, pressure, and temperature in upper limb
● The temperature of the solid tissue is computed by coupling the 1D blood-circulation model and the thermal model. Thus, it becomes possible to simulate the temperature variation with the blood circulation
● The periodic skin temperature near the vessel was detected after exercising
レーザー照射による生体組織と血流の熱解析
Numerical Study of the Blood Flow and Living Tissue under Laser Irradiation
Microcirculation plays an important role in the growth, metastasis, detection, and treatment of tumors.
Radiotherapy
Immunotherapy
Chemotherapy
Hyperthermia Prevention of neoplastic vascularization+
Improve the efficiency of cancer treatment
Research Background
• Advantages of laser power
Low invasive
High power densities
Precise irradiated area
A wide range of wavelengths
• Response of the tissue to the laser Irradiation
Optical Response
Thermal Response
Laser Irradiation as a “cytotoxic measure”
Laser Irradiation as an adjuvant measure
Objective of the Study
How does the tumor blood flow respond to the Laser irradiation?
How does the tumor blood flow affect the laser-irradiated tissues?
Previous Studies
Makuuchi, M. et al.(1997): Study on development of multi-channel laser coagulation method using surface cooling
Majumdar and Sharma (2003): FE analysis on the thermal response of laser-irradiated tissue
He, Y. et al. (2003): Numerical and experimental study on the blood circulation and temperature distribution in the human upper limb
Schematics of laser irradiated tissues
X
Z
laser
Compu ta tiona l
Domain
Glan d layer
Skin
Tumo r
H
laser
beam
W
L
H = 4 .5 cm
rtumo r = 5 mm
L = 20 mm
W = 20 mm
Laser Type: Nd-Yag laser
Wave Length λ: 1064nm
Coolant Temperature: 10oC
Maximum Power: 100W
Laser Type: Nd-Yag laser
Wave Length λ: 1064nm
Coolant Temperature: 10oC
Maximum Power: 100W
Three Type of Geometric Relationship between Normal tissue and Tumor vascular bed ( C. W. Song):Three Type of Geometric Relationship between Normal tissue and Tumor vascular bed ( C. W. Song):
Parallel
Series
Parallel and Series
Tumor and Normal Tissue Vascular Bed in the Laser Irradiation Model
arterioles 2
vessels in
a tumor 4
vessels in normal
tissues 3
venules 5
arteries
1 veins 6
Heat Generation
))((0 )(),( zHsaexIzxI ++−=
)(0 )( zHaexaI
dzdIQ +−=−=
laser I(z)
laser I(z)+dI(z)
kI(z)dz
x
z
Lambert - Beer’s law
Assumption of vessel response to the temperature variation
)(0
0TTbeAA −=
A0 T0 cross sectional area and blood temperature before heating
b variation coefficient
CTb o42~391.0 ==
CTb o421.0 >−=
Two-step Lax-Wendroff Method
CG method (Conjugate Gradient Method)
Continuity and Momentum
Equation
FE equations for Tissue
Temperatures
Tumor average temperature
Tumor blood perfusion rate
Energy equation for blood flow
Upwind differencing
Numerical Solution and Data Transfer
Thermal Model of Solid Tissue
Blood Circulation Model
材料分割
Temperature Distribution inside Living Tissues under the Laser Irradiation
0 4 8 12 16 20295
300
305
310
315
320
depth, mm
Tem
pera
ture
, K
laser irradiation time: 120slaser power: 3Wlaser irradiation time: 120slaser power: 3.8W
Predicted Tumor Blood Perfusion Rate Under Different Laser Power
18 19 20
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Time,s
Tum
or B
lood
Per
fusi
on R
ate,
m3 /m
3 /min laser power: 3.8W
no laser irradiationlaser power: 3W
Acknowledgements
• I would like to thank Dr. Zhi Gang Sun for his kind assistance with the investigation of tumor blood flow.
• I would like to thank Dr. Zhi Gang Sun for his kind assistance with the investigation of tumor blood flow.
Summary
Detailed work has conducted to investigate the mechanism of thermoregulation in the periphery. The results show that coupling of the one-dimensional blood circulation model and thermal model of the solid tissue is a valid way to investigatethe thermal characteristics of biological system.
An initial study is carried out to investigate the tumor bloodperfusion rate using the similar method as that of work for the thermoregulation in the human finger.
Further experimental and numerical work may be carried out in the investigation of tumor vasculature and blood flow as well as peripheral blood perfusion rate.
Representative Papers
•He, Y., Shirazaki, M., and Himeno, R., “Two dimensional FEM model to investigate the effect of distal blood flow on the human finger”, Thermal Science and Engineering, Vol. 10(2002), No. 3, pp.19-24.
•He, Y., Liu, H., and Himeno, R., “A One-dimensional Thermo-fluid Model of Blood Circulation in Upper Limb of Man”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 47(2004), Issues 12-13, June, pp.2735-2745.
•He, Y., Liu, H., Himeno, R., and Shirazaki, M., Numerical and Experimental Study on the Relationship between Blood Circulationand Peripheral Temperature, Conference Proceedings of 13th
International Conference on Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, pp.94-95,12-15 Nov. 2003, Tainan.
•He, Y., Shirazaki, M., Liu, H., and Himeno, R., “Numerical Study of the Blood Flow and Living Tissue under Laser Irradiation”,The 16th Bioengineering Conference by JSME, Jan. 22-23, 2004, pp.192-193, Kitakyushu, Japan.