11

2

11 All nonzero digits are significant:

1,284 g Has 4 significant figures

1,2 g Has 2 significant figuresWith zeroes, the situation is particularly:

22Zeroes placed before other digits are not significant.

0.046 Has two significant digits.

4009 kg Has four significant digits.

33 Zeroes placed between other digits are always significant.

44 Zeroes placed after other digits but behind a decimal point are significant.

7,90 Has three significant digits.

8.200 x 103  4 S.F8.20 x 103  3 S.F8.2 x 103  2 S.F

55 Zeroes at the end of a number are significant only if they are behind a decimal point. Otherwise, it is impossible to tell if they are significant. For example, in the number 8200, it is not clear if the zeroes are significant or not. The number of significant digits in 8200 is at least two, but could be three or four. To avoid uncertainty, use scientific notation to place significant zeroes behind a decimal point:

In math operations, the In math operations, the significant number its in significant number its in answer should equal to the answer should equal to the least number of significant least number of significant digits in any one of the digits in any one of the numbers being multiplied, numbers being multiplied, divided etc.divided etc.

( 3 S.F)(2 S.F)(4 S.F)

(2 S.F)

 

11 If the digit removed is greater than 5, the previous digit increases by one. E.g: 8.236 → 8.24

22If the digit removed is less than 5, the previous digit is not modified. E.g: 8.231 → 8.23

33If the digit removed is 5 followed by a different number than 0, the previous digit increases by one. E.g: 8.2353→8.24

44If the digit removed is 5 followed by 0 looks to the next that follows, if it is odd increase or if it’s pair remains unchanged. E.g: (1) 8.23503→8.24

(2) 8.23502→8.23

ACCURACY refers to how close is measured or calculated value to the true value.PRECISION refers to how

close is an measured or calculated individual value with respect to the others.

THE INACCURACY OR BIAS is defined as a systematic departure from the truth.

THE VAGUENESS OR UNCERTAINTY, refers to the magnitude of the spread of values.

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The numerical methods should be sufficiently accurate The numerical methods should be sufficiently accurate or no bias to satisfy the requirements of a particular or no bias to satisfy the requirements of a particular

engineering problemengineering problem..

For the types of errors, the relationship between the exact or true result and the approximate is

given by:True value = Approximation + errorTrue value = Approximation + error

True Value - ApproximationRelative Error=

True ValueTrue Value - Approximation

=True Valuet x 100

• RelativeRelative ErrorErrorIt is the quotient (division) between the absolute error and the true value. If you multiply by 100 to obtain the true percentage relative error.

• True or Absolute ErrorTrue or Absolute ErrorIt is equal to the difference between the true value

and approximate value

or

Approximate Error=

Approximate Valuea x 100

Current approach - Anterior approach=

Current approach a x 100

Aproximación de la función exponencialFuente: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Taylorspolynomialexbig.svg

(n)n

n

f ''(a) f (a)f(x) f(a) f '(a)(x a) (x a) ... (x a) R

! n! 2

2

x n(n )

na

(x t)R f (t)dt

n!

1

“With the Taylor’ series we can estimate the truncation errors”