Objective 1.1: Identify unicellular organisms, including bacteria & protists, by their methods of locomotion, reproduction, ingestion, excretion, and effects on other organisms.

Invention of the microscope led to discovery of unicellular organisms.

Advances in technology have led us to discover the good & bad of microorganisms, benefiting the world.

How we divide the unicellular organisms:

Organisms are put into domains & kingdoms based on 3 things:

Cell type: prokaryotes or eukaryotes

Ability to make food: heterotroph or autotroph

Number of cells in bodies: unicellular (1 cell) or multicellular (many cells)

3 Domains

Bacteria: prokaryotes (no nucleus), autotrophic or heterotrophic, microscopic

Archaea (Archeabacteria): prokaryotes (no nucleus), autotrophic or heterotrophic; microscopic; no cell walls; extreme environments (hot, cold, salty, acidic)

Eurkarya: eukaryotes, nucleus; in 4 kingdoms—protists, fungi, plants, or animals

Domain: Prokarya, Kingdom: Eubacteria

Many are decomposers that break down dead organisms & wastes.

Some are producers, making their own food

Use conjugation or binary fission to reproduce

Conjugation in E. coli bacteria

Here you can

conjugation—transfer

of genetic material

through a threadlike

bridge—it’s bacterial

sex.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://static.flickr.com/88/210973649_b75e67726a.jpg&imgrefurl=http://scienceblogs.com/mikethemadbiologist/2006/12/its_my_birthday.php&usg=__phZIkfzAulw0SJ50GgWwJ2R5QcM=&h=408&w=500&sz=72&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=jNjddxMGkYrSIM:&tbnh=143&tbnw=168&ei=Xja-TeTaEcL10gHC8LimBg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dconjugation%2Bin%2Bbacteria%2B%252B%2Be%2Bcoli%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4TSHB_enUS326US327%26biw%3D1419%26bih%3D756%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=126&vpy=86&dur=5402&hovh=203&hovw=249&tx=138&ty=94&page=1&ndsp=28&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

Binary fission in E. coli bacteria

asexual reproduction

in which the cell

basically copies itself

and undergoes cell

division—special type

of mitosis

http://scienceray.com/biology/microbiology/e-coli-bacteria/

Domain: Eurkarya, Kingdom: Protista (the protists)

CANNOT be classified as plant, animal, or fungus

“odds and ends” kingdom

Mainly unicellular others multicellular, so it is usually referred to as single-celled/unicellular

Classified by the way they get energy--some autotrophs others heterotrophs

Examples of Protists

Euglena: use flagella to move

Amoeba:Use pseudopods(false feet; cytoplasmicExtensions to move)

How protists like the Euglena and Amoeba reproduce

Both of these organisms reproduce asexually by binary fission—a special type of mitosis.

Can produce ENDOSPORES when conditions are bad, preventing the species from extinction.

Picture of a typical endospore, used by bacteria & protists

Remain dormant until conditions in the environment are favorable for development

An endosporeis a tough, resistantstructure used forsurvival during conditions not favorable for reproduction

Examples of Protists

ParameciumUse cilia—hair-like

projections around its body to move

Reproduce sexually by conjugation & asexually by binary fission.

Reproduce with endospores when times are bad.

Getting food & dumping wastes in protists

Animal-like protists ingest their food—the process is called ingestion—surrounding it with pseudopods or engulfing it and trapping it in a food vacuole for digestion, a process known as endocytosis.

http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/cmf4a.htm for endocytosis animation by amoebahttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120068/bio02.swf::Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis

Contractile vacuoles keep these single-celled animals from exploding due to excess water that collects in their cytoplasm due to osmosis. They collect the excess water & then excrete it—the process is called excretion.

All organisms dump wastes through this process

Exocytosis—think ex = exitthis is the process where unwanted materials in the cell are literally dumped out of the cell. this may be through contractile vacuoles, diffusion, or in more complex structures such as those of the paramecium, the anal pore.

http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/cmf4b.htm for exocytosis animation

Plant like protists: algae, producers

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi

Multicellular eukaryotes except yeasts which are unicellullar

Heterotrophs, can act as decomposers

Absorb nutrients to get energy

Cell walls present

Reproduce using endospores

Examples: molds, yeasts, mushrooms

Fungi Examples

Yeast (Candida albicans)

Fungi Examples

Bread mold, Rhizopus, the happy accident of penicillin

Examples of Fungal Spores

Mushroom spores

Toxic molds: Stachybotrys chartarum or Stachybotrys atra