objectives of insect defoliators at the end of this section students should be able to: 1) know the...

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OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous defoliators. 2) Know the principles of detection, evaluation and management of defoliators. 3) Know the life history, economic importance and ecological impact of the following defoliating insects: (A) spruce budworm (B) gypsy moth (C) Douglas-fir tussock moth (D) Defoliators of the Southeastern U.S.

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Page 1: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORSAt the end of this section students should be able to:

1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous defoliators.

2) Know the principles of detection, evaluation and management of defoliators.

3) Know the life history, economic importance and ecological impact of the following defoliating insects:

(A) spruce budworm (B) gypsy moth (C) Douglas-fir tussock moth(D) Defoliators of the Southeastern U.S.

Page 2: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Defoliation damage by insects caneasily be recognized from symptoms:

•Foliage thin or absent•Frass “raining” from trees•Sometimes webs are apparent•Larva crawling up/down tree

Page 3: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Fall Webworm – Hyphantria cunea

Page 4: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

SymptomsLeaf chewers – eat entire leaf and include thePine sawflies, Gypsy moths, Spruce bud worm

Page 5: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

SymptomsLeaf skeletonizers – eat soft parts or theepidermal layers – not the veins.

Page 6: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

SymptomsLeaf miners – bore inside leaves, betweenThe upper and lower epidermis. Includes, the Pine needle miners and the Aspen leaf miner

Page 7: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Blotch mines

Page 8: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Damage by defoliators

Primary Damage – Trees are killed by defoliation or growth is reduced.

•Conifers – 1 severe defoliationcan kill tree•Deciduous trees – better able to stand defoliation

Page 9: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Damage by defoliators

Secondary damage occurs when defoliated trees are weakened andsubject to attack by secondary pests such as wood borers, bark beetles, orsoil fungi – Armillaria spp

Page 10: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Defoliators – Taxonomic Groups

Lepidoptera: Many insect speciesIncludes Pine Butterfly, spruce budwormGypsy moth, catalpa worms

Page 11: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Defoliators

Hymenoptera-Sawflies

Red HeadedPine Sawfly

Loblolly pineSawfly

Oak slug sawfly

Page 12: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Defoliators –

Coleoptera: Cottonwood Leaf beetle, June beetles,Elm leaf beetle, & the Locust leaf miner.

Page 13: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Generalized Host Range of defoliators

Polyphagous - Many hosts, e.g.Gypsy Moth

Oligophagous – Few Hosts, e.g.Spruce budworm

Monophagous – one hosts, e.g. Larch casebearer

Page 14: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Population Dynamics:

Sporadic -

Periodic -

Page 15: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Spruce Budworm - Choristoneura fumiferana

Page 16: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Life Cycle

Page 17: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Spruce Budworm Larva

Page 18: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Adult Moth

Page 19: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Spruce Budwormegg mass on needle

Page 20: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Spruce budworm 3rd Instar in bud

Page 21: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Instars 4-6 feed on new foliage first and move to older foliage if necessary.

Page 22: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous
Page 23: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Populations are cyclic with peaks roughly every 8-10 yr. Major outbreaks every 60 years or so that corresponds with maturation of Balsam fir stand.

Page 24: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Management Considerations:

Stand Composition-

Chemicals-

Biologicals-

Page 25: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

Budworm Treated area to left of road

Page 26: OBJECTIVES OF INSECT DEFOLIATORS At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know the difference among polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous

End of SpruceBudworm Section