occupational beryllium exposure in primary aluminium production
TRANSCRIPT
OCCUPATIONAL BERYLLIUM EXPOSURE IN PRIMARY ALUMINIUM PRODUCTION
Y. Thomassen1, D.G. Ellingsen1, K. Dahl1, I. Martinsen2, N.P. Skaugset1 and P.A. Drabløs3
1National Institute of Occupational Health, OSLO, Norway.2Amersham Health, Oslo, Norway3Norsk Hydro, Karmøy Plant, Håvik, Norway
E-mail:[email protected]
AL industryIncreased risk of asthma have been
shown to be associated with
exposures in potrooms.
Site of deposition in the respiratory tract
and hence size, may be important.
Potroom asthma:Hypothesis
! Potroom asthma is caused by contaminants penetrating below the larynx.
! Mixed fluoride phases(vapour-particles, PIP’s ?)
! HF and SO2 are transported to the alveolar region adsorbedto particles.
Chemistry:HF, F-
sSO2
PAHs”Total” dust
Temporalexposure
Health related aerosol fractions:
particle size distribution
Spatialexposure:stationary,personal
Morphology:Al2O3
Na3AlF6Cryolite fibers
”New”pollutants ?
”New”pollutants ?
Be COF2SOF4
Be in Alumina:0.01 – 4 ppm
Bath temperature: 960 0CSublimation temperature of BeF2: 800 0C
A recent study found that 9% of workers exposed to Be in a machiningplant were sensitised after lifetime weighted average exposures between 24 - 600 ng Be/m3.
A possible ACGIH new TLV recommendation : 20 ng inhalable Be/m3
PC. Kelleher et al.: J Occup Environ Med, 43:231-237 (2001)
Health Related Aerosol Fractions
Hund/TSI - Respicon
Participating plants
Sampling at:! Lista ! January 2003! Mosjøen ! February 2003!SØRAL ! March 2003!Karmøy ! March/April 2003!Årdal ! September 2003!Høyanger ! November 2003 !Lista ! March 2004
ParticipatingAl-smelters
Sampling equipment
Photo: D. Kroslid, EA Lista
Respicon
SO2 sensor
IOM Split 2direct readingspectrometer
Gas filter
3 Pumps
Variability of exposure
Anode worker - Prebake Cell operator - Søderberg
Direct reading Respicon
Screw cap
Sample chamberhousing
Centrifuge tube
10 ml reagent
Air filter
0.2 µm PVDF membrane
Centrifuge Tube with Filter Cup Insert
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
(ICP-OES)
Detection limits in ng/m3
(sample volum:1 m3)3x SD of blank filters (n=89)
0.6240.51.96.41.6
Be ax 313.107
Be ax313.042
Be ax 234.861
Be 313.107
Be 313.042
Be 234.861
ax : axial reading
Beryllium exposure in ng/m3: Respicon: All plants
<0,5 - 2084,010,2Respirable
0,7 - 2556,818,1Thoracic
1,3 - 33719,642,1 Inhalable
Min - MaxGM(n=274)
Mean(n=274)
1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0
1=Plant1 Prebake,2=Plant 2 Prebake,3=Plant 3, 4=Plant 4,5=Plant 5 1,6=Plant 5 2,7=Plant 6 Søderberg,8=Plant 6 Prebake, 9=Plant 1 Søderberg, 10=Plant 2 Søderberg
0,00
50,00
100,00
150,00
200,00
250,00
300,00
Beinh
ng/m
3
65
126187
46
125170
165
155
200
17
104
1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0
Prebake, 9=Plant 1 Søderberg, 10=Plant 2 Søderberg
0,00
50,00
100,00
150,00
200,00
250,00
300,00
Bet
h in
ng/
m3
4
125 165
35
62
65
170
155
200
46
17 104
1=Plant1 Prebake,2=Plant 2 Prebake,3=Plant 3, 4=Plant 4,5=Plant 5 1,6=Plant 5 2,7=Plant 6 Søderberg,8=Plant 6
1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0
1=Plant 1 Prebake,2=Plant 2 Prebake,3=Plant 3,4=Plant 4,5=Plant 5 1,6=Plant 5 2,7=Plant 6 Søderberg,8=Plant 6
Prebake, 9=Plant 1 Søderberg, 10=Plant 2 Søderberg
0,00
50,00
100,00
150,00
200,00
250,00
Bea
lv in
ng/
m3
61
139
35
4
62
170
155104
Water Soluble Inhalable Be and Al Plant 1 - Prebake
y = 0,90x + 36,6R2 = 0,8331
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0 300,0
Be ng/m3
Al u
g/m
3
Water Soluble Thoracic Be and Al Plant 1 - Prebake
y = 1,01x + 22R2 = 0,8846
0,020,040,060,080,0
100,0120,0140,0160,0180,0
0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0
Be ng/m3
Al u
g/m
3
Water Soluble Respirable Be and AlPlant 1 Prebake
y = 0,83x + 13,6R2 = 0,8818
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0
Be ng/m3
Al u
g/m
3
Water Soluble Respirable Be and Al Plant 2 Prebake
y = 1,25x + 3,9R2 = 0,8659
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0Be ng/m3
Al u
g/m
3
Water Soluble Respirable Be and Al Plant 5 Søderberg
y = 5,38 + 0,17R2 = 0,8616
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0Be ng/m3
Al u
g/m
3
Water soluble Be in % of total
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1
6
11
16
21
26
Mean: 81 % (n=28)
Characterization of individual aerosol particles in workroom air of aluminium smelter potroomsBurkard L.W. Höflich1, Stephan Weinbruch2*, Ralf Theissmann1, Hauke Gorzawski2, Martin Ebert2, Hugo M. Ortner1, Asbjørn Skogstad3, Dag G. Ellingsen3, Per A. Drabløs4, and Yngvar Thomassen3,5
1Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 23, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany2Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 9, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany3National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 DEP, N-0033 Oslo, Norway4Karmøy Plant-Norsk Hydro, N-4265 Håvik, Norway5Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, N-1432 Ås, Norway
Submitted to: Journal of Environmental MonitoringDecember 2004
Theoretical aspects of fluoride air contaminantformation in aluminium smelter potrooms
Boris V. L’Vova, Leonid K. Polzika, Stephan Weinbruchb, Dag G. Ellingsenc
and Yngvar Thomassenc,d
aDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Politekhnicheskaya ul. 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia bInstitute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 9, D-64287 Darmstadt, GermanycNational Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 DEP, N-0033 Oslo, Norway dDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway,N-1432 Ås, Norway.
Submitted to : Journal of Environmental Monitoring January 2005
Ultrafine particles at workplaces of a primary aluminium smelter
Yngvar Thomassen1,2, Wolfgang Koch3, Wilhelm Dunkhurst3, Dag Ellingsen1, Nils-Petter Skaugset1, Lars Jordbekken1 and Per Arne Drabløs4
1 National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 DEP, N-0033 Oslo, Norway2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, N-1432 Ås, Norway
3 Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai- Fuchs-Str. 1,D-30625 Hannover, Germany
4 Karmøy Plant Norsk Hydro, N- 4265 Håvik, Norway
To be submitted to : Journal of Environmental Monitoring
0 1 2 3 4 50
100
200
300
num
ber o
f par
ticle
s
µm
For particles below 100 nm only electrostatic sampling procedures can be applied and their size classification is performed by scanning mobility particle sizing.
Histogram of the measured particle sizes with diameters ≤ 5 µm from all of the particles investigated from the Prebake hall
3-d plot of the mobility size distribution during anode change operations
Formation route of ultrafine particles
960 °C
Al
Anode
CryoliteNa3AlF6 Decomposition, evaporation
Reaction, nucleation, condensation
Fluorides of Al and Na (Be)Na5Al3F14
AluminaAl2O3
Cathode
Conclusions:" Be is present in workroom aerosols in
potrooms of Al-primary smelters
" Ultrafines contain Be
" Be is mostly water soluble
" Water soluble fluorides are present in high excess
" High variability in exposure is experienced
Acknowledgements:
Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from:
Confederation of Norwegian Businessand Industry (NHO)
AMS
Norsk Hydro