数字制图与地图综合 -...

Visualization and Geovisualization

课程负责人：景海涛教授

测绘与国土信息工程学院

2016年11月14日

数字制图与地图综合

河南省研究生

优质课程

Beautiful Visualization 1

2

3 Geovisual Analytics

Geovisualization

1. Beautiful Visualization

Napoleon’s March to Moscow, Charles J. Minard, 1869

Florence Nightingale’s diagram showing the dramatic reduction in death

rates in the hospitals of Scutari following the changes she introduced

In 1854 John Snow plotted the position of each

Cholera case on a map.

See Data in context: Cholera outbreak

Why do we create visualizations?

• To expose

ideas/relationships

• To make an argument

• To observe trends

• Summarize/aggregate

data

• Archiving

• Trust

• Advertise ideas

• Exploratory data

analysis

• Answer questions

• Make decisions

• See data in context

• Expand memory

• Support graphical

calculation

• Find patterns

• Present argument

• Tell a story

• Inspire

Three functions of Visualizations

• Record information

– Photographs, blueprints, …

• Support reasoning about information (analyze)

– Process and calculate

– Reason about data

– Feedback and interaction

• Convey information to others (present)

– Share and persuade

– Collaborate and revise

– Emphasize important aspects of data

• 可视化技术(Visualization) 可以使人们在3维图

形世界中，直接对具有形体信息的信息进行操作

，并同计算机进行交流。实际上，它通过将科学

计算过程及计算结果所产生的枯燥的数据转换成

直观的图形和图像信息，来仿真人脑映像的构造

过程，帮助人们洞察数据所蕴含的关系和规律，

以支持用户的判断和理解。通过交互式的图形、

图像系统，人们就能便捷地获得关于数据的直观

、形象、深刻和全面的理解。


• 作为学科术语，“可视化”一词正式出现在1987年2月美国

国家科学基金会( National Science Foundation，NSF)召开

的一个专题研讨会上。

• Visualization in Scientific Computing -Scientific

Visualization

• Data visualization

• Information visualization

• Geovisualization-Geographic Visualization

• Text visualization

• Medical visualization


What Is Beauty?

What do we mean when we say a visual is beautiful?

Is it an aesthetic judgment, in the traditional sense

of the word? It can be, but when we’re discussing

visuals in this context, beauty can be considered to

have four key elements, of which aesthetic

judgment is only one. For a visual to qualify as

beautiful, it must be aesthetically pleasing, yes, but

it must also be novel, informative, and efficient.


Novel （新颖）—— a fresh look at the data or a

format that gives readers a spark of excitement and

results in a new level of understanding.

Informative （充实）——The key to the success of

any visual, beautiful or not, is providing access to

information so that the user may gain knowledge. A

visual that does not achieve this goal has failed.


Efficient （高效）——A beautiful visualization has a

clear goal, a message, or a particular perspective on

the information that it is designed to convey. Access to

this information should be as straightforward as

possible, without sacrificing any necessary, relevant

complexity.

Aesthetic（美感） —— The graphical construction—

consisting of axes and layout, shape, colors, lines, and

typography—is a necessary, but not solely sufficient,

ingredient in achieving beauty.


A basic example of Mendeleev’s periodic table of the elements

The London Underground (“tube”) map; 2007 London tube Map

A network visualization of someone’s Facebook friends

Wordle

Visualizing Wikipedia

河南省研究生

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2


Geovisualization

• Geovisualization A loosely bounded domain that addresses

the visual exploration, analysis, synthesis, presentation of

geospatial data by integrating approaches from various

disciplines including cartography with those from scientific

visualization, image analysis, information visualization,

exploratory data analysis, visual analytics, and GI Science.

——M. J. Kraak.

• 广义上来说，通过集成来自制图学、科学可视化、图像分

析、信息可视化、数据挖掘分析、可视化分析学及地理信

息科学等各个学科的方法，可视化地挖掘、分析、综合、

表达地理空间数据。

2. GeoVisualization

• Map A symbolized representation of a geographical reality,

representing selected features and characteristics, resulting

from the creative effort of its author’s execution of choices,

and is designed for use when spatial relationships are of

primary relevance.

• 地图：对真实地理环境的抽象表达，即用特定符号来表达选

定的功能和特性，这是源于作者创造性的选择；同时，设计

地图是为了用于表达重要的空间关系。

2. GeoVisualization

• The nature of geovisualization research is wide-ranging

and in the research agenda established by the international

cartographic community, particular areas have been

identified. These focus areas are closely interrelated and

should be seen in connection with each other.

Representation

Interaction Forms and Interface Design

Integration of Visualization and Geocomputation

Cognition and Usability issues

2. GeoVisualization

• Maps are used to visualize geospatial data, that is data that

refer to the location or the attributes of objects or

phenomena located on Earth. Maps help their users to

better understand geospatial relationships. From maps,

information on distances, directions and area sizes can be

retrieved.

• Since the 1980s, the environment in which maps are used

has changed considerably for most users.

• Digital Map ， Electronic Map， Onscreen Map

• Web Map （interactive map）

—— Cartography: Visualization of Spatial Data

Menno-Jan Kraak Ferjan Ormeling

地图：通往地里空间数据之路

• Visualization can be used to explore, for instance in

order to play with unknown data.探索未知数据

• Visualization is applied in analysis, for instance in order

to manipulate known data.分析已有数据

• Maps are used to synthesize the results of the analysis.

地图常用于分析结果的综合。

• Visualization is applied to present or communicate the

new geospatial knowledge.可视化用语表达或传输新

的地理空间知识。

In a GIScience environment, visualization is applied in four

different situations.

Part 2: GeoVisualization

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2


Geovisualization

From cartography, through geovisualization, to geovisual analytics:

Data→info→ knowledge → knowledge application

3.Geovisual Analytics

• Visual analytics is the science of analytical reasoning

facilitated by interactive visual interfaces

• Geovisual analytics focuses on visual interfaces to

analytical methods that support reasoning with and

about geo-information-to enable insights about

something for which place matters

3.Geovisual Analytics

…thus, the focus is on assembing evidence,generating

inferences and explanation from

evidence,comparing/assessing those inferences and

explanations,and reporting results

• Scaling analysts to cope with geoinformation deluge

• Understanding and supporting analytical reasoning

processes

• Leveraging heterogeneous geoinformation

• Supporting teams and leveraging crowds

3.Geovisual Analytics: 4 challenges

Geovisual Analytics: scaling analysts

to cope with information deluge

Geovisual Analytics: supporting analytical reasoning

Geovisual Analytics: support for sensemaking in public

health and crisis mgt

• Situational Awareness:

• Social media& crisis management:

• System design

Summary : Insights thus far

• Can be effectively conceptualized as a process to which the

sensemaking model of visual analytics is applicable

• For crisis mgt, it is a process with place, time, concept components

• Social media have uses for both info push and info foraging

• For info foraging, practitioners want info on: incidents, times,

places, people, organizations

• Situational Awareness:

• Social media& crisis management:

• System design

Summary : Insights thus far

• Practitioners consider social media a potential SA source

• Practitioners were positive about a place-time-concept

organization for the interface

• Some practitioners negative about tag clouds

• Combination of spatial relational database and Lucene indexing

enables flexible query on 10s of millions of info fragments

数字制图与地图综合 -...

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