ŒØ‹ã−w„¤‰ƒŁ”ƒ‘oŠÍŠp1 -...

8
腚腆腏腒腐腃腗腘腉腑腁腍腖腛 Internal Structure and Permeability of the Yanagase Fault 腊腕 腇腋*腌腎* Keiji Sato* and Akito Tsutsumi* Abstract : We investigated the internal structure and permeability of the Yanagase Fault, an active fault in SW Japan, at two localities, Kamishimizu in Fukui Prefecture and Nakakawachi in Shiga Prefecture, through field survey and laboratory measure- ments. The Yanagase Fault of the studied area is developed in the Jurassic ac- cretionary complex of the Mino-Tamba Belt. In both outcrops, the Yanagase Fault consists of - zones : fault gouge zone, fault breccia zone and host rock. Permeability of the core samples from the fault outcrops was measured with a gas-medium tri-axial deformation apparatus using a pore-pressure oscillation method. Test results per- formed at 3* MPa e#ective pressure indicate that the highest permeabilities are found in the fault breccia zone and the lowest permeabilities in the host rock. In the Kamishimizu outcrop, permeability is +* +1 -+* +0 m , for the fault breccia, +* +3 -+* +1 m , for the fault gouge and +* +3 m , for the sandstone host rock. In the Nakakawachi outcrops, permeability is +* +2 -+* +1 m , for the fault breccia and +* +2 m , for the fault gouge. The permeable nature of the fault breccia zone of the Yanagase Fault is similar to the previously reported permeability structure of the fault developed within a granitic basement rock. Key words : Yanagase Fault, permeability, fault rocks, active fault 腄腀腅腂 臢臘腢臱臎臐膲臚腣腋腤膳臛臢臘膅致膽腡腌腑 腮膕臎膁腢膍臮臬腠致腞臢臘膡臰臨膈腢膙膲腞腢 腝臅腝腈腮臹腡腊膕臎膁腢臉臈膯膇腢膪臇臢臘膡臰臨膈腞腉腊膃腢臢臘膡臰 腢臨膈膙膲腣臣臍臒膍自腞腢膖腝膂臕腍腬腗腢 臐腎膺臫腓腯腜腏腘 Sibson, +31- ; Mase and Smith, +321腆腁 腒腢膙膲腎臣臍膽腡膯腡至腐腍腟 腊腍腰膜腕腮臉腝臗膍自腞腔腜腺腲腽腹腞腠腮腢 臢臘臞臶腞膕臎腞腢膕腢臹膮膓腢膍 腌腫腥膊臹臧膭腢膕臎腢臢臘臞臶腡腌腑腮膟 致腝腈腮臢臘膅致膽腡臢臘臤臋腝臉臈腔腘膕臎膁腎腈腮自臰膼腓腯腠腑腯腤腒腢膡臰臨膈膙膲 腣膙臻腔腠腉臢臘臞臶腢臱臎臐膲臚腣膳膕膁腢膼臻腰膥腩腮臅臗腢膃腚腝腈腮臭臖 腢臢臘臞腢臱臎臐膲臚腡腚腉腜腣膢臺臜腐腢膧膞腎 腠腓腯腜腉腮Evans et al., +331 ; Seront et al., +332 ; Lockner et al., +333 ; 膰腧腍,***腆腁 腔腍腔腠腎 腢臢臘臞臶腢臱臎臐膲臚腎腟腢腫腊腠膣腝 腈腭腗腯腎膣腞腞腪腡腟腢腫腊腡膉腕腮腢腍腞 腉腊膘臬腠臡腣腧腞腱腟臝膤臬腡臦腦腬腯腜腉 腠腉腗腔腜臭臖腢臢臘臞腢臱臎臐腸腃腷腡膘腛腉 臣臍臒膍自腡腌腑腮臝膟致腢臩臬腠膜腠腓腯腜腉腠腉腢腎膫臊腝腈腮臢臘臞腢臱臎臐膲臚 臢臘臞臶腢膗臙膶臞腢膲臚腢膑腯- 膾膩臬腠腈腅腠腟腢臗腰腔腜臜腝腈腮腫腭膫臁臬腠臢臘腻腸腼腡膘腛腉腘 臣臍臒膙膲腰膜腔腜腉腐腘腩腡腣腨腖臢臘臞腢臶膲臚腞臱臎臐腢臵臥腰臼膀腔腓腬腡腒腯腬腢膲臚腎臣臍腵腲腴腼腢腠膍自腡腌腑腮臢 臘臶膣腞腞腪腡腟腢腫腊腡膉腕腮腢腍腰膏腞膿臶臁膨腡腫腙腜腬腍腡腔腜腉腍腠腑腯腤腠腬 腠腉臓臷臸腢臂膒臢臘腢膃腚腝腈腮腾臏 臢臘腡腚腉腜, 膌臆腢臢臘臲腝臶膲臚腰膔膸膛膷腔膵臃腔腘膻腡腚腉腜腳腶臌臱膻膨 臱膚膻 * ,**, 3 +* 臸臄,**- - ,. 臸臄膠臯臟膐臟膐膄膐膧膞膋臣膝臑膋膐臔膱 Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 0*02/*,, Japan 腈腓腜腙 膲臚臣臀.1 .3/0,**- Japanese Journal of Structural Geology, No. .1, .3/0, ,**-49

Upload: donga

Post on 19-Mar-2018

216 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

���������� �

Internal Structure and Permeability of the Yanagase Fault

�� ��*�� ��*

Keiji Sato* and Akito Tsutsumi*

Abstract : We investigated the internal structure and permeability of the Yanagase

Fault, an active fault in SW Japan, at two localities, Kamishimizu in Fukui Prefecture

and Nakakawachi in Shiga Prefecture, through field survey and laboratory measure-

ments. The Yanagase Fault of the studied area is developed in the Jurassic ac-

cretionary complex of the Mino-Tamba Belt. In both outcrops, the Yanagase Fault

consists of - zones : fault gouge zone, fault breccia zone and host rock. Permeability of

the core samples from the fault outcrops was measured with a gas-medium tri-axial

deformation apparatus using a pore-pressure oscillation method. Test results per-

formed at 3*MPa e#ective pressure indicate that the highest permeabilities are found

in the fault breccia zone and the lowest permeabilities in the host rock. In the

Kamishimizu outcrop, permeability is +*�+1-+*�+0m, for the fault breccia, +*�+3-+*�+1m,

for the fault gouge and +*�+3m, for the sandstone host rock. In the Nakakawachi

outcrops, permeability is +*�+2-+*�+1m, for the fault breccia and +*�+2m, for the fault

gouge. The permeable nature of the fault breccia zone of the Yanagase Fault is similar

to the previously reported permeability structure of the fault developed within a

granitic basement rock.

Key words : Yanagase Fault, permeability, fault rocks, active fault

����

�������� �� ��������������������������� !�"���#�$%�$&�' �(�)��*�����+,��-.�/0����� !�1*2������� !"�� 34�5�6��#�$789:;�%��<=>?@ABC DSibson, +31- ; Mase and

Smith, +321E' F�"�<� 34���-�GH9I*9JKL�+$M�6�NAOPQR����� ��ST���)���������)UV��6� �WXY)Z[�������ST�����\�$&�' ������� ��]^�$+,NC����<&�6��_?@��@ � F��� !"�"`N�1' ��ST������� �������_`Jab�%���M�2c$&�' de

���S������c1A� fghH�ij<�?@A1�DEvans et al., +331 ; Seront et al., +332 ;

Lockner et al., +333 ; �kl9� ,***E' N9N�<:� mn���ST������<I�W*�o$&p� ;@<�o��q�I�W*��rL��9�1*s ���t� l�uIvw��xy:@A1�1' ;NA� de���S����z{|�s}1C� 34�5�6�����v\��~���K<�?@A1�1�<��$&�' ��S������ ��ST�����r� ��S��� ������ �@�� -�������I��n��MJ��NAh�$&�' Wp�������z��s}1C34�5"�JKNA1HCb�� ��� mn���S�T���������J��N� ?:��F@:��<34�P����n��6������T���o��q�I�W*��rL��9J� ����T���W�A�:9�NA19��@ �:�1'�n� ��� �������2c$&�������c1A� ,� ����¡$T��J¢£�¤¥N� ¦§NC¨��c1A©ª«�¨� D�¬¨

*

,**,g 3­ +*�®�' ,**-g -­ ,.�® '¯°±²±²³ ²ij´3µ!¶´²·¸Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate

School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 0*0�2/*,,

Japan

����

�3¹� º .1»� .3�/0� ,**- DJapanese Journal of Structural Geology, No. .1, .3�/0, ,**-E

¼ 49 ¼

�� ��������� ��� ����� �� ���������� ���� ��������

��������

�� ��� �������� !"#����$� %&�'�(�)*�+,���� -1 km

���-�./0���1�2��34� I 5��A6 5���7� 85��9:; +33+�� � !<�� "=� NNW-SSE� >?@A# $%&'>�B(�� 8Fig. + a�� �� ��C) D*E�+,�-.# /�� F'�GHE 0EIJKL M1E<N OPQR'STUVWXYZ !<� 8[\ +333�� �� ��C)' $2+�& D*E3�� 4.�5 km6��]^_��`UO�abcd��17e� �� ��� `UO f&�89�Gg�h�5��G*�:di;�� fj�7�'kl!�G*� 8m<,**,���� �� no 5�&p�b*Gq�$��r<s��LWUI=t�����u >v? @��� /1*w0-*AB /����5����CB1D�!� 5��EF +,-,/A 8G3 ,A� /H�Ix��a 'h�G*� 8Jy\ +33-�� f2 >v? $�� 1,***AB KLM1�����CB�z{G|!0 $�>v? $2 3}N'>�|*G� -.,,/*A~B O�/PKLM�CB1D�!�<* 81Q\ +32+�� h!� ������R��?$2 �ST���� +*UAB���*V�RKLM����CB1D�!��1 �� �2����W�G�X��� +*UAB KLM���CB�z{G*<*q'1��h�G*� 8��

� +332�� ~� ��� �� ���>v? $�'@�'���� 5��1�<� >v?'>����UL��17e��'kl!�G*� 8Fig. + a,

Jy\ +33- ; ��\ +332�� �� �� N&������ ���YZ9 �[���r�� ,��� ��$&���UL��$�� 8Fig. +b��

�������� ��

+� ������ST�|{����� �\'Z�XI� Fig. ,

����� q ��� ������LWUI=t1rs����� ���� �� ��<P�1�����h�G*� 8��� +332�� ���&��OPQR'STUVWXYZ|�,�!���E]�^_��W� +*UAB���*` KLM1 ������G�� D*E-¡ ��E'a�G|� q ������G` KLM Db&�� /m

~� cdCB1D�!��� ��e "=�� N/¢E� q /£ �� �� f !"=�I�G&¤��� ,*¢6�_¥����������¦§O# |�,��Af#����h��� ��¦§O#� ����&�'��e !��� +./mg��&��D�!��� �����a�Ghi��¦§O�jk�#,�Y¨K©ª�l� m�5mmw5 cm n«��¬2=�C­�fo�<*� f2 �� ���� +./mg��&��®!��¦§O� pq­ ¯r<°ª��¦§O� m� +*w -* cm�7�� q ¦§O����e�\±sr<e��1hi��� $�²�!� ³ª t³ª u³ª<N�l��v�� &�1´e� �! �1wx�� yµ<x��z¶

Fig. + (a) The distribution of active faults around

the study area, SW Japan. (b) Localities of the

Kamishimizu and Nakakawachi outcrops (·) along the

northern part of the Yanagase Fault. Based on

Sugiyama et al., (+33.).

¸Q¹º�{ »|

¼ 50 ¼

����� ����� �������������� / mm������� �!"#$%��� &���'()*+�, -'(./0123�456 �07�� '(!"8�9:, ;:, ����, :<=>?:@ �A:�5, Fig. ,�BC�DEFEGH�$I��J�K� +* m��07�� Fig. ,�B56./L �'(!"�, M�5D:<�A:�5, NO�PE�Q������ R �� ���� ����SPTUF�VW�XEYZ[#\]5DE

�� '(./^ �_`�a`��b���c:��, de8#f -* m��6gD\]��#, &�de8R 0, '(:�hi�'(j TUk���56#gDlm��n4��� '(YTUf +* moR� �0�, de��pE#qr, !"4#st5DE�� &� �0�, ��3TEu�v#wx�y�zW�\]5, R 0�{mm���|}C�deC�6~��W!"�����#, u�v����t���0E���#��C��� '(j T

Fig. , A photograph (a) and a sketch (b) of the Kamishimizu outcrop. Open circles represent the

sampling points for the permeability measurements.

���'(�R Z[����Z[� � .1�

� 51 �

�� +* m������ �� ��������������� �� ���� � !�"#�$� %�&'�(�)*+,-�./���0,� ������12�34�� 56789�:;<=> Fig. -

�?-0 @56 ABCD&7EF7GH�IJK�BL�M��56�%�0 @� 56�� NOPQ � ��Q RSKT� U����VWX�K&�&YZ�� YZ=[\] ��^ �&/_`������0 � !ab� N+/cW��defSK

&�0 � !g� h�i�jklP-�� mn����� op7qrB�st�u��vwSK&�x�>?SK&�0 � NOPQ� !y�z{��|S }Z7�� ~Z��~Z7����%�&=[\]>���-�0 � NOPQ7����� ������ ,�/ cm7!�� NOP���� x7���� NOPQ7��o����%�0x7�����o������&7�&Y�Z>�-�!�NOP�%�0 56��� Y�ZNOPQ7�{��SK�� , cm7�Z���7!��

Fig. - A photograph (a) and a sketch (b) of the Nakakawachi outcrop. Open circles represent the

sampling points for the permeability measurements. The stereogram shows equal-area, lower hemisphere

projections of the fault plane (great-circles) and striations on the fault plane (arrows).

������ ��

� 52 �

���������� �������� ����� �������������� ��������� ��� ������������ �� + m��� ������������ �����!��"#��� ���� $� � ��#%&'�(�)���*��+�,������� -�.����������� ������� ������/!��"0��#�1234)50+6� �������7 , m8�� � � 1* cm ��� #� �$%�9�&���6���' (:�);6�/!<6�#��

��������

+ �� �*+,-�);"�=>.�?@/0) Fig. ,A

�B Fig. - C�� Faulkner and Rutter D+332E �F1)GH 6�� I&JK&L �2M ,* mm�31N3O4�2M ,/ mm�PQ&%P1N3O)5#=� 67 A#�� ����R891N3O)����:S ;6�<; =>6� TU>.)?@6=� VWX YZ[�=\?�TU>.�� @�\?�] ;6�A2"<B� "��^ L_`&a3��#�I&bc3d3C ���DeEfF(6� ��g� hG�$� "�i � � 2*j kHlI);�=� mn�VW 5#=F(g�>.��]�S��.� +* mmJg ���, �������*+,-�>W�� oK�p��Pqr -]L(�+M>Ws)5#=� VW��t�Xuv ;#� NqA�Bw�qOP�QR�P+6=� kHxyzQR� U{|&"}�S~TyP)5#=*+,-�D+y>WE��M Ut�VP�WT�X#�+��

-� YZ+.���w�[�.���+��\ ��� ��0�yP)��=-��$��]0 ���*+V�^_+6��� yP)VP+6�5#=VW�3��� M)5#=�`+ab �^�+��c ��� kHyP)w�VP+6�5#��+��^$��]0�� +y>W);"�=g� a�>. +M>W);"��� �������);U���+ �d��M��+w�e�+�f��5�>.�*+, �����)g����+)&'+6=VW��c+"�0 ���*+,�-� �� w�qhi1 DKranz et al.,

+33* ; Fischer and Paterson, +33,E )5#=� ���1�� >.��V jkl��P�qm)n�o L<.�=+��� vV �jkl �qmLi)-�6� ��h�UA�B�f���*+,� jk�%"}�MI�%)�!�-�1 �� DFig. .E� ��F1 �� VWp h�U+�f�)��' q�@��+ � *+,� jk�%�L<) ���' �!��+�¡r�+#^]0���� mn� w�qhi1 5#=w�q�s��-� � ,* MPa t�6� >.��V u��w�q�Li�� h� +

MPa8v�¢� *./,+*** s����I`&o+6=�VWp� v£q DNq�w�qE �� �wM67�>. ;6��¤� 3* MPa� p¥#67�>. ;6��¤� +2* MPai x¦' y§.�� D¨qE� ��g -* MPai ©ª.���+ D©qE�*+, ���v£Nq���)zt=� �� � {0�<«��|}) ,.1 g/cm-+6� w�Mq ~Mq�)¬�6=­®� 3* MPa�v£q�/v� /

km�E. f����>.��2¯°4 �� ±. ,,0 mm��²�T

³K´%µ¶&1N3O)%�·¸��56�#����¹��2¯°4)5#=+M>W�­®� � �

Fig. . Schematic illustrations showing the pore pressure oscillation method.

�º����#���+*+,��/h � .1»

¼ 53 ¼

�+333� �������� � � -*MPa���������������������� ��!"# ����� $%&'� ()*+ ,-./0$12 34�56��� 78��� � 9:����();<��=>�?@�<A�'���� B�����,-<C�'�D2 37� ���EF��������<GH� IJ.KLMN�12

����

+� ���OPQR�ST'U���?@�()VWX<Y Z. �Fig. / a�2 �[��\] ^_�=>`a��=>b� �cde� �?@���f gh'� �[�$ 3*MPa�i +*j+3k+*j+0m,�;����'U2�[:��g�l���� B�m����?@���[�$ -*MPa����� ��n�op4q.B�$Dr� stu Ov'Uwxw_U2 .Dsy�=>`a�� =>b��f g�l��9�i�?@�<nz{|'����12 ?@��� }�7�g��~�u 4q.$� ����i�?@��;��4q.B��Du_U2 ��� �� �%�'�D���?@��� �[:��v� ^_��� gh'� 3* MPa�i �B�R�()�����f� +*j+3m,�;$�m�U2 ��'U���?@��g�l��n�op4q�t� =>`a�� =>b� �cde� ��#��� ������$�Hm�2,� �� ���R�ST'U���?@�()VWX<Y

Z. �Fig. /b�2 =>b� �cde���� ���� �[��g�l���VWX$ST�LDu_UUHv�l���#��Z'�2 �[��\] ^_�=>`a�� =>b��?@���f gh'� �[�$ 3* MPa�i ?@�$� +*j+1k+*j+2

m,�;����'U2 ?@��� }�7f�[��\]��f gh'�� ��� �� �9�[� +2*

MPa�i � +*j+3k+*j+2 m,�;��gh'U2 �[��g�l���� `a��?@��\�l� �x?@������ f~�uD¡L�4q �\]� 'U2 � � �[�$� -*MPa<¢£ ���¤¥��� ?@��; n�op��$¦m�t�9����?@�<{|'�B�$su2 B�m�`a��?@��� }�7�g��~�u 4q.$� ����i�?@��;��4q.B��Du_U2-� �����������OPQR� ���R �x�§¨=>�?@�©ª<� �[:� 3*MPa��?@�<��Z'U �Fig. 0�2 B�Y��� «¬ =>� ­®.�¯��°�<� ±¬ ?@�<�_�2 OPQR��� =>`a��?@�$ +*j+3k+*j+1m,� =>b�²$ +*j+1k+*j+0m,�;<Z'� =>`a���$stuD$m�?@�<Z.¡¯$�Hm�U�Fig. 0 a�2 ��� n�op�� �%�'�D���?@�� +*j+3m,�� ()�����f�; D_U2 ����R��=>�³e��´=>`a�$ +*j+2 m, �;<Z'� }����=>b��+*j+2k+*j+1 m, �nz����;<Z'U �Fig. 0

b�2

Fig. / Permeability of the fault rocks at the Kamishimizu (a) and the Nakakawachi outcrops (b), plotted against the

e#ective pressure.

µ¶·¸�¹ º»

¼ 54 ¼

� �

Evans et al. �+331� �� �������� ��� ����� ������������� !" �#$�%� �&�'() �*� �+���,-��.�/�(� 0!12%3� ��4+56�'(78�8���9:� -;+.�/<=>"?�@��A��B 0+?�@+�C�� �#$�+?D��% ��E"8�F!GH�8I�J�� ,-��.�/DKL+��% �#$�<�7 ,MGH?+N8.�/%�7OP>"%8Q��E"B �+?�@�� �� �+���#�>"��;87R�A !78" �Lockner et al., +333 ; �S2T� ,***�B UV�W���XY ���+���@� ?�@+�C�� ����Z � �#$��� �[�Z �,-��.�/����+ -;+.�/����� �[�ZD��<�7 +M\,M�]���^_�`78"%8Q ,�a87� Hb+���#+ ��c1!"�C% ��E"B d�� �XY ���+ ����Z+?�� eRf����+g��R��+?hi +MN8I�J>B �j+?k�l >"+�m� �]+�!%�7+n�*o!"+#�� 4p� $qk��+kr�E"B Hs+���#+ ���� ��t+uv%%R%)o!"D4� !� F!1D$q��D1�&>"0%�� �]���^8,-��.�/D4� !"%wx1!"B 0!<�7'xy� z{r�|r�j#�>"( Za87�� %}o!"+4�� o!"+~�������)QhQ�,-��.�/�4� !__� �4�m%�7��+�4�]��}%%R��>"�:� ?+N8,-��.�/�)��8% !78" �Antonellini and Aydin, +33.�B�XY ��m%�7*v]#+|�� +�� ���

�,+����m]%>"�j� ah��-���%>"B UV.1!�q�hi� 0+hQ�n�D) 8���#�>" �+���� ���#+ �% �+���@� ?�@D4� !"0%T1� ��������#+ ��&Z4�% �+�4����Dl /�E`�%wx1!"B

� � �

�012+� �+�%;�E"�XY �+ ,��+���������g��38�?�4g�T1� F!�!+���+ �Z+?k�@� :�B ?+�4�� ¡¢���n��]%�7�n�£¤56�38�B q��� G¥+hQ¦%:1!"B� H§¨ah�#©���+�XY �� �a� �� ; �b� �[�Z ; �c� ����Zhi�� !"� H§¨��a87�� �ª£D 3*MPa+«+u£¬��+ ��+?%�7� �[�Z+­r���� +*®+1\+*®+0 m,� ����Z�� +*®+3

\+*®+1 m,+ID.1!�B ¦���+|�� +*®+3

m,%eR�8?�J��B� #©���a87�� �ª£D 3*MPa+«+u£¬��+ ��+?%�7� �[�Z+­r��� +*®+2\+*®+1 m,� ����Z�� +*®+2 m,

+ID.1!�B� �XY �a87�� ����DeR�8?�J�� �¯+ �[�Z+?DF!hi +M\,M��N_7� �]���^8.�/%�`78"B ����Z+?�� �[�Zhi�°T�8±²DE"D��+?hi� +M��N8I�J��B27�J�� ��+³´µ¶����·�¸8¦`78"+�U¹� ��g�+%f³´+µ¶,

Fig. 0 Variation of permeability at the Kamishimizu (a) and the Nakakawachi outcrops (b) across the Yanagase Fault.

Permeability of each sample at 3*MPa e#ective pressures are plotted against the distance of the sample point across the fault.

�XY �+���@%?�@�r º .1»

¼ 55 ¼

������������������� ������� ������������������� ����� ���� ��� �!"����� ��� � ��� #����� $%� ��������&'���(��� )*� )+����,� -������� ������.� /0���,�/0��1'���� ����2��34�56�� 7�89�!:'���(��� )*; �����

� �

<"#=#=$%&'>? � %!"�@A� ��BCD5EF�GH�� I(J)K#=L*MN>? +<#=,�O-P.Q �/R5ST0���U� V1�W2'���(���� X��YZ��3'��

� �

Antonellini, M. and Aydin, A., +33., E#ect of fault-

ing on fluid flow in porous sandstones : petro-

physical properties. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol.Geol., 12, -//�-11.

Evans, J. P., Forster, C. B. and Goddard, J.V., +331,

Permeability of fault-related rocks, and impli-

cations for hydraulic structure of fault zone.

Jour. Struct. Geol., +3, +-3-�+.*..

Faulkner, D.R. and Rutter, E.H., +332, The gas per-

meability of clay-bearing fault gouge at ,*[,

in Fault. In Jones, G., Fisher, Q. and Knipe, R. J.,eds., Fault Sealing and Fluid Flow in Hydrocar-bon Reservoir., Geol. Soc. Spec. Pub., +.1�+/0.

Fischer, G. J. and Paterson, M. S., +33,, Measure-

ment of permeability and storage capacity in

rocks during deformation at high temperature

and pressure. In Evans, B. and Wong, T. -F.,

eds., Fault mechanics and transport properties ofrocks., Academic Press, +21�,++.

4\] +332 5^6��7 _5^6�� `8�� abc��7d e'�9Ifg���h� +*p.

L*MN ,**, :;f<=7 >?'�ijk��l�m-@nAoBCpfqDrE��s�5^6��tu� @n=vw +*2, /3+�0*/.

x��!"yF +33+ zFG%x��fHIA�{�� +<#=|Jy .-1p.

Kranz, R. L., Saltzman, J. S. and Blacic, J. D., +33*,

Hydraulic di#usivity measurements on labo-

ratory rock samples using an oscillating pore

pressure method. Int. Jour. Rock Mech. Miner.Sci. Geomech.. Abs., ,1, -./�-/,.

}%~K�LMN��N`KN�8� � +333 O�@�@n� @�@n!"�� _/PH +@nAQd @n9I� 1-p.

R ����� =�S V��TU,~ +333 �5�VW�XY��Z[���,�����/0�1� ��@n .*, ,33�-*/.

Lockner, D.A., Naka, H., Tanaka, H., Ito, H., and

Ikeda, R., +333, Permeability and strength of

core samples from the Nojima fault of the +33/

Kobe earthquake. Proceedings of the Interna-tional Workshop on the Nojima Fault Core andBorehole Data Analysis, U. S. Geol. Surv. OpenFile Rep., **�+,3, +.1�+/1.

Mase, C.W. and Smith, L., +321, E#ects of frictional

heating on the thermal, hydrologic, and me-

chanical response of a fault. Jour. Geophys.Res., 3,, 0,.3�0,1,.

��N\�]6�^�$%&' ,*** *_�����rEf`�]ab�cde�Uf��gf� ��@� , -+, /2�0/.

hM ��ij k���N��l�mn +32+ x��9Iof5^6��� ��@n ,,.-,�/+.

Seront, S., Wong, T. -F., Caine, J. S., Forster, C. B.,

Bruhn, R. L. and Fredrich, J. T., +332, Laborato-

ry characterization of hydromechanical prop-

erties of a seismogenic normal fault system.

Jour. Struct. Geol., ,*, 20/�22+.

Sibson, R.H., +31-, Interactions between tempera-

ture and pore-fluid pressure during earth-

quake faulting and a mechanism for partial or

total stress relief. Nature, ,.-, 00�02.

N`KN��pqr�s ����Ktu +33- +33,v5^6�� _w�ex @¡d ¢£¤¥9IfG%x��>¦9I §/-¨� x��!" ++,

+**�+*3.

N`KN��pqr��Ktu +33. +*PH +

5^6fyz��©�¢ª«¬­«¬� @n9I��

�Ktu�N`KN�®{|¯�°±²N}�~�³N�p8´µ +332 5^6��$zx�f¶�]w�ex � #·�¢£¤¥>¦9If�@¸ /+, ,2+�,23.

¹Mº»�� ¼�

f 56 f