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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Office‐Based Laryngology
Sunil Verma, M.D.University Voice and Swallowing Center
Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California, Irvine
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Disclosures
• None
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Learning Objectives
• Describe the evolution of office‐based laryngology
• Recognize disease processes that can be treated in the office.
• Identify methods and tools used to anesthetize the laryngo pharynx.
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Office‐based Laryngology ‐From Cough to Cancer
Sunil Verma, M.D. University Voice and Swallowing CenterDepartment of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Laryngology
• Originated in the office
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Jacob Solis‐Cohen, 1870
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Kirstein, 1897
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Chevalier Jackson , 1915
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Laryngology developments
• Operating microscope
• Instrumentation
• Lasers
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Office‐based procedures
• Vocal fold injection
• Tracheobronchoscopy
• Panendoscopy for cancer
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Technological improvements
• Distal Chip Endoscopy
• Esophagoscopy
• Fiber‐guided lasers
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Combination of these events
• Moving away from the operating room to the office
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Why?
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Risk of anesthesia increases with age
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Direct Laryngoscopy
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Cost of Health Care
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Improved efficiency
• Operating room• Procedure time: 1 hour
• Turnover time: 30 minutes to 1 hour
• Office• Procedure time: 15 – 30 minutes
• Turnover time: 5‐10 minutes
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
So…
• Improved safety
• Improved morbidity for patient
• Improved cost savings
• Improved efficiency
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Office‐based Laryngology
• Laryngoscopy and biopsy
• Bronchoscopy
• Esophagoscopy
• Vocal fold injection
• Laser surgery
The ‘other’ operating room
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Procedures
• Scheduled as 30‐45 minute procedures
• Street clothes
• No IV line
• No sedation
• No monitoring
• Patients drive themselves to and from office
• Return to work the same day
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Conflict
• Physician wants access to protected place:– Pharynx– Larynx– Trachea– Esophagus
• But…protective reflexes are in place:– Gag– Laryngospasm– Cough
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Beware
Pain and anxiety co-influence each other
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
What do we need to do?
• Advanced preparation
• Communication
• Adequate anesthesia
• Communication
• Patient positioning
• Communication
• Proper tools
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Advanced Preparation
• Information sheets given at prior visit
• Same RN or MA if possible
• Consistency of set‐up
• Not for everyone – Medical provider andpatient
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
“The Patient Experience”
• Reduce the unknown
– Introductions
– Environment
• Orientation
• Room lighting
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Reduce the unknown
Chronological expectations
Chronological expectations
• First…
• Then…
– Sensation expectations
• “This is what’s going to happen and this is how it may make you feel”
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Need a balance of anesthesia
NOT ENOUGH TOO MUCH
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
“Too much of a good thing”
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Topical 4% Lidocaine
• Cheap, safe and effective
• Works almost immediately
• 3 Goals – Suppress gag
– Suppress laryngospasm
– Suppress cough
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Endoscopy case study
• 38 year old female c/o shortness of breath
• Mild hoarseness
• Otherwise healthy
• Wheezes with exercise
• Treated for asthma but still symptomatic
• No medical or surgical history
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Physical examination
• Examination is essentially normal
• Inspiratory noisy breathing
• Mirror examination of larynx is normal
• What next?
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Flexible Laryngoscopy
• Likely next step
• May, or may not, give us what we need
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Bronchoscopy
• Typically performed by pulmonolgists
• Can be performed by otolaryngologists
• Tremendous amount of information
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Nebulized Lidocaine
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Nebulizer
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Procedure
• Introduce endoscope
• Suspend above larynx
• Laryngeal gargle– Necessary 0‐5% of the time
• Pass endoscope through larynx
Procedure
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Bronchoscopy
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Office tracheobronchoscopy
• Determine the length of stenosis• Assess the characteristics of stenosis
– Severity (Grade)– Distance from the vocal folds– Quality
• Web‐like vs. thick• Localized versus circumferential• Scar vs. cartilage
– Levels• Single versus multilevel• Relationship to tracheotomy tube
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Other ways of imaging: CT
• Need has decreased with office endoscopy
• Best for cartilaginous vs. membranous stenosis
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Vocal fold injection
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Indications for vocal fold injection
• Augmentation
• Paralysis
• Paresis
• Presbylarynx
• Medication delivery
• Steroid
• Botulinum toxin
• Cidofovir
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Case study
• 54 year old male with 3 months voice change
• Voice sounds “different”
• Runs out of breath and feels “winded”
• Coughs on liquids
• No PMHx
• No Tob/EtOH/PSHx/Intubations
• CN II‐XII intact
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Laryngoscopy and stroboscopy
• INSERT VIDEO HERE
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Work‐up
• Repeat cranial nerve examination
• Cranial nerve X, XI, and XII
• Image path of recurrent laryngeal nerve
• CT or MRI from skull base to aortic arch
• Modified barium swallow study if suspicious
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
How do you manage this?
• Observation
• Voice therapy and swallowing therapy
• Vocal fold injection laryngoplasty
• Thyroplasty
• Recurrent laryngeal nerve reinnervation
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Vocal fold injection laryngoplasty
• Augmentation material
• First described in 1911
• Multiple materials have been tried
• Paraffin
• Collagen
• Teflon
• Gelfoam
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Injection laryngoplasty
• Medialize the vocal fold
• Lateral vocal fold injection
• Add bulk to the vocal fold
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Injection location
Teflon injection
Courey, MS. Injection Laryngoplasty. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 37 (2004) 121-138
Size matters
• Courey, MS. Injection Laryngoplasty. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 37 (2004) 121‐138.
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Timing of injection• As early as possible
• Studies are showing that early injection may lead to better outcomes
• Exception – immediately after extubation
Prendes BL, et al. Long‐term effects of injection laryngoplasty with a temporary agent on voice quality and vocal fold position. Laryngoscope. 2012 Oct;122(10):2227‐33Friedman AD, et. al. Early versus late injection medialization for unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Laryngoscope. 2010 Oct;120(10):2042‐6
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Office or O.R.?
• Initial reports of injections in the office
• Then more commonly performed in the OR
• Now many surgeons perform in the office
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Office Operating room
• Patient awake
• No risk of general anesthesia
• Quick
• Titrate volume
• No ETT in the way
• Cost
• Better control
• No gag reflex to supress
• Supplies bought by OR
• Can inject fat
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Vocal Fold Injection
• Many different techniques
• Slight overcorrection
• 0.6 – 1 cc volume of injectate
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Which agent?
• No good answer
• Calcium hydroxyapatite
• Carboxymethylcellulose
• Micronized dermis
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Transoral injection
• Rigid transoral endoscope
• Halogen (not strobe) light
• One person technique
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Atomizer sprays
• Three sprays
• Each spray 1‐2 seconds each
• Spray # 1: Oral Cavity
• Spray # 2: Tonsillar Pillars
• Spray # 3: Posterior Pharyngeal Wall
Base of tongue
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Oral cavity sprays
• Hand patient tissue before you start
• Warn patient of foul taste
• Give time to swallow between sprays
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Reassure patient beforehand
• “Coughing, tearing, and gagging is normal”
• Lidocaine may make you feel as if:
• You can’t breathe
• You can’t swallow
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Oral anesthesia
• 4% lidocaine via atomizer to oral cavity
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Patient positioning
• Sniffing position
• Holding tongue with 4x4 gauze
• Staring at object
• Eye level of surgeon to patient’s mouth
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Positioning
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Abraham cannula
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
“Batman”
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Laryngeal Gargle
• Three separate 1 cc aliquots of lidocaine
• Abraham cannula
• Sustained /e/
• “Inhale when you run out of breath”
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Final aliquot
• INSERT LARYNGEAL GARGLE VIDEO
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Injection laryngoplasty
• VOCAL FOLD INJECTION VIDEO
Paralysis: Where to inject?
University Voice and Swallowing Center epartment of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery
B
D
C
A
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Depth for augmentation
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Two‐person technique
• Flexible laryngoscope ‐ transnasal
• Injection performed transcutaneously
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Two‐person technique
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
From above
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Thyrohyoid injection
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
From below
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Pointers (learned from pitfalls)
• Adequately anesthetize nose
• Use 1% lidocaine for skin anesthesia
• Insert needle into airway and spray lidocaine
• Channeled endoscope – perform laryngeal gargle
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Tips for assistant
• Holding the endoscope is tiring!
• Conserve your energy
• Stabilize elbows against body
• Get out of the way
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Another approach
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5E2DiYsGhi8
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Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Hoarseness case study
• 21 year old male recently intubated for 5 days
• Bilateral throat discomfort three months later
• Hurts to speak
• Speaks “softly”
• No breathing or swallowing problems
• Refractory to voice rest
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
Delivery of steroids
Fourth Annual ENT for the PA-C | April 24-27, 2014 | Pittsburgh, PA
After steroids