ogp - occupational risk - march 2010

8/12/2019 OGP - Occupational Risk - March 2010

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Risk Assessment Data Directory

Report No. 434 12

March 2010

I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f O i l & G a s P r o d u c e r s

Occupationalrisk


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Publications

Global experience

Te International Association of Oil & Gas Producers has access to a wealth of technicalknowledge and experience with its members operating around the world in many differentterrains. We collate and distil this valuable knowledge for the industry to use as guidelines

for good practice by individual members.

Consistent high quality database and guidelines

Our overall aim is to ensure a consistent approach to training, management and best prac-tice throughout the world.

Te oil and gas exploration and production industry recognises the need to develop consist-ent databases and records in certain fields. Te OGPs members are encouraged to use theguidelines as a starting point for their operations or to supplement their own policies and

regulations which may apply locally.

Internationally recognised source of industry information

Many of our guidelines have been recognised and used by international authorities andsafety and environmental bodies. Requests come from governments and non-governmentorganisations around the world as well as from non-member companies.

Disclaimer

Whilst every eff ort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication,neither the OGP nor any of its members past present or future warrants its accuracy or will, regardlessof its or their negligence, assume liability for any foreseeable or unforeseeable use made thereof, whichliability is hereby excluded. Consequently, such use is at the recipients own risk on the basis that any useby the recipient constitutes agreement to the terms of this disclaimer. e recipient is obliged to inform

any subsequent recipient of such terms.

is document may proide guidance supplemental to the requirements of local legislation. Nothingherein, however, is intended to replace, amend, supersede or otherwise depart om such requirements. Inthe event of any conflict or contradiction between the proisions of this document and local legislation,

applicable laws shall prevail.

Copyright notice

e contents of these pages are e International Association of Oil and Gas Producers. Permission

is given to reproduce this report in whole or in part proided (i) that the copyright of OGP and (ii)the source are acknowledged. All other rights are reserved. Any other use requires the prior written

permission of the OGP.

ese Terms and Conditions shall be goerned by and construed in accordance with the laws of Eng-land and Wales. Disputes arising here om shall be exclusively subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of

England and Wales.


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RADD Occupational risk

OGP

contents

1.0 Scope and Definitions ........................................................... 1 1.1 Application ...................................................................................................... 11.2 Definitions ....................................................................................................... 1

2.0 Summary of Recommended Data............................................ 2 2.1 Fatal Accident Rates....................................................................................... 22.2 Causes of Fatal Accidents ............................................................................. 3

3.0 Guidance on use of data ........................................................ 5 3.1 General validity ............................................................................................... 53.2 Uncertainties ...................................................................................................53.3 Risk calculation for QRA................................................................................ 5

4.0 Review of data sources ......................................................... 5 5.0 Recommended data sources for further information .............. 6 6.0 References ............................................................................ 7 6.1 References for Sections 2.0 to 4.0 ................................................................76.2 References for other data sources................................................................ 7


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1.0 Scope and Definitions1.1 Application

This datasheet presents (Section 2.0) occupational risks in the global E&P (Exploration& Production) industry, for both onshore and offshore facilities.

The occupational risks include transport risks, which are often analysed separately in

QRAs. Some indication is given as to how the occupational risks presented can beadjusted to remove transport risks.

1.2 Definitions

Fatality risks are presented in terms of the FAR (Fatal Accident Rate). This is definedas:

FAR = number of fatalities per 108exposed hours.

Onshore, exposed hours are working hours.

Onshore work [1]: All activities and occupations that take place within a landmass, including those in swamps, rivers and lakes. Activities in bays, major inlandseas, or in other inland seas directly connected to oceans are counted as offshore(see below).

Offshore, exposed hours are sometimes defined (e.g. by OSHA) as offshoreworking hours only (12 hours per day), elsewhere (e.g. Norway) as all hours spentoffshore (24 hours per day). The offshore FAR values presented in Section 2.0 are

for working hours only.

Offshore work [1]: All activities and occupations that take place at sea, including

major inland seas (e.g. Caspian Sea) and other inland seas directly connected withoceans. Includes transportation of people and equipment from shore to theoffshore location either by vessel or helicopter.

Factors are given to modify the overall fatality risks presented for different functions:Exploration, Drilling and Production, defined as follows in [1]:

Exploration: Geophysical, seismographic and geological operations, includingtheir administrative and engineering aspects, construction, maintenance, materials

supply, and transportation of personnel and equipment; excludes drilling.Drilling: All exploration, appraisal and production drilling and workover as well astheir administrative, engineering, construction, materials supply andtransportation aspects. It includes site preparation, rigging up and down and

restoration of the drilling site upon work completion. Drilling includes ALLexploration, appraisal and production drilling.Production: Petroleum and natural gas producing operations, including their

administrative and engineering aspects, minor construction, repairs, maintenanceand servicing, materials supply, and transportation of personnel and equipment. Itcovers all mainstream production operations including wireline. It does not coverproduction drilling and workover.


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2.0 Summary of Recommended DataIt is recommended, wherever possible, to use local operator specific data for

occupational risk (see Section 5.0). Where these are not available, the data presentedbelow can be used.

2.1 Fatal Accident Rates

Table 2.1 presents overall worldwide FAR values by work location (onshore/offshore) forall personnel and separately for company employees and contractors. Note that thesevalues include fatalities due to air and land transport incidents, except where indicated.

Table 2.2 presents modification factors that can be used to factor the values in Table 2.1for different functions: exploration, drilling, production and offshore catering/stewards(but see also Table 2.4 for drilling FAR values). Table 2.3 gives multiplication factors for

different regions of the world that can be applied to the worldwide FAR values given inTable 2.1 to obtain region-specific FAR values. Note that the values presented in Table2.1 and Table 2.3 are based on data published by OGP and the data presented in Table2.4 are based on data published by IADC: see Section 3.1 regarding their validity.

Table 2.1 Overall Worldwide FAR ValuesPersonnel Events AllLocations Onshore Offshore

All* 4.44 4.71 3.56

Excl. AirTransport

4.16 - -All PersonnelExcl. LandTransport

N/A 3.13 N/A

CompanyEmployees All* 2.08 2.24 1.37Contractors All* 5.34 5.74 4.15* See Section 4.0 for definition of All.

These values are given as often air and land transport are analysed separately in a QRA.

No separate values are given for onshore and offshore as the relative contributions to each

cannot be determined from the data.

Table 2.2 Modification Factors for Specific FunctionsModification Factorunction

WorldwideOnshoreOffshoreNorthSeaOffshore

Exploration 1.1 -

Drilling 1.1 1.6

Production 0.7 1.6

OffshoreCatering/Stewards

0.1 0.1


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Table 2.3 Multiplication Factors for Different Regions1(Apply to Table 2.1FAR Values)Personnel Location Africa Asia/Austr-alasia

Europe FSU MiddleEast Nor thmerica SouthmericaOnshore 1.54 0.36 0.71 1.38 0.98 0.74 0.86

Offshore 1.22 0.56 1.05 0.69 0.82 1.52 0.92

All

All 1.49 0.40 0.79 1.42 0.98 0.90 0.88

Onshore 1.19 0.29 0.75 2.14 1.19 0.41 0.64

Offshore 1.00 0.72 2.94 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.00

Company

All 1.17 0.35 1.14 2.25 1.15 0.41 0.55

Onshore 1.46 0.35 0.93 1.28 0.94 0.97 0.82

Offshore 1.17 0.53 0.88 0.68 0.84 1.86 1.10

ContractorAll 1.42 0.39 0.81 1.32 0.95 1.17 0.88

Table 2.4 FAR Values for Personnel Engaged in Drill ing OperationsFAR valuesountry/Region

Onshore Offshore CombinedUSA 16.10 7.30 13.17

Canada 18.68 0.00 12.19

Central / South America 5.53 5.13 5.41

Europe 3.68 2.21 2.45

Africa 7.11 6.06 6.49

Middle East 3.08 5.44 3.69

Asia Pacific 6.53 5.96 6.17

Industry Average - - 7.53

For the UK and Norway Continental Shelfs (offshore), Alberta, Canada (onshore), and

the USA (oil and gas extraction), the following FAR values are available. Note that theseexclude helicopter accidents and are based on 2000 working hours per year.

UKCS: FAR = 3.78 Norway: FAR = 0.94 Alberta: FAR = 8.26 USA: FAR = 11.42

2.2 Causes of Fatal Accidents

Figure 2.1 shows the proportions of fatal accidents due to different causes. They applyto the FAR value in Table 2.1 for all events, all locations (i.e. onshore and offshore).Transport fatalities account for almost 24% of the total. Figure 2.2 shows the causalbreakdown excluding transport (air and vehicle incidents) and unknown causes.

1Note that, as these are ratios of FAR values rather than absolute values, the All values do not

necessarily lie between the corresponding Onshore and Offshore values.


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Figure 2.1 Causes of Fatal Accidents

Figure 2.2 Causes of Fatal Accidents, excluding Transport and Unknown


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3.0 Guidance on use of data3.1 General validity

The occupational risk values given in Table 2.1 and Table 2.3 can be applied to E&Pfacilities worldwide or in the specific regions presented in Table 2.3. However, they arebased on data provided to OGP by OGPs members, and may not be representative in all

geographical areas.

The occupational risk values given in Table 2.4 for personnel engaged in drillingoperations are based on data provided to IADC by IADCs members. If drilling

operations are undertaken by a contractor that is not a member of IADC, the values inTable 2.4 may not be applicable.

3.2 Uncertainties

The data presented in Section 2.0 are in the main based on that obtained by OGP fromits members. OGPs reports [1] do not discuss data quality, i.e. whether the data from

each of the members and the countries where each member operates are subject toconsistent reporting criteria and verification. Discrepancies may also occur in that not

all companies report contractor hours. A further consideration is that the data do notreflect non OGP members and so may not be representative of the industry as a whole.

The overall size of the database, as regards both working hours and fatalities, issufficiently large (see Section 4.0) that the statistical uncertainties associated with the

FAR values in Table 2.1 are small compared to the variations between regions andoperators. Uncertainties are dominated by local variations. Even within geographicallyclose countries, such as within the EU, variations can be large. Hence, as discussed inSection 5.0, it is preferable wherever possible to use local operator specific data.

3.3 Risk calculation for QRA

In QRAs, risks are frequently calculated and presented in terms of Individual Risk PerAnnum (IRPA). FAR values therefore need to be converted to IRPA values using actualwork pattern data. For example:

Working 2000 hours per year:

Offshore, as personnel are exposed to risk whilst off shift and in the TR, their risksare sometimes presented on the basis of 24 hours per day exposure whilst offshore.

In this case, the contributions from the on shift and off shift FAR values need to besummed. The off shift FAR value for all workers can be estimated by applying thefactor given in Table 2.2 for catering/stewards to the appropriate FAR value in Table2.1.

4.0 Review of data sourcesThe principal source of the data presented in Section 2.0 is the data published by OGP[1] for the period 2002-6. During this period, the worldwide FAR has been roughlyconstant, and significantly lower than in the 1990s. It is therefore believed that it isreasonably representative of current occupational risks. The data for the individual

years (both exposure and fatalities) have been summed over the 5-year period tocalculate the FAR values given in Section 2.1.


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The database from which the OGP reports [1] are drawn contains records of incidentsresulting in 532 fatalities over 12 !109working hours during that period. Fatalities dueto all causes are included, including vehicle incidents and air transport as well as being

struck, explosion/burn, electrical, drowning, falls, and caught between.

Fatality rate data are available going back to 1997, facilitating trend analysis. In the

most recent report, the data have been contributed by 41 companies representingactivities in 84 countries. Data quality is not discussed in the OGP reports and hence

judgment as to its completeness cannot be presented here. However, from a review ofother potential sources and bearing in mind that activities of OGP members extend

worldwide, this is believed to be the most comprehensive source.

To determine the modification factors by function for the North Sea (Table 2.2), morelocal sources [2],[3],[4] were compared and approximate averages taken. The same

value for offshore catering/stewards is also suggested for Worldwide use; the otherfactors in Modification Factors for Specific Functions come from the OGP data.

The United Kingdom and Norway Continental Shelf FAR values are given in [5]. Theyare for the period 2001 to the first half of 2007. The Alberta FAR can be calculated from

data given in [6]. The USA oil and gas extraction FAR was calculated from data given in[7]: these data give fatalities per 100,000 employees and it is necessary to make an

assumption about annual working hours per employee: for consistency with the OGPdata, 2000 hours were assumed.

5.0 Recommended data sources for further informationLost time injury frequencies (LTIFs) for specific countries are given in the OGP reports[1], however there is no breakdown by company/contractor, onshore/offshore orfunction. It might be thought that the FAR/LTIF ratio could be used as a surrogate eitherto obtain country specific FAR values or to obtain a more detailed breakdown of LTIF

values. However, a review of the data shows a wide variation in that ratio such that thiswould be an unreliable approach.

Country specific data are available from some statutory authorities (see Section 6.2 forreferences and URLs):

UK

Norway

Denmark

Netherlands

USA

Canada

As most operators maintain incident databases (data from which have been gatheredinto the OGP database [1]), it may be preferable to use operator specific data. However,if these have not been analysed in a form suitable for QRA, the values presented in

Section 2.0 can be used. In any case, these should be used as to validate any operatorspecific risks calculated.


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6.0 References6.1 References for Sections 2.0 to 4.0

[1] OGP, 2007. Safety performance indicators 2006 data, Report No. 391. Also corres-ponding reports for 2001-2005 data. http://www.ogp.org.uk/Publications/index.asp.

[2] Spouge et al., 1999. A Guide to Quantitative Risk Assessment for Offshore Installations,

App. XIV, ISBN 1 870553 365, Publication 99/100, Centre for Marine and PetroleumTechnology (CMPT). Now available from the Energy Institute:

http://www.energyinst.org.uk/index.cfm?PageID=5.[3] DNV, 2000. Occupational Risks for Workers on Offshore Installations, Revision 0, report

for BP Amoco, DNV Order No. 30400100.[4] BP, 2003. Occupational Risk for Offshore Workers, Rev 0, BP Report No. D/UTG/051/03.[5] Petroleum Safety Authority Norway, 2008. Risk Levels in the petroleum industry

Summary Report Norwegian Continental Shelf 2007, Ptil-08-03:http://www.ptil.no/getfile.php/PDF/Summary_rep_2008.pdf.

[6] Alberta Employment, Immigration and Industry, 2007. Lost-Time Claims, DisablingInjury Claims and Claim Rates, Upstream Oil and Gas Industries 2002 to 2006.

http://employment.alberta.ca/documents/WHS/WHS-PUB_oid_2006_oil_and_gas.pdf[7] Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI):http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/CFOI_Rates_2006.pdf. Previous years reports can

be found at: http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoil.htm.

6.2 References for other data sources

UKhttp://www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/statistics/hsr0607.pdf(2006/7; earlier years alsoavailable)

Norway[5] above: follow link to The Trends in Risk Levels report 2006; summary report inEnglish; the full report is only in Norwegian, available via the following link:

http://www.ptil.no/nyheter/risikonivaaet-2007-god-utvikling-men-flere-alvorlige-hendelser-article4466-24.html

Denmarkhttp://www.ens.dk/graphics/Publikationer/Olie_Gas_UK/Oil_and_Gas_Production_in_Denmark_2006/html/chapter05.htm

Netherlandshttp://www.sodm.nl/data/jvs/jvs2006_eng.pdf: see Appendix F.

USAhttp://www.mms.gov/incidents/IncidentStatisticsSummaries.htm#2006-2010 : presentation ofinform-ation lacks exposure data. Also available to purchase: API - Survey onPetroleum Industry Occupational Injury and Illness Report:http://www.api.org/ehs/health/measuring/index.cfm


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ogp - occupational risk - march 2010

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