olszewski and baxterâ€™s cytoarchitecture of the human brainstem

Olszewski and Baxter’s

Cytoarchitecture of theHuman BrainstemEditors

J.A. Büttner-EnneverA.K.E. Horn

3rd, revised and extended edition

A new comprehensive edition of a standard work, detailing and illustrating the

organization, structure, function and connectivity

of all individual brainstem nuclei

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3rd, revised

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‘It is an extremely valuable reference book that no medical library or neurological department can aff ord to be without’. JAMA 1955;57(2):199

Olszewski and Baxter’s Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brainstem 3rd, revised and extended editionEditors: Büttner-Ennever, J.A.; Horn, A.K.E. (Munich)XII + 290 p., 604 fi g., 1 tab., 2014CHF 350.– / EUR 292.– / USD 412.00 (hard cover)Prices subject to changeEUR price for Germany, USD price for USA and Latin America onlyISBN 978–3–318–02367–1

Size of the book: 240 � 333 mm/9,4'�13,11'

Fields of Interest: Neurobiology, Neurology, Neuroanatomy, Neuropathology, Neuroradiology, Neurosurgery as well as Anatomy, Cell Biology, Cytology, Physiology

The new revised and extended edition of this standard work retains all the original and unique low- and high-power photographs which document the organization of the human brainstem as well as the individual character of the neurons of each nucleus. Many structural diff erences are described in neu-ronal groups, indicating as yet unrecognized functional diff erences. Further-more, unique details of the neuronal organization and cytoarchitecture are featured, providing clues to the functional properties of the cell groups and stimulating research projects.

Nomenclature and nuclear borders have been updated, in addition the text now contains new sections presenting an up-to-date summary of the functional neuroanatomy of each nucleus.

For neuroscientists and neurologists this atlas provides an invaluable and com-plete source of reference for both their scientifi c research and everyday clinical practice. Neuropathologists, neuroradiologists, neuropsychologists, neurosur-geons, physiologists and physicians will fi nd the combination of low-power brainstem imaging with cytological, physiological and neuroanatomical data highly relevant. In addition, the atlas off ers researchers in other disciplines the opportunity to discover new correlations between structure and function, out-lining new functional regions in the brainstem.

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Olszewski and Baxter’s

Cytoarchitecture of theHuman BrainstemEditors

J.A. Büttner-EnneverA.K.E. Horn

3rd, revised and extended edition

Main Contents

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Alphabetical List of Nuclei, Abbreviations and Original Names

Plates of Serial Sections through the Human Brainstem

Chapters of Individual Nuclei

Sensory Systems Somatosensory Nuclei Trigeminal Complex Vestibular Nuclei Auditory Nuclei Visual Nuclei Viscerosensory NucleiMotor Systems Somatomotor Nuclei Oculomotor Complex Visceromotor Nucleus

Reticular Formation

Neuromodulatory Systems Serotonergic Nuclei Noradrenergic Nuclei Cholinergic Nuclei Dopaminergic Nuclei

Limbic Nuclei

Precerebellar Nuclei

Nuclei of Unknown Function

Subject Index

18 Olszewski and Baxter’s Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brainstem

Sensory nuclei

III

IV

MoV

VI

VII

Motor nuclei

X

XII

XI

MesV

PrV

SpV

Cochlearnucleus

Ambiguus n.

NIV

Solitarynucleus

Mesencephalon

Pons

Vestibular nuclei

Medulla oblongata

Plate 4

Plate 10

Plate 16

Plate 22

Plate 28

Plate 34

Plate 42

Pineal body

Fig. 1. Organization of the brainstem. A schematic drawing of the dorsal aspect (cerebellum removed) to show the general organization of the brainstem cranial nuclei and the reticular formation (cross-hatching). It indicates the main subdivisions of the brainstem – the medulla oblongata, the pons and the mesencephalon – and shows their relationship to the cranial nerve nuclei in humans and the conventional nomenclature. The sensory cranial nerve nuclei are indicated on the left side and the motor nuclei on the right side; the reticular

formation is shown on the left side only. The subsequent plates illustrating these nuclei are indicated by arrows. Abbreviations: III = oculomotor nucleus; IV = trochlear nucleus; MesV = mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus; MoV = motor trigeminal nucleus; NIV = trochlear nerve; PrV = principal sensory trigeminal nucleus; SpV = spinal trigeminal nucleus; VI = abducens nucleus; VII = facial nucleus; X = dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve; XI = supraspinal nucleus and spinal accessory nucleus; XII = hypoglossal nucleus.

Organization of the Brainstem Nuclei

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at this level will cause defi cits in these functions. This detailed, up-to-date and classical description of the brain-stem will be highly useful as an atlas to identify brain structures and their function by neuroscientists or clini-cians, but in addition it is a standard reference for neu-rologists, radiologists pathologists, and neurosurgeons dealing with detailed analyses of pathological material.

This semischematic section of the brainstem shows the organization of nuclei and neural pathways in the caudal pons of the human. Neighboring structures usually serve very diff erent functions, such as coordination of posture or movements of the body, pain control, attention, sac-cadic eye movements, sense of balance, micturition, light touch or directional hearing, and damage to the brain

The most comprehensive atlas of the human brainstem to date...


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A detailed photomicrograph accompanies each overview (e.g. plate 22) showing a key part of the region. In these photos the characteristic patterns of neurons in each nu-cleus are evident, and an additional text describes their functions and connections. In plate 23 the abducens nu-cleus (VI) lies centrally, and its rootlets stream through the reticular nucleus (nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, NRPC) below, which coordinates the detailed activity of the abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons for horizontal conjugate eye movements. Medially lies the

nucleus raphe interpositus (RIP), which triggers saccadic eye movements, whereas laterally several limbically con-trolled networks of neurons can be found in the parvo-cellular reticular nucleus (PCR) that generate basic move-ments like blinking, chewing and salivation. Ventrally, and adjacent to the medial lemniscus, another reticular nucleus (the gigantocellular nucleus, Gi) is evident, with subdivisions that modulate pain processing in the spinal cord, or participate in coordinating body posture.

... describing the organization of all individual brainstem nuclei.

Plates of Serial Sections through the Human Brainstem 41

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Plate 22. Semischematic representation of cross-section 1401. Plate 23. Photomicrograph of cross-section 1401. Magnification !40.

Abbreviations: DLPN Dorsolateral pontine nuclei Pontine nuclei, possible subgroups Gi Gigantocellular nucleus LL Lateral lemniscus LSO Lateral superior olivary nucleus LVN Lateral vestibular nucleus MCP Medial cerebellar peduncle ML Medial lemniscus MLF Medial longitudinal fascicle

MSO Medial superior olivary nucleus NRPC Nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis NVI Abducens nerve NVII Facial nerve PCR Parvocellular reticular nucleus PN Pontine nuclei POC Periolivary complex PrV Principal trigeminal nucleus PT Pyramidal tract

RIP Nucleus raphe interpositus SEL Subependymal layer SG Supragenual nucleus SubCv Nucleus subcoeruleus, ventral part SVN Superior vestibular nucleus TSpV Spinal trigeminal tract VI Abducens nucleus

Plate 23

The illustrations of this atlas provide both an overview and detailed descriptions of the complex organization of the rostral brainstem. Its cell groups are associated with high-ly diverse functions. The most dorsal part, or superior col-liculus (SC), controls the visual-grasp refl ex; it overlies the periaqueductal gray (PAG) – the most caudal part of thelimbic or ‘emotional brain’, which is an area associated with the control of basic survival behaviors, such as pain control, vocalization, reproductive activities and drinking. Later-ally lie auditory relay nuclei, and medially the oculomo-tor complex for eye movements and pupillary control.

The dopaminergic, ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) is defi ned with its associated nuclei, enabling functions such as attention, reward, drug abuse and motivation to be correlated with anatomical regions. In addition the text describes experimental studies on several nuclei, like the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW), the interstitial nucle-us of Cajal (INC), the red nucleus (RN) and the substantia nigra (SN) which can provide an insight into neural disor-ders such as Alzheimer disease, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), ataxia or intention tremors and Parkinson’s disease.

The only atlas with both low- and high-powered photographic documentation of the complete human brainstem.


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What this publication off ers

• The introduction serves as a concise, up-to-date treatise on the role of thereticular formation, explaining both historical and current concepts of its function

• Uniquely combines both low- and high-powered photographic documenta-tion of the complete human brainstem, whereby low-magnifi cation plates show the overall organization and name each individual region or nucleus, while the accompanying high-magnifi cation photos document in superb detail the diff erent features of each individual nucleus which characterize and identify it

• As the only atlas of the human brainstem available containing full descrip-tions of organization, function and connectivity of more than 100 individual nuclei, it also comprises state-of-the-art summaries of the current knowledge on each nucleus including a comprehensive reference list; it has alomost be-come a lexicon of the human brain stem. Other aspects of the brainstem such as eff ects of lesions and immunochemical properties are also covered


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Short BiographyGeorge (Jerzy) Olszewski by J.A. Büttner-Ennever

George (Jerzy) Olszewski (1913–1964) trained as a neurologist in Vilnius, at that time Poland, and in spite of World War II obtained an invitation to work with the internationally acclaimed brain research experts Oskar and Cécile Vogt, in the Black Forest, Germany. The Vogts’ research focused on the new idea that cytoarchitectural diff erences in the brain may refl ect functional diff erences. This project had already proved successful through the mapping of the cerebral cortex by their student Korbinian Brodmann. They now encouraged Olszewski to subdivide the reticular formation of the brainstem on cytoarchitectural grounds. Olszewski’s aptitude for microscopy and neuroanatomy was clearly evident, but in the face of the drastic post-war conditions in Germany he reluctantly sought a post in Canada and with the help of Wilder Penfi eld miraculously obtained a job at the Montreal Neurological Institute, and later in the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery at McGill University. To complete his original neuroanatomical research project, Olszewski realized he must defi ne many unmapped regions of the brainstem, and not only the subdivisions of the reticular formation. With the help of Donald Baxter, a young postgraduate at the Institute, the classical atlas Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brainstem was prepared and published. It became the most defi nitive and widely used atlas of the human brainstem. In 1956 Olszewski established the Department of Neuropathology at the newly created medical school of the University of Saskatchewan, and soon after accepted the chair of Neuropathology at Toronto University. He was a well-loved colleague and teacher, and became widely known to neurologists through his description of progressive supranuclear palsy (the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome). He died unexpectedly of a heart attack at the age of 50.

Short BiographyDonald W. Baxter by J.A. Büttner-Ennever

Donald W. Baxter (1926–2012) graduated in Medicine from Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, in 1951. He met George Olszewski at the Montreal Neurological Institute (Neuroanatomy) during his postgraduate training and made a signifi cant contribution to the atlas Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brainstem, which became a standard work in the fi eld of neurology and brain research. Dr. Baxter joined the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery at the University of Saskatchewan, then after a short term in the USA was recruited to the Montreal General Hospital as Director of the Division of Neurology (1962), which he successfully developed and expanded over the next 15 years. In 1979, he became Chairman of the McGill Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Neurologist-in-Chief, then fi nally Director, at the Montreal Neurological Institute.

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