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The Rise of American Imperialism1840-1860

Manifest Destiny

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qrjg9ulR-xo&sns=fb&noredirect=1

What is the definition of “imperialism”?

Merriam-Webster:“The policy, practice, or advocacy of extending

the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas.”

Imperialism

Term coined in 1844 by John O’Sullivan

Millions of Americans in the 1840s & 50s believed that God chose Americans to control the Western Hemisphere Felt their “divine mission” was to spread democratic

institutions from "sea to shining sea." Land greed and idealism joined into a potent mix for

expansion

Began in the 1830s with Jackson & Van Buren removing the Indians from the southeast to Oklahoma.

“Manifest Destiny”

John Gast, “American Progress”

Texas (1845)

Oregon (1846)

Mexican War (1846-1848)California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada territory

Gadsen Purchase (1853)Completed Southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico

http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US09-01.html

Four waves of expansion:

Mexico had refused to recognize Texas independence since 1836. Threatened war if U.S. should try annexationTexas feared Mexico’s larger and superior military

forces Texas became the leading issue in the 1844

campaign (Polk v. Clay) Opponents feared expansion of slavery into a new

regionSoutherners strongly supported annexation of

Texas as it would add another slave state to the UnionPolk won the election

Texas Joins the Union

In 1845, President Tyler got a joint resolution in Congress for annexationRequired only majority vs. 2/3 support of

Senate for treaty

Texas became part of the U.S. by the time Polk took the oath of office in March, 1845 Mexico claimed the U.S. had unjustly taken

Texas and refused to recognize the annexation

Texas Joins the Union

One of the most successful one-term presidents in U.S. historyReduced the TariffRestablished the Independent Treasury

SystemAcquisition of CaliforniaSettlement of the Oregon dispute

Strong proponent of Jacksonian ideals (his supporters called him “Young Hickory”)

Polk was a slave-owner his entire life and owned plantations in Tennessee and Mississippi

President James Polk

American migration flowed into the Oregon region (south of the Columbia River)

Oregon Trail (1840’s): flood of pioneers with came to Oregon on a trail blazed by Jedediah Smith. 2,000 mile trail began at Independence, Missouri or

Council Bluffs, IowaBy 1846, 5,000 U.S. settlers lived south of Columbia

River; British had only 700 people living north of riverBritain was concerned about large U.S. migration

into the region A disputed area existed between the Columbia River

and the 49th parallel—compromise of the 49th parallel was initially refused by Britain

Oregon

Britain was concerned about large U.S. migration into the region A disputed area existed between the Columbia River

and the 49th parallelPolk abandoned the campaign pledge of a 54˚40’

boundarySome Democrats had advocated "54˚40’or fight!“Didn't want to tip north-south political balance with

new additional northern states.Southerners, happy with Texas annexation and the

election, accepted the 49th parallel.Early in 1846, Britain agreed to the 49th parallel as

the new Oregon border between the U.S. and Canada

Oregon: “54˚40’or fight!“

U.S. received Oregon territory south of the 49th parallel

War with Mexico influenced many senators to seek a quick end to the dispute

Northwestern states were angry that southerners got all of Texas but the U.S. did not get all of Oregon.

Oregon Treaty (1846)

Polk sought to buy California from MexicoMexico not interested as they were still angry

concerning Texas’ annexation California was seen as gateway to the PacificTexas’ annexation issue caused Mexico to sever

diplomatic relations with U.S. Boundary dispute

Original boundary was the northerly Nueces River; Texans claimed the Rio Grande to the South

Polk honored the Rio Grande as Texas’ boundaryMexico less concerned over boundary, wanted Texas

back

Mexican War (1846-1848)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb.2, 1848)Provisions:

U.S. gained California, and modern-day NM, AZ, UT & NV -- Mexico thus lost one-half of its territory

U.S. agreed to pay $15 million and assumed claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico of $3,250,000

Guaranteed male citizens in Mexican Cession liberty and property

Treaty approved by the Senate 38-14 despite bitter debateWhigs disapproved of war & even threatened to cut off

supplies to U.S. forces in MexicoExpansionists in South clamored for all of MexicoCalhoun pushed for the treaty immediately before significant

opposition mounted.

Mexican War (1846-1848)

Most significantly, the slavery issue was ignited: would slavery exist in the new territories? In a broad sense, Mexican War contributed to the Civil War Abolitionists saw the Mexican War as conspiracy of southern

slave ownersWilmot Proviso, 1848 (proposed law; did not pass Congress)

David Wilmot proposed a law that slavery should never exist in any of the territory gained from Mexico

Twice passed the House but not the Senate; endorsed by all but one free state

Southerners resented Northern attempts to prevent the expansion of slavery

U.S. territory increased by 1/3 (including Texas); bigger than the Louisiana Territory purchased in 1803

U.S. forces became experienced in war; this would affect the scope of the Civil War

Results of Mexican War

U.S. sought a transcontinental railroad to connect California and Oregon to the rest of the countrySea routes from the east coast were impractical and left

the west coast militarily vulnerableIssue in Congress: should the future transcontinental

railroad route run through the North or South? Too costly to build two railroads simultaneouslyRailroad would provide enormous benefits to the region

receiving itSouthern route partly below the Mexican border would

provide a way around the Rocky mountainsU.S. purchased Mesilla Valley (in Southern New

Mexico and Arizona) from Santa Anna for $10 million

The Gadsen Purchase (1853)

South now had the advantage regarding the railroadProposed route ran through states or organized

territory unlike Nebraska in the North; Rocky Mountains were far lower on the southern route

North rushed to organize Nebraska territory but Southerners blocked it

After the Gadsden Purchase (1854) the U.S. border below Canada and above Mexico was completeLast territory acquired in the continental

United States

Gadsen Purchase Results

Pg 352Pg 493-502

Readings 11/15