Opening Science

ISBN: 331900025X

The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing

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Sönke Bartling & Sascha Friesike

Towards Another Scientific RevolutionSönke Bartling, Sascha Friesike

Time

Cost

to p

ublis

h

Writingsystem

Papyrus

Printingpress

Scientific journals

Internet

Today‘s legacy gap

Second scientificrevolution

First scientificrevolution

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€€

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ay

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esu

lts

Posi

tive r

esu

lts

Neg

ati

ve r

esu

ltsAssessment phase Create phase Publication phase

Lost ideas Lost knowledge Unpublished results

Micro blogs, wiki updates, online discussions, abstracts, blog posts, papers …

Micro blogs, wiki updates, online discussions, abstracts, blog posts, papers …

Abstracts, papers, ...

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7

Open science / knowledge

Publication Patent from Latin publicatio “making public”

/ publicare “make public”from Latin patentum “open, lying open”

Blogging andMicroblogging

Open AccessOutlets

Open Data

Novel copyright concepts

ReferenceManagement

Dynamic Publication

Formats

Altmetrics

Social Networking

UniqueResearcher

ID

Wikis

Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought

Benedikt Fecher, Sascha Friesike

Open Science

Infrastructure School

Assumption: Efficient research depends on the available tools and applications.Goal: Creating openly available platforms, tools and services for scientists.Keywords: Collaboration platforms and tools

Public School

Assumption: Science needs to be made accessible to the public.Goal: Making science accessible for citizens.Keywords: Citizen Science, Science PR, Science Blogging

Democratic School

Assumption: The access to knowledge is unequally distributed.Goal: Making knowledge freely available for everyone.Keywords: Open access, intellectual property rights, Open data, Open code

Measurement School

Assumption: Scientific contributions today need alternative impact measurements.Goal: Developing an alternative metric system for scientific impact.Keywords: Altmetrics, peer review, citation, impact factors

Pragmatic School

Assumption: Knowledge-creation could be more efficient if scientists worked together.Goal: Making the process of knowledge creation more efficient and goal oriented.Keywords: Wisdom of the crowds, network effects, Open Data, Open Code

Open Science

Democratic School

Public School

Infrastructure School

Measurement School

Open Access

Open Data

Citizen Science

Scientific Communication

Pragmatic School

Grid Computing

DataRepositories

Altmetrics

Webometrics

Wisdom of the Crowds

Collective Intelligence

Science Caught Flat-footed: How Academia Struggles with Open Science

CommunicationAlexander Gerber

Scientists working at a university or government laboratory

Scientists working at industriallaboratory

Medicaldoctors

Environmental protectionassociations

Consumer organizations

Televisionjournalists

Newspaperjournalists

Governmentrepresentatives

Writers andintellectuals

Politicians

Industry

The military

2010 EU27 2005 EU27

63 %

52 %

32 %

28 %

26 %

23 %

24 %

21 %

23 %

16 %

20 %

32 %

11 %

16 %

25 %

6 %

6 %

10 %

6 %

5 %

2 %

2 %

6 %

6 %

EU27

Germany

Science and technology can sort out any problem

Open Science and the Three Cultures: Expanding Open Science to All Domains

of Knowledge CreationMichelle Sidler

Publicationspeed and

types

Ownershipand access

Data typeand use

Authorshipand attribution

Sci

ence

sH

um

anit

ies

• Speed is paramount• Publication timeline is in days or weeks• Most publications are digital articles

• Access to journal articles is most important• Most publications are proprietary and expensive (profit-bearing)• Access is necessary for rapid discovery

• Mostly numerical• Derived from computation or laboratories• Re-use is computational

• Multi-authored articles• Citation metrics• Journal Impact Factor is paramount

• Breadth and depth is more important than speed• Publication timeline is in months or years• The primary publication is print books (fewer articles)

• Access to books is most important• Most publications are proprietary and less expensive (non-profit)• Access to research is usually not time-sensitive

• Mostly textual or visual• Derived from creative, scholarly, or historical works• Re-use is critical/ analytical

• Single-author monographs• Few citation metrics• Reputation of press is paramount

Reference ManagementMartin Fenner, Kaja Scheliga, Sönke Bartling

Search

Mendele

y

Zote

ro

Cit

eU

Like

Jabre

f

End

Note

RefW

ork

s

Pap

ers

PubMedScopus

Web of ScienceBookmarklet

WindowsMac

LinuxMobile

WWWPDF files

Public foldersAPI

Extract metadataFull-text search

PDF viewerFile organizer

Microsoft WordOpen Office

LaTexEdit styles

Store

Share

Read

Write

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Open Access: A State of the ArtDagmar Sitek and Roland Bertelmann

Prior toreview, default insome fieldsonly

Accessibleto everyone,CC-license,reusepossible

Mostly notfinal version,after peer-review, restrictions

SubmittingAuthor

Preprint

OpenAccessJournal

Subscription basedJournal

No qualityassurance

Golden RoadOpen Access

Green RoadOpen Access

Toll AccessClosed Access

Read onlywith paidsubscription,any reuserights

Preprint ServerOpen Access(e.g. arXiv)

Pri

mary

pu

blicati

on

Secon

dary

pu

blicati

on

Pri

mary

pu

blicati

on

Peerreview

Peerreview

All rightstransferred

to thepublisher

Any reuserights

A lot of publishersallow selfarchivingPostprint

All rightsstay

with theauthor

Articleprocessing

charges

Decides based on scientific

criteria, after checking

patent issues

Dynamic Publication Formats and Collaborative Authoring

Lambert Heller, Ronald The, Sönke Bartling

Time

On topic XYZ On topic XYZ On topic XYZ

....

On topic XYZ

Scholarly publications today

Dynamic scholarly publications

....

On topic XYZ

....

On topic XYZ

....

On topic ABC

On topic UVW

Abstract / Talk

Paper

Review

Book

Completeness / Audience /

Maturity

Timeliness / Promptness

Letter

Abstract / talk

Paper

Review

Book

Microblog

Status update

Comment/blog

Wiki update

Letter

Completeness / Audience / Maturity

Timeliness / Promptness

Gate

Work

ing

vers

ion

s

Publication

Review Review

Publication

Pu

blish

ed

vers

ion

s

Author

Peer Peer

AuthorAuthor

Author

Author

AuthorAuthor

…

Time

“Pull” request

Transclusion

Forking

Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing in the Sciences

Thomas Schildhauer, Hilger Voss

Specification

Com

ple

xit

y

Question &answers

Wisdom of the crowd

Customersuggestions

Brainstormingsessions

Ideachallenges

Findingexperts

Human tasks/cloud labor

Creativity/design

Solving specificproblems

Frequency (X) / Number of attachments per node (Y)