openSAP Helping Business Thrive in a Circular Economy Week 2 Unit 1

00:00:06 Hello, and welcome to week two of the openSAP course on the Circular Economy.

00:00:11 I'm Darren West, and I am the Business Development Director for the Circular Economy. It's great to see you again.

00:00:16 So, last week we had our introduction week to the circular economy.

00:00:20 You heard about the problems of the linear economy and the major themes of the circular economy.

00:00:25 You were also introduced to some topics like designing out waste. This week, you will get to know the so-called circular butterfly,

00:00:33 and you will learn how the principles of the circular economy can tackle the issues that we raised about the linear economy last time.

00:00:41 And now, I'm going to hand over to my colleague, Natasha Pergl, who will explain this unit.

00:00:46 Hello and welcome to week two, unit one of this openSAP Circular Economy course.

00:00:52 I'm the Natasha Pergl, I'm Global Circular Economy Lead at SAP.

00:00:56 In this unit, we will be covering the circular economy butterfly.

00:01:01 You've been introduced to the concept of the circular economy and how it contrasts

00:01:04 to the wasteful take, make, dispose approach of the linear economy. You also learned that it's essential to keep resources

00:01:11 at their highest value for each cycle with minimal or no waste.

00:01:16 You've also learned that this is the way natural systems have successfully evolved for millions of years.

00:01:21 So-called waste becomes food for another part of the natural ecosystem. We're also going to show you a way

00:01:28 that all of this can be summarized in one image. This image brings to life,

00:01:33 the fundamental principles of the circular economy. It's been nicknamed the butterfly diagram

00:01:39 and was developed by The Ellen MacArthur Foundation. This summarizes what the circular economy is all about.

00:01:45 Ellen MacArthur are an important partner of SAP in enabling business to transition to a circular economy.

00:01:51 You can find out more information about the work that they do, including their circular design toolkit,

00:01:56 design guides, and case studies using the link below. This is the circular economy butterfly.

00:02:04 You'll notice that this is separated into two halves or cycles, which represent two flows of materials.

00:02:09 Biological, shown in green on the left, and technical, shown in blue on the right.

00:02:14 Both sides represent the continuous flow of technical and biological materials through valley circles.

00:02:21 At the top of the diagram, you have the nutrient inputs, energy and materials.

00:02:26 In the middle, you have the spine which represents the linear economic model.

00:02:31 For the rest of this unit, I will go a little deeper into each part, and by the end, you should understand

00:02:35 how all these different parts will fit together. So let's start with the middle of the diagram.

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00:02:42 At the top, you can see the materials and energy input. This represents the starting point for developing the parts

00:02:48 for our TVs, our washing machines, furniture, and food. In the circular economy, energy inputs should be based on renewables

00:02:56 that do not pollute the environment or add to GHG emissions. Material inputs where possible

00:03:02 should be from sustainable sources, or parts that have been designed to be kept in use through several use cycles.

00:03:10 For example, a manufacturer purchases some parts to be put together into new products,

00:03:15 but also with a view to being able to keep those products in use for multiple cycles without ending up on landfill site.

00:03:23 These products then go to a service provider or a retailer to be sold, or in a circular business model,

00:03:28 more likely leased to the customer. However, manufacturers don't usually have control

00:03:34 over materials when they leave the factory gates in traditional linear models.

00:03:39 In contrast with a circular business model. This means the manufacturer has more ownership over products

00:03:45 and can lease products as a service. Finally, at the bottom of this diagram,

00:03:50 there needs to be the capability to collect the materials, to be kept in productive use and systems

00:03:56 to mitigate any waste and polluting leakage into the environment. So we've seen that the circular economy

00:04:02 consciously uses inputs that are renewable, and materials and parts that are designed to be reused again and again.

00:04:09 Each part of the value chain has a significant role to play. Now let's move on to the technical and biological cycles shown in the diagram.

00:04:19 We'll look at the technical cycle first, shown here in blue on the right.

00:04:24 Technical materials are things made by humans, like metals, plastics, and synthetic chemicals.

00:04:30 They cannot re-enter the environment, and must continuously cycle through the system

00:04:35 so the value can be captured or recaptured. Let's illustrate this by taking the example of a washing machine.

00:04:42 What would this look like in a circular economy world? The raw materials will have been ethically sourced

00:04:47 with renewable energy used in the parts production. The parts go to the manufacturer

00:04:52 who have designed the washing machine to be kept at its highest potential value for as long as possible.

00:04:58 And then the service provider has leased the washing machine to you. You use it for many years,

00:05:03 and then when you're done with it, there are several options to prevent the older machine going to landfill.

00:05:09 You can see these possibilities in the blue loops on the right. For example, the item could be shared,

00:05:16 perhaps not so easy for a washing machine, but think of a drill or a car.

00:05:21 Another option is leasing the product, and this leased item could be maintained

00:05:25 to prevent problems and lengthen its life. In the washing machine case, you don't buy it,

00:05:31 but you lease it, and it comes with a service contract. At the end of use with one consumer,

00:05:36 the item could be redistributed and leased into a secondary market.

00:05:41 Another option, if some parts of wearing out, the item could be re-manufactured and upgraded.

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00:05:47 This happens today with many industrial or larger capital goods like x-ray machines or jet engines.

00:05:53 And finally, the outer loop, the item could be recycled so the individual components could be reused,

00:06:00 avoiding the use of virgin materials. However, recycling uses more energy than maintenance or reuse.

00:06:07 You'll also notice that the loops are looping back to different players in the value network.

00:06:12 We will talk more about these loops in the next unit. Let's move our attention to the biological cycles,

00:06:20 shown on the left in green. Biological materials are materials

00:06:25 that can safely re-enter the natural world once they've gone through one or more use cycles

00:06:30 where they'll biodegrade over time and return embedded nutrients back into the environment.

00:06:35 At the bottom left of the diagram, you can see a set of loops described as cascades.

00:06:41 This describes the principle that biological materials should be reused

00:06:45 at the highest level of value as often as possible. Then they are returned to the natural environment

00:06:51 in a way that restores the natural world. A classic example is timber,

00:06:56 which in its primary form can be used for building or furniture.

00:07:00 The byproducts like bark, branches, and so on, can be used in other products,

00:07:04 such as wood-based panels and packaging. The cascade comes as primary uses of the wood products

00:07:10 give way to secondary uses. In the butterfly diagram, you can see other examples

00:07:16 of how biological materials can be enhanced before they end up back in the natural environment.

00:07:21 For example, biomass, which is plant or animal material, can be used as fuel

00:07:26 to produce electricity or heat. So let's summarize.

00:07:31 This system diagram, nicknamed the butterfly diagram, captures the essence of a circular economy.

00:07:36 It tries to capture the flow of materials, nutrients, and products. So we've covered an overall description,

00:07:42 but what's meant by all these different loops? This will be covered in the next unit, so see you there.

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Week 2 Unit 2

00:00:05 Welcome to week two, unit two, of this openSAP Circular Economy course.

00:00:10 I'm Natasha Pergl, I'm global Circular Economy lead at SAP.

00:00:14 In the last unit, I introduced the butterfly diagram.

00:00:17 In this unit, we'll look at all the different loops and explore if all those loops are equal.

00:00:21 And we'll provide you with some more examples. In this unit, I will focus mainly on the loops

00:00:27 on the right-hand side, which are the technical loops.

00:00:29 We'll learn why there are different loops and their relationship to the value of materials

00:00:33 and products retained in each cycle. In a circular economy,

00:00:37 it's really important to retain this value. We'll look a little more into the biological loops, later in the course,

00:00:43 but for now, let's try to understand the technical loops more deeply. We'll also look at how successful they are

00:00:49 at retaining the value of materials. The inner loops retain more value than the outer loops,

00:00:55 but with things like recycling, you're left with only material value,

00:00:58 all other energy is lost through the process. We have various loops in the circular economy,

00:01:05 which you look at from outside in. Please note that each loop relates back

00:01:09 to a different actor in the value chain. Let's start with the outermost loop, top right, and work in.

00:01:17 So first we have recycle, where materials are captured for reuse,

00:01:20 going back to the parts manufacturer. Refurbish or remanufacture,

00:01:25 where older and non-functioning products are returned to the product manufacturer to be made like new or even better.

00:01:33 Then we have reuse or redistribute, where a component or product,

00:01:37 which is no longer needed is made available to someone who does need it.

00:01:42 Then we have maintain or prolonging, where a service provider ensures

00:01:46 that products are available to be used and keeps responsibility of maintaining them from user to user.

00:01:52 And finally share, where people can choose to share the products that they own.

00:01:57 But we still need to answer the question of whether all loops have an equal circular impact.

00:02:02 So does it really matter which loop you choose to follow when building a strategy for implementing a circular economy in your business?

00:02:10 You'll see that some loops implement circular principles in a less resource-intensive way.

00:02:15 What all loops have in common is the fact that they work on the basis of feedback,

00:02:18 with the goal of retaining value. But where do the differences lie?

00:02:23 Why are the loops positioned in the diagram from inner to outer?

00:02:26 It's certainly not by accident. Let's start by looking at the most outer loop, recycling.

00:02:33 I'm sure that we all try to recycle as much of our waste as possible.

00:02:37 However, this is often referred to the loop of last resort. If you think back to the goal of the circular economy,

00:02:44 it's about being able to retain value, but where does that value come from?

00:02:49 Of course, some of the value sits in the raw materials, but also in the design of the product,

00:02:53 the energy inputs, and labor. Once a product is recycled into its separate parts,

00:02:58 all that value is lost. You're only left with the raw materials.

00:03:03 Another consideration when recycling is that the new use of those materials

00:03:07 will typically be downcycled. That is, their value is reduced through each successive loop.

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00:03:13 We want to reduce this value leakage, or at least ensure that the final materials can go back to the environment,

00:03:20 causing no damage. Then new design, new energy, and new labor have

00:03:25 to be used to turn the raw materials into a new product. Certainly recycling is a good circular approach,

00:03:32 but it is one that needs to be carefully evaluated against the other loops

00:03:35 to identify whether it's actually the best approach. Now, let's go further inside the loops.

00:03:41 Perhaps now we have the option to refurbish or remanufacture the product. The materials retain the labor and design value of the product with a few upgrades and fixes.

00:03:52 If we look at refurbishing or remanufacturing, the product hasn't been taken apart for its raw materials,

00:03:57 it just needs to be tested. Then, any faulty parts can be swapped out

00:04:02 before adding a new warranty and being resold. You'll see this in many industries,

00:04:06 such as automotive or electronics. In everyday life,

00:04:10 you might be offered an as-new camera or phone, which was sold but sent back.

00:04:15 It's not difficult to see in this case that much more of the original value

00:04:19 of the product has been retained and less energy is required to keep the product in use.

00:04:25 I think you've probably got the idea now, that each successive loop retains more value

00:04:29 than the previous one. So let's move further inward.

00:04:33 Maintaining and prolonging products that might end up in landfill requires a relatively small input to maintain them in use.

00:04:41 And finally, sharing requires almost no work at all on the product, except perhaps a clean,

00:04:46 and, of course, some kind of platform or app to share products. So here's a summary of the key points.

00:04:54 Now we've spent time looking at the right-hand side of the butterfly diagram,

00:04:57 focusing on the technical cycles and how to retain value within those different loops.

00:05:02 In the next unit, we're going to look at the left- hand side, the biological side of the butterfly diagram.

00:05:07 We give an example from farming, with an interview with the UK organic producer, Riverford.

00:05:12 Thank you for listening, and we'll see you in the next unit.

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Week 2 Unit 3

00:00:05 Hello again, it's me Darren West, I'm the business development director

00:00:08 for the Circular Economy at SAP. So welcome to week two unit three

00:00:13 of the openSAP course on the Circular Economy. This unit, we're going to look at the biological loops.

00:00:20 So first of all, we'll quickly recap on the biological loops in the butterfly diagram

00:00:24 that we heard about earlier, and then we'll go to an interview

00:00:28 with a company called Riverford, where we examine what measures organic farmers take

00:00:33 to reduce the burden on the environment and how we regenerate the environment.

00:00:37 So just to remind you from unit one this week, the biological loops are the left-hand side of the butterfly diagram.

00:00:45 Here, we aim to return materials to the environment through loops and cascades.

00:00:51 Let's see how the circular economy theory actually works in practice.

00:00:55 So we're going to listen to an interview with Michael Jordan.

00:00:59 You may remember him from his week one unit where he was collecting trash.

00:01:05 And he meets Edward Scott, and Edward is the assistant harvest manager at Riverford.

00:01:11 Riverford is an organic farm in the UK and they do an organic vegetable box delivery.

00:01:19 So, over to the video. Hi Ed, thank you so much for joining us

00:01:26 and giving us the benefit of your insight and experience doing agriculture at Riverford.

00:01:32 Mutual. I'd like to ask you, to start off with,

00:01:35 how do you replace the nutrients that are taken from the soil just by the act of growing vegetables?

00:01:42 Well, we work a rotation, being organic, because obviously we can't top up those nutrients

00:01:48 with artificial fertilizers, things like that. So we work a five-year rotation on our farm,

00:01:56 and that means we'll grow veg in a field for two years and then we'll spend three years rebuilding the fertility.

00:02:03 And we'll do that by several different methods. We'll plant it with various plants, so things like clovers,

00:02:10 which take nitrogen out of the atmosphere and fix it in the soil and we'll have cattle grazing on it, things like that.

00:02:18 So we'll slowly build up that nutrient base again. And then just before we plant,

00:02:23 we'll also put some manure on top. So Ed, what is the best way to preserve soil health?

00:02:31 I mean the best way is actually not to go into the field. 80% of the damage you do to a soil structure

00:02:38 comes the first time that you go into a field with a tractor. So yeah, the best thing is to grow walnuts, or acorns and yeah, and, you know, not do that.

00:02:48 But other than that it's a matter of looking after it. So we use things like we use a lot of tracked vehicles,

00:02:53 which are very similar to a tank basically in principle, and you're spreading that weight over the field,

00:03:00 and that really helps things. We'll do a risk assessment of our fields actually

00:03:05 and look at them and which are most susceptible to problems, and we'll tailor our cropping program accordingly.

00:03:12 And then I guess, I suppose the other thing that we have looked at is there something called minimum, or no till,

00:03:19 and that's where you're going into a field very rarely and you're not actually plowing it,

00:03:25 you're planting on top of things like that. For us, that doesn't work at the moment

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00:03:30 just because of the broad variety of vegetables that we grow. It's more suited for specific crops

00:03:36 and also for colder climates, because really you want a nice hard frost

00:03:41 to sort of kill that cover crop off. So that doesn't work for us at the moment, but we're still looking at it.

00:03:45 So all sorts of things you can do that help. So basically for a layman like me is don't compress it,

00:03:50 don't dig it up, and let it frost. Is that a fair description?

00:03:54 Yeah, do as little as you can. Right, that sounds good.

00:03:57 Okay, as a layman, a novice in this whole area I would imagine that doing everything,

00:04:04 growing everything organically means you'd have a lot of problems with pests and disease.

00:04:09 How do you deal with that in your environment, growing things organically?

00:04:13 Well, I mean it is an issue obviously, but it's not actually as bad as you think.

00:04:16 I mean, if you've got a healthy ecosystem, so if you've got hedgerows that are buzzing with insect life and things like that,

00:04:24 you'll actually have insects in the hedgerows that will naturally come in and predate on your pest species.

00:04:32 So things like, you'll have parasitic wasps and hoverflies, which will come in and eat aphids.

00:04:38 There does tend to be a bit of a lag with that. So in the spring there tends to be a bit of a lag

00:04:43 so some of our more precious crops, so things like in our polytunnels

00:04:48 where we've got tomatoes and cucumbers, which are more high value,

00:04:51 we will actually introduce early on in the season some beneficial insects to help do that.

00:04:57 And then you're trying to deter them. So we'll put things like kites up,

00:05:00 which are good for scaring pigeons off because they look like birds of prey.

00:05:05 We'll put electric fences round to deter the rabbits. But it tends to be,

00:05:10 you'll have problems on the margins of the field. So on a field scale, it might be the edges of the field that get damaged a little bit,

00:05:17 but the heart of it tends to be pretty good. But yes, it's obviously harder

00:05:23 when you can't spray with chemicals, but we're able to do it.

00:05:26 Are there any cases that you have to compromise, or are you quite strict about making sure

00:05:32 that everything is organic and your approaches avoid all insecticides and pesticides?

00:05:37 Are there any compromises that you just, you need to allow? Well we're part of the Soil Association

00:05:47 and so we work to a set number of standards. And one of the rules is you cannot use artificial pesticides.

00:05:53 So if we did, we wouldn't be an organic farm anymore. We couldn't sell our vegetables as organic.

00:05:58 So we don't do that at all. I mean, there are a limited number of things

00:06:02 that you can put on to spray. So there's things, I mean, there's just simple things

00:06:07 like a seaweed spray is good for leaf health, so that will help the plant fight off pests and disease.

00:06:14 Soapy water's another one that's relatively good for aphids. There are some things that you can apply for permission to use.

00:06:22 So there is something called pyrethrum, which is an insecticide,

00:06:27 but that's plant-based so it's actually comes from extract of chrysanthemum, in fact.

00:06:33 So it's 100% natural and we can use that. We still don't like to, because it is still a pesticide.

00:06:39 So you will get rid of the bad insects, but you are getting rid of the good insects at the same time.

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00:06:45 So those are those sorts of things are very strictly controlled. But yeah, basically we can't do it, so we don't do it.

00:06:51 Okay, that's fascinating. Within the context of this course,

00:06:54 we're talking about the nature of waste, often technology waste e-waste, and how you design out waste.

00:07:01 Do you have a problem with food waste, with all the food, the vegetables and fruit that you grow

00:07:07 and if so, how do you handle that, how do you deal with that, or prevented in the first place?

00:07:11 Yeah, I mean it can't be a real issue, the food industry with food waste, from farm right to the end-user,

00:07:19 and anything you can do to minimize that is great. One of the best things that we're able to do is

00:07:25 because we're basically a closed system, so we grow vegetables and we deliver them.

00:07:31 We'll box them up, pack them up, and deliver them to a customer. So we don't have any of that wastage where you're dealing with middlemen or third parties.

00:07:41 Supermarkets are a good example. And supermarkets tend to have very strict specifications

00:07:46 on the size and shape of vegetables that they want. So anything that comes out of that you can't sell.

00:07:52 But with us, because we're organic and our customers are more understanding,

00:07:56 so effectively you can get away with more. And so long as we're communicating with them regularly

00:08:02 and saying, this is why you've got a small courgette, or a big potato, then people are very understanding of that.

00:08:08 So that eliminates a huge amount. What we will also do is

00:08:15 inevitably there's some sort of food waste anyway, or such stuff that isn't good enough for the customer.

00:08:20 So we ourselves, we've got quite a nice little system where, we call it grayed out,

00:08:25 if it's not good enough for the customer, it goes into a little room and anyone on the farm who's working here can go

00:08:31 and go through it and pick it up for themselves. So we effectively get a whole load of free veg.

00:08:36 It might be a very bruised apple that you've got to cut half of this off, but you still got half a good apple.

00:08:42 And then again, after that, we work very closely with the dairy farm.

00:08:47 So if there's anything excess, that could go off to the cattle for booster feed.

00:08:53 And anything that they can't eat, so things like onions, you can't give to a dairy cow,

00:08:58 because it'll taint the milk, but that'll go on to our compost heap

00:09:01 and the following year it'll go back onto the fields. So we don't actually,

00:09:05 I mean, there'll be some waste in the system somewhere, but there's very little.

00:09:09 Right, that's great to hear. My last question, I noticed that you don't grow everything yourself,

00:09:15 that you source some fruit and veg from other places and indeed, I think if I understood right, some other countries.

00:09:21 So what's the story with that? How do you handle that?

00:09:23 How do you ensure that your standards are reflected there and deal with transport problems,

00:09:27 all those kind of questions that people looking to normally buy local would be asking? Yeah, it is a tricky one.

00:09:34 And basically it's by building up really close relations with the people that grow veg for us.

00:09:42 So we will import stuff. I mean, there's obvious things like, you know,

00:09:45 bananas and oranges that you can't grow in the UK anyway. So we'll get those.

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00:09:50 And then we'll also, we call it stretching the shoulders of the season. So at the beginning of the season,

00:09:57 we might get some stuff in from Italy, some lettuce from them say,

00:10:02 before our lettuce starts. And again, towards the end of the season.

00:10:06 And we work with growers who we've been working with for years and years.

00:10:10 So there's a couple of growers in Spain who've been growing tomatoes for us

00:10:15 and spinach for us for 15, 20 years or more. And it's working with like-minded growers

00:10:21 and building up those relations. And also we don't believe that the customer is always right.

00:10:28 So there are a lot of cases where convenience comes out over your green credentials, I suppose.

00:10:36 And we've taken the decision, that actually just because we can source something 12 months a year

00:10:42 doesn't necessarily mean we do. A good example of that is actually quite recently,

00:10:47 we've made the decision to stop buying New Zealand apples. So, because the distance of shipping them halfway around the world

00:10:57 just seems ridiculous in terms of carbon footprint. And it does mean that at certain times of the year

00:11:04 our apples will be slightly thin on the ground and we might not be offering them out every week.

00:11:12 So it's that really. But yeah, the heart of it is building good relations

00:11:15 and working with like-minded growers. Right, Ed, that was fascinating.

00:11:19 That was a very interesting insight into how you're working. And it lines up very nicely with the circular economy approaches.

00:11:27 Thanks very much, Ed, for joining us and giving us your expertise. No trouble at all, glad to help.

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Week 2 Unit 4

00:00:05 Hello, and welcome to week two, unit four of the SAP Circular Economy course.

00:00:10 My name is Jim Sullivan, and I'm heading up the Circular Economy program here at SAP.

00:00:15 Last unit we looked at regenerating the environment with some examples from organic farmers at Riverford.

00:00:21 In this unit we're going to look at changing how we think about waste. We should be thinking about it as a resource that has value.

00:00:28 We'll look at how so-called waste is growing. What is recycled, what is not.

00:00:33 Some facts and figures around waste for the various materials. Then we'll examine what would be the value

00:00:38 of the so-called waste if we could instead use it as raw material to use for future products.

00:00:45 During my lifetime, global population has more than doubled, and this has led to increased demand for resources.

00:00:50 In fact, demand for resources grew significantly faster than the global population.

00:00:56 As we mentioned in unit one, according to the Circularity Gap Report,

00:01:00 only 8.6 percent of the world's resources are recycled. And the trend is only getting worse.

00:01:06 At this pace, some commentators say, we only have about 50 years of certain raw materials left,

00:01:12 and we're currently running out of planetary resources. We need to rethink how business views waste and this value creation.

00:01:21 This information has spurred protests, environmental movements,

00:01:25 such as Earth Day started in the 1970s, which was celebrated in April this year.

00:01:31 Where events are organized worldwide to promote issues of environment and eliminating waste.

00:01:39 If we turn a deep down dive to a plastic waste, to a particular problem for our oceans,

00:01:45 this type of waste is expected to triple by 2040. And as we've seen from the disturbing statistic

00:01:52 from our partners at the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, if it continues there will be a point

00:01:58 where there's more plastic than fish in the ocean. And this can't be dealt with just through recycling initiatives

00:02:04 and the outer loops of the butterfly diagram you heard. We really need to take a more systemic approach,

00:02:10 and it will need to be a combination of refusing unnecessary single use materials,

00:02:15 reducing other materials, designing out problematic plastics, reuse models, and recycling

00:02:22 is a holistic solution that will address this issue. If we look at electronics, the story is very similar.

00:02:30 According to various studies, the number of connected devices in North America

00:02:33 is more than 10 per person. That's laptops, phones, gaming consoles, cell phones.

00:02:39 Think about how much gold, copper, and rare earth metals are tied up there as well.

00:02:44 Now, let's drill into those materials. My former agency, EPA, did a number of studies.

00:02:51 But one is really looking at why should we mind fresh ore from the earth,

00:02:55 which is increasingly harder, more costly, there are human rights issues, when we can mine our existing waste streams.

00:03:02 An interesting fact is one ton of circuit boards contains 40 to 800 times more gold

00:03:07 and 30 to 40 more times more copper than one ton of mined ore.

00:03:12 So it really makes good sense that we look to our waste streams for value. And what is considered waste clearly has value here.

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00:03:21 Let's then turn to the fashion industry. The fashion industry is particularly wasteful.

00:03:27 According to Boston Consulting Group, by 2030 global apparel consumption is projected to rise by 63%.

00:03:34 From 62 million tons today to 102 million tons, equivalent to more than 500 billion additional t-shirts.

00:03:42 You'll see on the slide that we make 20 garments each year for everyone on earth. And it's worth noting that Americans consume

00:03:49 nearly 20 billion garments a year, equivalent to 62 pieces of clothing each.

00:03:56 And so what can we do to make this more circular? Making a single cotton t-shirt requires over 700 gallons of water,

00:04:04 whereas using a pre-existing t-shirt to make something new requires nearly no water. In addition, upcycling can divert some of the 85% of textile waste that ends up in landfills.

00:04:16 So what we should be doing is really thinking about how to reuse the materials we have. We now want to turn to how much value is there being ignored or thrown away?

00:04:26 As you would expect, a lot. So let's start with packaging.

00:04:31 The global plastic packaging market is nearly half a trillion dollars,

00:04:35 and we know that very little plastic is currently reused or recycled.

00:04:39 The percentages vary greatly from country to country and even state to state. So what can we do about this?

00:04:46 The best mantra is, of course, reduce, reuse, recycle. Through good design we should be reducing waste

00:04:52 and designing out problematic materials at the design phase. However, given the relentless growth in material use,

00:04:58 the plastic issue's not going away any time soon. So we also need to start valuing plastic as a material

00:05:05 that can be reused and recycled. We know in some regions like California in the US,

00:05:11 in the EU, in the UK there are laws coming in around minimum recycled content in plastic packaging.

00:05:17 And these laws typically start at about 30%, but over time increased to 50% and beyond.

00:05:23 So this begins to level the playing field. It means that recycled plastic has value

00:05:28 and companies will begin to seek it out and want to use it in many more cases.

00:05:35 So turning from plastics to electronic devices, what about the millions and billions of these

00:05:40 that are thrown away each year? E-waste is the fastest growing waste stream

00:05:45 and is projected to double in 16 years, according to the UN.

00:05:50 And we can see that only 17% of this waste stream is currently recycled. The value of e-waste thrown away in the U.S. alone

00:05:57 is $7.5 billion in 2019. And that's about a quarter of the global total.

00:06:03 So if we do the math, it's right, we throw away electronic and electrical materials

00:06:09 worth about $32 billion every year into landfills. Similar story in fashion,

00:06:16 I've put some interesting facts about the value and growth of this market on the slide, but really a key takeaway here is,

00:06:22 according to our partners at the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, there's a lost value there of $500 billion

00:06:29 that we could tap into through more circular business processes for the fashion industry.

00:06:37 So I thought I'd end up with a bit of a lighthearted example. However hard you might think this is,

00:06:43 it's even possible. So did you know that you can even recycle jumbo jets?

00:06:48 The engines are the first thing to come off a plane after it arrives, they're tested and they can even be fitted into another plane.

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00:06:55 They can be stripped down further for parts that can be returned to manufacturers to be repaired.

00:07:00 And it's interesting to note that you get more money for parts from some of these engines

00:07:05 rather than reselling the engine as a whole. The parts of a plane that can be taken off for reuse

00:07:10 are beyond engines, items such as the flight deck instruments,

00:07:14 the black box recorders, air conditioning, flying controls, landing gear, flaps, spoilers, and so on.

00:07:21 Cabin interiors, even, doors and windows. These parts must undergo stringent checks

00:07:26 and be given a certificate of airworthiness before they can be reused on a working aircraft.

00:07:31 So every part, right down to the nuts and bolts, has accompanying details and traceability

00:07:37 that details everything about its history. And these documents are kept for nine years after a plane itself is destroyed.

00:07:46 The last thing to go is the landing gear leaving just the metal fuselage,

00:07:51 which then can be crunched up into the metal parts using industrial machines.

00:07:57 These are then taken off to specialist recyclers who identify and handle the metals according to the material type,

00:08:04 whether it's aluminum, copper, or steel. So a couple of other interesting things,

00:08:11 what else you can do with an old plane. The Dutch Ministry of Defence is using it for security testing.

00:08:18 They test exactly what amount of explosives are needed to blow the doors off a 747, for example, without injuring passengers.

00:08:28 Doors from an Indian Airlines A320 go to a training company in Spain,

00:08:33 which allows flight attendants to practice removing them, throwing them out, to allow testing and training for emergency escapes.

00:08:43 The rear section of another Airbus is sliced off and sold to British Airways, allowing its baggage handlers a practice ground

00:08:50 for loading luggage more effectively and efficiently into the hold. And one pilot brought a complete flight deck of a veteran BAC 111

00:09:00 to install in his home as a bar proving there's plenty of uses

00:09:03 for these planes long after they stopped taking to the skies. So this just goes to show there's value in every material,

00:09:10 you just have to search and you have to find it. And thank you, that's the end of this unit.

00:09:15 Thanks for listening. There are links to further reading in the slides that you can download.

00:09:20 In the next unit you'll meet Stephanie Benedetto, who has made a business out of what we've just talked about.

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Week 2 Unit 5

00:00:05 Hey everyone. My name is Stephanie Benedetto and I'm the Queen of Raw.

00:00:10 I'm really excited to be with you today to be going through week two, The Circular Butterfly,

00:00:16 unit five, Secondary Waste Markets, which is clearly a topic that is very near and dear and close to my heart.

00:00:25 Just as a recap, last unit you looked at waste as a resource and waste as value with Jim Sullivan.

00:00:32 And he explained how the principle of circular economy really ties to nature. Ideally, there is no waste at the end of the day, right?

00:00:40 And any leftover materials get reused and become the food and inputs to go back into the circular flow of materials.

00:00:50 Queen of Raw does exactly that with fabric and I'm excited to be here to show you how.

00:00:57 So to give you an overview of what we're going to be talking about in this unit,

00:01:01 we are going to discuss how fabric waste affects climate, people, and planet,. The value of identifying and monetizing unused inventory today.

00:01:14 Leveraging tools like blockchain and machine learning AI, in order to be able to centralize and track and trace all this information

00:01:22 to minimize waste streams going forward. Automating data collection,

00:01:27 which is really important in sustainability and storytelling. And how technology is used to save money and benefit the environment.

00:01:37 So without further ado, let's just jump right into it. Fabric, it's everywhere.

00:01:44 It's your clothing, the material on your chair, the inside of the car, the carpet under your feet.

00:01:50 So it's clearly where it's supposed to be, right? Covering things like us.

00:01:56 But guess what? It's also where it's not supposed to be.

00:02:01 Every single year, $120 billion, with a B, worth of unused fabric just sits in warehouses

00:02:09 collecting dust or being burned or sent to landfill. And this supply chain waste matters now more than ever.

00:02:17 We are currently experiencing a crisis of supply, more unused inventory than ever before

00:02:24 because of all those closed stores, canceled orders, missed seasons and collections.

00:02:30 And based on this image, you might think we're just talking about scraps off a cutting room floor. But for some of our enterprise customers,

00:02:38 this waste inventory is so big it actually represents up to 15% of their bottom line in just one year.

00:02:48 And I like to say that volume, right, waste is not just environmentally irresponsible,

00:02:54 this is a CFO issue. Clearly all that wasted fabric is destroying business's pockets.

00:03:01 But it's also destroying your drinking water. This image shows a river in China running red

00:03:07 because of contamination from textile dyeing alone. In fact, by some accounts,

00:03:13 textile production is the number two polluter in the world of clean water globally. One t-shirt takes an average 700 gallons of water to produce it,

00:03:23 and another 700 gallons of water to wash it in it's lifetime. That's actually enough clean water for two people to drink around the world for three years.

00:03:31 And that's just one shirt. Over two billion shirts are sold around the world every single year.

00:03:37 So, I don't like to harp too much on the scary statistics, because I like to talk about the actions that we can take to solve this.

00:03:44 But let me just put it into perspective. If we continue with the current pace of textile production,

00:03:49 by 2025 two thirds of the entire world's population will face shortages of fresh water

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00:03:57 and be exposed to hazardous chemicals from textile production alone.

00:04:01 And I mention that because it's important to realize we're not talking about 100 years from now,

00:04:05 we're not talking about 50 years from now, we're talking about today and on our shores.

00:04:10 And I actually know about this problem because my family has been in the fabric business for over 100 years.

00:04:16 In 1896, my great-grandfather came over on a ship from Austria.

00:04:20 He landed at Ellis Island and he settled into the Lower East Side of New York.

00:04:24 And he was an immigrant chasing the American dream, and he had to make a living for his family.

00:04:28 So what did he do? He found materials and supplies nearby,

00:04:32 old fabrics and furs and things that immigrants had brought over on the ships with them

00:04:36 but they weren't using anymore. And he would repurpose them by hand with minimal waste

00:04:42 and minimal toxins, because his bottom dollar depended on it. And he sold the most beautiful fashion garments to local customers.

00:04:49 And it was an incredibly profitable, successful business. Many of his fur coats and jackets, I still wear today,

00:04:56 100 plus years later. And I grew up hearing the stories from him

00:05:00 of the old-school ways of doing business. And of course, he didn't talk about it as sustainability

00:05:05 but at the end of the day, that's very much what it was. And so, today's supply chains are clearly much more

00:05:11 complicated than in my great-grandfather's day, right? Hundreds of steps across the globe, metric tons of water,

00:05:19 chemicals, crops, and oil are used in the process. But our vision with Queen of Raw is

00:05:25 how can we use technology to get back to the way my great-grandfather did business,

00:05:29 which made sense for people, for planet, but also for profit? So we've talked about the problem.

00:05:37 Now let's talk a little bit about how we solve this. How do we bring this waste back to life?

00:05:43 We started Queen of Raw in 2018 as a global marketplace. So anyone, from a student maker, crafter, or quilter

00:05:51 to the biggest brands and retailers in the world could buy and sell their unused textiles,

00:05:57 keep them out of landfill, and turn what would be pollution into profit. And we make it quick and easy and cost- effective

00:06:04 for our community to be able to participate. We take care of everything from payment processing

00:06:09 to fully automated international shipping logistics. So, this is important because it enables textile buyers

00:06:17 to quickly and easily find what you need, when you need it, at a discount,

00:06:22 located away from areas impacted by disruption. And textile sellers obviously benefit

00:06:27 from all of the excess revenue and all the automated data collection

00:06:33 that we are capturing for them on their business and sustainability metrics.

00:06:37 You know, I think there's been this myth for so long that sustainability has to cost you more money to participate.

00:06:44 And the beauty of identifying your waste and monetizing your waste today

00:06:49 is that you can actually save and make money while doing good.

00:06:54 And then with the money that you generate by selling this waste, you can actually put it back into doing other good work in your supply chain.

00:07:01 You can pay your workers more. You can use innovative, sustainable materials.

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00:07:05 You can adopt technology innovations. And do all that without your overall CapEx expenditure increasing.

00:07:13 So this means you can not only survive today but truly thrive tomorrow.

00:07:18 Now, marketplaces for circular economy are great, right? They give you a platform and a place to monetize waste and keep it out of landfill.

00:07:27 But if you think about it, that's just kind of slapping a bandaid

00:07:30 on the problem, right? You have waste, go and sell it in this marketplace.

00:07:34 So where we have grown into and where I see value beyond just a marketplace is how do you actually get to the root of the problem?

00:07:41 How do you figure out, for the biggest corporations in the world, why do you have all this waste in the first place?

00:07:47 And how can you intelligently minimize that waste going forward? So, we built the solution, right?

00:07:54 Powerful software that lives behind Queen of Raw that allows our enterprise customers to quickly and easily

00:08:00 find all this unused inventory in the supply chain, automatically bringing into Queen of Raw's marketplace,

00:08:06 and over time capture all the important data that allows them to minimize that waste going forward.

00:08:13 Now, at this point, you might be asking yourself, well, that sounds great and all but is it actually scalable?

00:08:20 Can we automate this and do it across those complex supply chains

00:08:23 for the biggest companies in the world? What about the amount of time and resources

00:08:28 that go into all of that? So the idea is that we make this process quick, easy, and cost-effective,

00:08:36 but that we do it at scale. And now with our enterprise customers,

00:08:40 we're actually able to, leveraging our SAP integration, quickly and easily find all that unused inventory,

00:08:47 wherever it sits across your supply chain, and bring it directly into Queen of Raw with the click of a button.

00:08:54 And that takes an onboarding process from months to minutes.

00:08:59 And as items are bought or sold across Queen of Raw's marketplace, you're able to quickly and easily send all that information

00:09:05 back to your inventory management system so that everything is kept in sync in real time.

00:09:11 And I think this is especially important as we look towards the future supply chain,

00:09:17 which is clearly one that is going to be more on demand, more local, more sustainable, and more digital.

00:09:23 And I believe this is how we get there. I think it's critical for businesses

00:09:28 be able to capture the right data. But they also need to be able to analyze it and act on it immediately.

00:09:35 And then you need to be able to share that information confidently with the public, with their end consumers, and with their stakeholders,

00:09:41 so people actually know about all the good work that they're doing.

00:09:45 And I feel like there are a lot of large companies doing good work but they're not talking about it.

00:09:49 They don't have the tools at their fingertips to be able to communicate it articulately

00:09:53 and to do it with confidence with the report to back it up. Why? Because they're afraid.

00:09:58 If you make a mistake or you say something that was based on faulty information,

00:10:03 you're worried about the damage that could cause to your reputation,

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00:10:06 in the press or with your end consumers. But now, thanks to tools like blockchain

00:10:12 and machine learning AI, we are able to capture large volumes of data

00:10:17 and we're able to have integrity to the data and the journey and the history of these products

00:10:23 through their supply chain. And that is the record and the proof

00:10:27 to know who said what when? Why did I have this waste?

00:10:31 What is it made of? Where does it come from?

00:10:34 What sustainability certifications or testing reports are ascribed to that product?

00:10:39 And ultimately, who does it go to? And then continue that journey down chain

00:10:43 to know what happens to it at end of life. And that is really important.

00:10:47 We, as a company, have spent a lot of time with the United Nations and MIT

00:10:51 working on our impact metrics. And we do quantify the amount of water, the toxins,

00:10:56 the carbon emissions, and the dollars saved by the actions that you take,

00:11:00 that you can then communicate with your stakeholders and with your end consumers.

00:11:04 And we, as a company, have already saved well over a billion gallons of water

00:11:09 and we're just getting started. And I say that not just because I'm proud of the work that we've done

00:11:14 but also to know that the actions you take can have a massive impact on the world.

00:11:20 That's actually enough clean water for 1.4 million people to drink around the world for three years.

00:11:26 And so I hope to bring some inspiration that the future is yours, it's powerful, it's possible,

00:11:33 and let's build great things that are going to change the world. We're going to show you now a snippet of a video

00:11:39 that Queen of Raw did in partnership with SAP to kind of animate and bring to life a little bit more of what we're just talking about.

00:11:46 So check it out here. One t-shirt takes an average 700 gallons of water to produce it,

00:11:55 and another 700 gallons of water to wash it in its lifetime, and 1/3 of a pound of chemicals.

00:12:00 That's one shirt. Over two billion shirts are sold around the world every single year.

00:12:08 We invented this new material that really hit a note in the market early on when innovation in textiles and sustainability was just getting talked about.

00:12:17 And as we were building that business, it was doing really well

00:12:21 but we were still manufacturing something new. And I would go to all these factories and mills

00:12:26 and warehouses around the world, and I'd see all this perfectly good stuff.

00:12:31 All this fabric sitting there just wasted that was going to be burned or sent to landfill

00:12:37 and it didn't make sense to me here. Here they were wanting to buy a sustainable new material

00:12:41 but there's all this perfectly good stuff. When we started quantifying it and looking at it,

00:12:47 especially for the big brands and retailers, we realized that every single year,

00:12:51 there's about $120 billion worth of unused fabric that gets wasted. We looked at that number and we said, this is powerful,

00:12:59 there's huge opportunity here and we can do better. All of this supply was out there

00:13:06 sitting in those warehouses but knowing how you get it quickly and easily digitized on the Web

00:13:11 and then be able to match it intelligently to buyers around the world, that was going to be the challenge.

00:13:17 And a big part of that was going to be able to integrate into those businesses inventory management systems.

00:13:23 So that we could find right away all of that unused stuff, bring all of that information automatically into Queen of Raw,

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00:13:30 and then be able to match it to buyers around the world. We've actually linked this QR code

00:13:38 to that unique identifier for that product, so it can be used across our software as well.

00:13:42 So that individuals have access to all the details, data, the whole story of the actual product itself as well.

00:13:49 The farmer who sheared the sheep, the mill that process the actual cotton itself,

00:13:54 customs transport. We have the same power

00:13:58 that multi-billion dollar corporations had a couple decades ago. And that just really makes such a difference,

00:14:04 that a small group can grow into a large flourishing business.

00:14:08 And I think that's just amazing and that has really changed the game.

00:14:12 We've actually been able, to date, to save well over a billion gallons of water, while saving these enterprise customers millions of dollars in the process.

00:14:21 This waste has value. And for some of our enterprise customers,

00:14:25 by selling their waste across our platform, we've actually been able to help them save up to 15%

00:14:31 of their bottom line in just one year. And at that volume,

00:14:36 waste isn't just environmentally irresponsible, it becomes a CFO issue.

00:14:41 Did you even know I could do like this? I have a five-year-old named Jacob

00:14:47 and I have an almost nine-month-old, Jeremy, and I want to have a planet to live on,

00:14:53 clothes that aren't toxic to wear, clean water to drink. And I know that by the actions that we take and what we're doing,

00:15:00 we can and will change the world.

18

Week 2 Unit 6

00:00:06 Hello, it's me again. It's been a few days.

00:00:09 I'm Darren West and I'm the business development director for Circular Economy at SAP.

00:00:14 So welcome to the last unit of this week. So we're in week two, unit six.

00:00:18 So last unit you heard from Stephanie Benedetto about how she takes waste fabric

00:00:24 and has made value and indeed a business from this. So, you've been introduced to the concept

00:00:29 of the circular economy and how it contrasts to the wasteful take, make, dispose, approach of the linear economy.

00:00:36 You hopefully understand that the goal is to keep all kinds of capital, that's technological, biological,

00:00:43 those materials at their highest value. So our goal is to repeat the loops, cycle after cycle,

00:00:49 with minimal to no waste. You've also learned that this is a way that natural systems

00:00:55 have successfully evolved for millions and millions of years. So-called waste becomes food

00:01:00 for another part of the natural ecosystem. So the last time I watched a documentary

00:01:05 about plastic waste, I never saw a landfill created by nature,

00:01:08 just us humans. So in this unit,

00:01:13 let's look again at what happens if the cycles, the loops of the circular economy butterfly diagram are not closed.

00:01:21 This is so-called leakage. We then end up with materials such as plastic

00:01:26 leaking into the rivers, and then ultimately into our oceans.

00:01:30 We're going to show you a recording from the SAP Sustainability Summit in April 2021. You will meet Emily Penn,

00:01:38 who is an ocean advocate and a skipper, who has spent the last decade exploring plastic pollution.

00:01:44 She's the co-founder of the nonprofit organization eXXpedition, a series of all-female sailing voyages

00:01:51 that are investigating the causes of, and the solutions to plastic pollution.

00:01:57 She will share her personal story and what is driving her commitment to this cause.

00:02:02 I think you will find this very motivational. So one of the things that I love about being at sea

00:02:09 is how you constantly have to react to the changes in the environment around you.

00:02:14 So if the wind picks up or the waves change direction, you have to adjust your sails and shift your course.

00:02:21 Sometimes your life depends on your response. This idea of reacting and shifting direction

00:02:31 is something that has really shaped the course of my life. I was on a journey around the world on this powerboat

00:02:40 run on biofuel, called Earthrace. It was the journey that began as a way to hitchhike

00:02:45 from England to a new job as an architect in Australia. But one morning I jumped over the side of the boat for my daily wash,

00:02:56 and there I saw a toothbrush, a cigarette lighter, a bottle top passing by.

00:03:04 And it didn't make any sense, we were 800 miles from land. Now this is what I like to call my shift moment,

00:03:14 that moment when everything changed and I couldn't look back. And it sparked a new career direction for me,

00:03:21 sailing the world to try and understand the true problem of plastic pollution.

00:03:28 We stopped at small islands and we found that they were struggling to catch fish or grow food

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00:03:34 because of the pressures on their local resources, which meant importing plastic-wrapped food

00:03:41 into a place that had no system for it to go. It was getting dumped on the beach, in the ocean, or burnt.

00:03:49 And not only that, we were then seeing plastic washing up from places far, far away.

00:03:56 And so we set sail to these accumulation zones, or gyres, to try and find out more about what was going on.

00:04:07 We went searching for islands of plastic, but we quickly discovered

00:04:12 that actually plastic doesn't float around in big rafts on the surface of the water.

00:04:17 And it wasn't until we put a fine mesh net through that surface,

00:04:22 that we started to understand what was really going on, that, in fact, there are hundreds, thousands,

00:04:30 what we now know to be trillions of microplastics, these piece is smaller than your little fingernail

00:04:37 that are covering the surface of our ocean right down to the seabed.

00:04:43 And then we started to realize that it was getting mistaken for food

00:04:47 and getting into the food chain, the same food chain that we are at the top of.

00:04:54 So this opened new questions. What might be the chemical impact on our own health as well?

00:05:03 I decided to do a blood test to find out what toxic chemicals might be inside me.

00:05:10 We chose 35 chemicals to test for that are banned by the UN and of those 35 chemicals, we found 29 of them in my blood.

00:05:22 I went on to learn more about the impact of those chemicals and then discovered that actually, for us women,

00:05:29 having these chemicals in our bodies during pregnancy is not very good news,

00:05:34 and we can pass them on to our children. And so that's when eXXpedition began a series

00:05:41 of all-women sailing voyages to tackle this issue of plastic pollution

00:05:47 and really look for some of the answers of how we're going to solve it.

00:05:53 It became clear that the idea of trying to clean up this microplastic soup is just the most impossible task.

00:06:01 And so instead, we ask ourselves, how do we stop that plastic getting in there in the first place?

00:06:09 And of course that's where, you all know well, this is really where business role comes in

00:06:15 to try and figure out how we implement new solutions, build a circular economy,

00:06:21 and ultimately how we turn off the tap. Now, the work that we've been doing at sea,

00:06:29 we're really trying to inform where to place that energy. If we can work out what plastic is out there

00:06:36 and where it's coming from, we can pinpoint where the solutions lie on land.

00:06:41 Now, some plastic that we find, it's quite obvious where the source might have originally come from,

00:06:48 it can sometimes be written all over it, quite literally, a brand name or an origin.

00:06:56 But the majority of plastic that we find, it is this anonymous soup that really doesn't resemble

00:07:05 where it might have come from. And so we work a bit like detectives

00:07:12 to try and pick up on clues to trace that plastic back to the source.

00:07:18 We run our samples through our FTIR machine to work out the polymer type.

00:07:24 And we're still in the preliminary stages of looking at the data.

00:07:28 But what we've already found has been quite interesting. Polyethylene has made up the majority of the samples that we've found,

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00:07:36 followed by polyamide and polypropylene. But interestingly, on one of the legs, the third bar here,

00:07:43 when we were sailing in the coastal waters of Antigua, a yacht haven,

00:07:48 we found high levels of paint and acrylic and resins, which might indicate where they were coming from.

00:07:58 Now, our work at sea on this recent round-the- world mission came to an abrupt halt. When the pandemic kicked in,

00:08:07 we were halfway between Easter Island and Tahiti at the time. And so we have shifted our focus to here on land,

00:08:16 on our doorsteps, to really where the problem begins. And what we realize is that, as our research has shown us,

00:08:26 the list of sources to plastic pollution is endless. And what that means is that the list of solutions

00:08:35 to solve the problem is endless too. This can feel a little bit overwhelming,

00:08:41 you start to think, where on earth do I start?

00:08:45 What should my first action be? And so during the first lockdown,

00:08:51 we worked in partnership with SAP to build a tool, to try and help individuals and businesses

00:08:58 navigate their way to find the right solutions that work for them.

00:09:04 So this tool, it really showcases the hundreds of different options,

00:09:08 and uses a series of filters to help really narrow down the right one to use for the right time.

00:09:16 And this tool has now been used in 146 countries around the world, and new solutions are getting added to it every week.

00:09:27 And we realize right now, particularly for business, we've had this amazing wave of consumer awareness

00:09:34 and public awareness that there is a real opportunity right now

00:09:38 that lies in business to be able to scale a lot of these solutions,

00:09:44 and ultimately drive change closer to the source of where that problem begins.

00:09:54 When I start looking at plastic, I really realized at sea

00:09:59 that it transcends political borders and cultural boundaries.

00:10:04 We share one planet with finite resources. But when we are trying to solve a global problem with global solutions,

00:10:15 that scale is really challenging, particularly when it comes to transparency.

00:10:21 And right now, we need to really regain sight of our supply chains and our waste chains, and get better understanding of where our resources are coming from

00:10:31 and where our waste is going. And that's why I'm so excited to be working with SAP

00:10:37 who are doing just that, providing us with the insights, the tools, the data, the technology, and the connectivity

00:10:45 that's going to allow us to solve these problems. And we have a moment right now where our whole society

00:10:54 is rethinking everything we do - how we shop, how we travel, how we eat, how we play.

00:11:01 And we have this opportunity to hit the reset button, to do things differently, going forward.

00:11:09 So thank you for being here today, to be part of this conversation

00:11:14 about how we rebuild our future and shift to zero waste. I hope you enjoyed those powerful messages from Emily.

00:11:23 So we've summarized the learning points in the slides, and you can download these at the end of the unit.

00:11:30 So this is already the last unit of week two. Do you want a little bit more?

00:11:36 Then we invite you to a small thought experiment called "If only".

00:11:41 Are you curious? Okay. You will find it after this unit.

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00:11:45 We hope that many of you will participate in this. I'll see you again next week.

00:11:50 And then we can talk about the business models of the circular economy.

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