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Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits:Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits:Theory and ApplicationTheory and Application
Laboratory Manual/3ELaboratory Manual/3E
James M. FioreJames M. Fiore

Laboratory Manual for Operational Amplifiers & LIC2

Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits: Theory and Application
Laboratory Manual
by
James M. Fiore
Version 3.0.4, 29 September 2017
Laboratory Manual for Operational Amplifiers & LIC 3

This Laboratory Manual for Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits: Theory andApplication, Third Edition is copyrighted under the terms of a Creative Commons license:
This work is freely redistributable for non-commercial use, share-alike with attribution
Published by James M. Fiore via dissidents
For more information or feedback, contact:
James Fiore, ProfessorElectrical Engineering TechnologyMohawk Valley Community College1101 Sherman DriveUtica, NY [email protected]
or via www.dissidents.com
Cover photo Canadian Shield by the author
mailto:[email protected]://www.dissidents.com/

Introduction
This manual is the companion to the OER (Open Educational Resource) Operational Amplifiers & LinearIntegrated Circuits/3E text. It is intended for use in an operational amplifiers course and is appropriate foreither a two or four year electrical engineering technology curriculum. The manual contains sufficient exercises for a typical 15 week course using a two to three hour practicum period. The topics cover basic differential amplifiers through active filters. For equipment, each lab station should include a dual adjustable DC power supply, a dual trace oscilloscope, a function generator and a quality DMM. Some exercises also make use of a distortion analyzer and a low distortion generator (generally, THD below 0.01%), although these portions may be bypassed. For components, a selection of standard value watt carbon film resistors ranging from a few ohms to a few mega ohms is required along with an array of typical capacitor values (film types recommended below 1 F and aluminum electrolytics above). A 100 ohm 5 watt power resistor is needed for the Linear Regulator exercise. A 10k potentiometer will also beuseful for the DC Offset exercise. Active devices include small signal diodes such as the 1N914 or 1N4148, the NZX5V1B and NZX3V3B Zeners (or 1N751/1N5231 and 1N5226 in a pinch), small signal NPNs such as the 2N3904 or 2N2222, a medium power NPN transistor such as the 2N5192G, and a variety of inexpensive op amps such as the 741, LF351 or TL081, LF411 and LM318. Most circuits use standard +/-15 VDC power supplies. All DC supplies should be bypassed with 1 F capacitors positionedas close to the IC and ground as possible. The DC supplies are not drawn in detail on the schematics in order to reduce visual clutter, although the bypass capacitors are included in the parts lists as a reminder.
Each exercise begins with an Objective and a Theory Overview. The Equipment List follows with space provided for model and serial numbers, and measured values of components. Schematics are presented next along with the step-by-step procedure. Many exercises include sections on troubleshooting and/or design. Computer simulations are often presented as well, and almost any quality simulation package such as Multisim, PSpice, LTspice or TINA-TI can be used. All data tables are grouped together, typically with columns for the theoretical and experimental results, along with a column for the percent deviations between them. Finally, a group of appropriate questions are presented.
Other laboratory manuals in this series include DC and AC Electrical Circuits, Semiconductor Devices (diodes, bipolar transistors and FETs), Computer Programming with Python and Multisim, and Embedded Controllers Using C and Arduino. Texts are also available for Embedded Controllers as well as Semiconductor Devices. All of these titles are Open Educational Resources using a Creative Commonsnon-commercial share-alike with attribution license. The latest versions may be found at my MVCC site: www.mvcc.edu/jfiore and at my mirror site: www.dissidents.com
http://www.dissidents.com/http://www.mvcc.edu/jfiorehttp://www.ti.com/tool/tina-tihttp://www.linear.com/designtools/software/#LTspice

A Note from the AuthorThis manual was created to accompany the text Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits: Theory and Application. It is used at Mohawk Valley Community College in Utica, NY, for our ABET accredited AAS program in Electrical Engineering Technology. I am indebted to my students, co-workersand the MVCC family for their support and encouragement of this project. The text and this manual were published originally via the traditional route. When the opportunity arose, as a long-time supporter and contributor to the Open Educational Resource movement, I decided to re-release these titles using a Creative Commons non-commercial, share-alike license. I encourage others to make use of this manual for their own work and to build upon it. If you do add to this effort, I would appreciate a notification.
We need not stride resolutely towards catastrophe, merely because those are the marching orders.
- Noam Chomsky

Table of Contents
Decibels and Bode P l ots . . . . . . 8
The Differential Am p lifier . . . . . . 14
The Op Amp Compar a tor . . . . . . 22
The Non-inverting Voltage Amplifi e r . . . . 28
The Inverting Voltage Am p lifier . . . . . 34
The Op Amp Differential A m p l ifier . . . . . 38
Parallel-Series and Series-Series Negative F e edback . . 44
Gain-Bandwidth Prod u ct . . . . . . 50
Slew Rate and Power Bandw i dth . . . . . 56
The Non-compensated O p Amp . . . . . 60
DC O f f s et . . . . . . . . 64
The Operational Transconductance Am p lfier . . . 70
Precision Re c tifiers . . . . . . . 74
Function G e neration . . . . . . 80
The Linear Regu l ator . . . . . . 86
The Triangle-Squ a re Generator . . . . . 90
The Wien Bridge Osc i llator . . . . . . 94
The Integr a tor . . . . . . . 98
The Differentia t or . . . . . . . 102
VCVS Filt e rs . . . . . . . . 106
The Multiple Fee d back Filter . . . . . 114
The State-Variable F ilter . . . . . . 120
Appendix A: Creating Graphs Usi n g a Spreadsheet . . 128
Appendix B: Manufacturer s Dat a sh e et L inks . . . 130

Decibels and Bode Plots
ObjectiveIn this exercise, the usage of decibel measurements and Bode plots will be examined. The investigation will include the relationship between ordinary and decibel gain, and the decibel-amplitude and phase response of a simple lag network.
Theory OverviewThe decibel is a logarithmic-based measurement scheme. It is based on ratios of change. Positive values indicate an increase while negative values indicate a decrease. Decibel schemes can be used for gains and,with minor modification, signal levels. A Bode plot shows the variations of gain (typically expressed in decibels) and phase across a range of frequencies for some particular circuit. These will prove to be very valuable in later design and analysis work.
ReferenceFiore, Op Amps and Linear Integrated CircuitsSection 1.2, The DecibelSection 1.3, Bode Plots
Equipment(1) Oscilloscope model:________________ srn:__________________(1) Function generator model:________________ srn:__________________(1) Decibel-reading voltmeter model:________________ srn:__________________(1) DMM model:________________ srn:__________________
Components(1) 100n F actual:__________________(1) 100 actual:__________________(1) 1k actual:__________________(1) 4k7 actual:__________________(2) 10k actual:__________________ __________________(1) 22k actual:__________________

Schematics
Figure 1
Figure 2

Procedure
1. Calculate the voltage gains (losses) for the voltage divider of Figure 1 for the resistor values specified, and record them in Table 1. Also, convert each of the ordinary gains into decibel form.
2. Assemble the circuit of Figure 1 using the 22k resistor.
3. Set the generator to a 100 Hz sine wave, 0 dBV (Note: If the meter is calibrated in dBu, then use 0 dBu).
4. Apply the generator to the circuit. Measure and record the output voltage in Table 1 using the decibel-reading voltmeter. Also, compute the resulting experimental decibel voltage gain and gain deviation.
5. Repeat step 4 for the remaining resistor values in Table 1.
6. To create a simple Bode plot, the lag network of Figure 2 will be used. Assemble this circuit and record its theoretical critical frequency in Table 2.
7. Set the generator to a 1 kHz sine wave, 0 dBV.
8. Apply the generator to the circuit. Determine the experimental critical frequency by adjusting the frequency of the generator until the circuits output voltage is 3 dBV. Record the measured frequency in Table 2.
9. Set the generator to a sine wave at one-tenth of the experimental critical frequency.
10. Adjust the generators output level to 0 dBV.
11. Apply the generator to the circuit. Measure and rec

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