Oral radiology II

X-Ray Machine

The X-ray machine consist of: 1) head A) tubeB) cone and accessories2) Control panel and timer3) Adjusting arm

INTRAORAL X-RAY FILM

Periapical View

Bitewing View

Occlusal View

Periapical View

Periapical View Film packs corne in three sizes:

0 for small children (22 X 35mm)

1, which is relatively narrow and used for views of the anterior teeth (24 X40mm)

2, the standard film size used for adults (31 X 41 mm)

Processing X-Ray Film

Manual processing

Rapid processing chemicals

Automatic Film Processing

MANUAL PROCESSING

Developer – water - fixer

Automatic Film Processing

GENERAL STEPS FOR MAKINGAN EXPOSURE

Greet and seat the patient. Adjust the x-ray unit setting. position the tube head. Wash hands thoroughly. Examine the oral cavity. Position the film. position the x-ray tube. Make the exposure.

Factors Affecting Quality of Image

Factors affecting the image are related to:

1. Machine

2. Object

3. Film

4. Processing of film

Periapical X-rays

show the whole tooth -- from the crown to beyond the end of the root to where the tooth is anchored in the jaw. Each periapical X-ray shows this full tooth dimension and includes all the teeth in one portion of either the upper or lower jaw. Periapical X-rays are used to detect any abnormalities of the root structure and surrounding bone structure

Two intraoral projection techniques are commonly used for periapical radiography:

the paralleling technique and

the bisecting-angle technique

The vertical angulations

Horizontal angulations

Incisors /0/ Mandibular canine /45/

Maxillary canine /60-75/

Premolars/70-80/

Molars/80-90/

Maxillary Incisors

A - Nasal septum

B - Inferior concha

C - Nasal fossa

D - Nasal spine

E - Incisive foramen

F – Nose

G - Median palatine suture

Incisive foramen

Nasal septum

Maxillary Canine

A = Floor of nasal fossa

B = Maxillary sinus

C = Lateral fossa

D = Nose

a = floor of nasal fossa b = maxillary sinus

c = lateral fossa a & b form inverted Y

Maxillary Premolar

A = Sinus recess

B = Sinus septum

C = Zygomatic Process

D = Maxillary sinus

a = Zygomatic Processb = sinus recessc = sinus septumd = maxillary sinus

Maxillary Molar

��A- Zygoma

B - Maxillary sinus

C - Sinus recess

D - Maxillary tuberosity

E - Coronoid process

F - Hamular Process

G - Pterygoid plate

a = maxillary tuberosity* b = coronoid process

c = hamular process d = pterygoid platese = zygoma (dotted lines)f = maxillary sinus g = sinus recess

Mandibular Incisors

A = Mental fossa

B = Lingual foramen

C = Genial tubercles

D = Mental ridge

Lingual foramen. Radiolucent “hole” in center of genial tubercles. Lingual nutrient vessels pass through this foramen

Mandibular Canine

A = Mental ridge

B = Lingual foramen

C = Genial tubercles

D = Cortical bone

E = Mental foramen

Mandibular Premolar

A = Mylohyoid ridge

B = Submandibular gland fossa

C = Mandibular canal

D = Mental foramen

The mental foramen (blue arrow) is adjacent to a periapical lesion associated with tooth # 21 (red arrow). There is slight external resorption on # 21

Mandibular Molar

A = External oblique ridge

B = Mylohyoid ridge (internal oblique)

C = Submandibular gland fossa

D = Mandibular canal

a = external oblique ridge b = mylohyoid ridge

c = mandibular canal d = submandibular gland fossa

Radiation Safety & Protection