orange coast college business division computer science department cs 116- computer architecture...

Orange Coast CollegeBusiness Division

Computer Science Department

CS 116- Computer Architecture

Computer Technology & Abstraction

OCC - CS/CIS CS116-Ch00-Orientation 21998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers ( Augmented & Modified by M.Malaty) 2OCC-CS 116 Fall 2003 1998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers (Augmented & Modified by M.Malaty and M. Beers)

“Civilization advances by extending the number of operations which can be performed without thinking about them”

Alfred North WhiteheadAn Introduction to Mathematics, 1911


Science Fiction or Science Fact• Yesterday's Dreams -> Today's Reality

– ATM

– Embedded Computers

– Laptops, Palmtops, Wearable Computers

– The Internet, eh


Science Fact and Science Fiction• Today's Dream -> Tomorrow's Technology

– Cashless Society

– Computers Automated Machines

– Artificial People

– What else?


Rapid Pace of Technology• Hardware

Vacuum Tube1897

Edison Labs

Transistor1947

AT&T Labs

Integrated Circuit1958

Texas InstrumentsFairchild Camera


Rapid Pace of Technology

Currently the largest processor: ~400,000,000 transistors


Summarized• Computer technology advances rapidly

– Processor• Logic capacity: increases ~ 30% / yr• Clock rate: increases ~ 20% / yr

– Memory• DRAM capacity: increases ~ 60% / yr • Memory speed: increases ~ 10% / yr• Cost per bit: increases ~ 25% / yr

– Disk• Capacity: increases ~ 60% / yr


Moore's Law

• Transistor count doubles of every 18 months• Generalized

– Computer technology doubles every 18 months

– See Page 30


The Virtuous Circle

Advances in

techno

logy

Low prices

& better product

s

Competition

New market &

companies

New

applications

• Result of Moore's Law


Rapid Pace of Technology• But what about Software• Has also evolved

– Machine Language: On/Off, 1/0, Up/Down

– Assembly Language: Mnemonic

– High-level languages: Fortran

– Block languages- Functions and logic

– Object Oriented Language- Data encapsulation


Evolution of Languages

...101010...

MOV 42, R1STORE R1, $A

A = (42 + B) / C

Machine Language

Assembly

High level


Nathan's First of Law of Software

• Meaning:– Software continues to acquire features that

demand faster processors, bigger memories, & more I/O capacities

• Corollary: Wirth's Law– “Software gets slower faster than hardware gets

faster” -Niklaus Wirth

“Software is a gas. It expands to fill the container holding it”

-Nathan Myhrvold


The Language Barrier• There is a large gap between what is convenient

for computers & what is convenient for humans

Translation and/or Interpretation is needed


Machine Language• Is the language of the machines• Based on a two letter alphabet

– 1 and 0 (binary)

• Basis for everything a computer deals with– Instructions

– Data

• Tedious to handle


Assembly Language• One line for every instruction

– 1-to-1 correspondence to machine language

• Programmer thinks as the machine• Machine-dependent• Assembler is needed to translate into

machine language– Assembler is itself software


High Level Languages• High-level languages

– One line to many assembly instructions

– Near natural language

– Machine independent

– Compiler is needed to translate into either assembly or machine language

• Subroutine libraries– Modular

– Code reuse


Bringing it all together

swap (int v[], int k){ int temp temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp;}

0 00 000 0 01 01 0 00 01 00 0 00 00 00 00 11 00 00 00 000 0 01 0 0011 1 0 00 011 00 00 01 00 00 11 00 01 1 0 0 01 1 0 001 0 00 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 01 1 0 01 1 11 001 0 00 0 00 00 00 00 00 1 0 01 01 01 1 0 01 1 11 001 0 00 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 011 0 0 01 1 0 00 10 000 00 00 00 00 00 1 0 00 00 0001 111 1 0 0000 000 00 00 00 00 01 00 0

swap: muli $2, $5, 4 add $2, $4, $2 lw $15, 0($2) lw $18, 4($2) sw $18, 0($2) sw $15, 4($2) jr $31

C - Compiler

Assembler

High-level language

Assembly language

Machine language

m/c Interpreter

Control Signals


Hardware-Software Link• Hardware

– Computer components• CPU• Memory• Peripherals

• Software– System SW

• Compilers/Interpreters• Linkage editors• Operating system

– Application SW• MS-Office

Sy s t e

ms softw

are

Ap pli cations soft wa re

User

Hardware


Another way of looking at it...

Application programsSymbolic

Systems programsNumeric

Assembly language level

Problem-oriented language level

Operating system machine level

Instruction set architecture(ISA) level

Micro-architecture level

Digital logic level

Translation (Compiler)

Translation (Assembler)

Partial interpretation (OS)

Interpretation (microprogram) or direct execution

Hardware

Device (transistor) level


Hardware and Software Components• Hardware

– Memory components• Registers• Register file• Memory• Disks

– Functional components• Adder, multiplier,

dividers, . . .• Comparators• Control signals

• Software– Data

• Simple• Characters• Numbers

– Structured• Arrays• Structures/Objects

– Instructions• Data transfer• Arithmetic• Control flow


Closer look at Software Components...Software

Applications Software Systems Software

Compilers OperatingSystems

Assemblers

VirtualMemory

File System I/O devicedrivers

MS Office ...

... ...

... ... ... ...

...

... ...

...as


What we will learn• Basic foundation on how computers work

• Assembly language introduction/Review

• How to analyze program performance

• How to design processor components

• How to enhance processors performance (caches, pipelines, parallel processors, multiprocessors)


Organization and Architecture• Architecture is a Specification• Organization is the Implementation


Architecture is Specification• Attributes visible to the programmer• Attributes:

– Instruction set

– Number of bits representing data

– I/O mechanism

– Addressing modes used

• Has direct impact on logical program execution

• Example– Itanium


Organization is Implementation• Operational units and their interconnection

that realizes the architecture• Attributes:

– HW details

– Control signals

– I/O interfaces

– Memory technology used

• Example– McKinley


The Motherboard1. RAM sockets2. Power connectors3. Cache4. CPU socket5. Floppy & hard drives6. External connectors

for I/O devices7. Expansion slots


More Motherboard

FourISAcardslots

FourPCIcardslots Four

SIMMslots

CPU

Two IDEConnectors

Audio Parallel/Serial

• Main memory• DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)• Mounted on SIMM Slots (Single Inline Memory Module)• Contains instructions & data

● Processor● Covered by heat sinks for

cooling● Connectors for I/O devices

● Audio/MIDI● Parallel/Serial● PCI card slots● ISA card slots● IDE connectors


Computer Components• Logical Components

– Input• Mouse, Keyboard

– Output• Display, Printer

– Memory• Hard disk, DRAM, Cache

– CPU• Datapath [ALU + Registers]• Control Path


The Breakdown

Computer

Processor (CPU)

Memory

Control

Dat

a pa

th

Output

Input

keyboard

Mouse

Disk. . .

Printer

Screen

Disk. . .


Lets look a little closer...• Processor(CPU):

– Active part of the motherboard

– Performs calculations & activates devices

– Gets instructions & data from memory

– Components are connected via Buses

• Bus:– Collection of parallel wires

– Transmits data, instructions, or control signals

• Motherboard– Physical chips for I/O connections, memory, &

CPU


The CPU• Datapath (ALU+ Registers):

– Performs arithmetic & logical operations

– ALU = Arithmetic Logic Unit

– Register= Source of operands for the ALU

• Control (CU): – Controls the data path, memory, & I/O devices

– Sends signals that determine operations of datapath, memory, input & output


Details of the CPU

Data cache

ControlBranch

Instruction

cache

Bus Integer data-path

Floating-point datapa

th

•Example: Intel Pentium •Area: 91 mm2

•~ 3.3 million transistors ( 1 million for cache memory)


A more modern approach...


Memory• Volatile memory

– Loses information when power is switched-off

– RAM

• Non-volatile memory– Keeps information when power is switched-off

– Hard disk, Tape


Volatile Memory• Cache

– Fast but expensive

– Smaller capacity

– Placed closer to the processor

• Main Memory (RAM)– Less expensive

– Slower than cache

– LOTS more capacity


Non-volatile memory• Secondary Memory

– Low cost

– Slower than RAM

• Hard disks– 2003: $1/GB ($.001/MB)

– 1988: $11.54/MB

• Flash Devices– USB Key

• Almost unlimited capacity– Think Internet


Input/Output (I/O)• I/O devices have the hardest organization

– Wide range of speeds• Graphics vs. keyboard

– Wide range of requirements• Speed• Standard• Cost . . .

– Least amount of research done in this area


Networking• Connecting computers

– Extend computing power

– Communicate

– Share resources

– Have non-local access

• Advantages– Communication

– Resource sharing

– Non-local access


More Networking...• Local-Area Network (LAN)

– Connects computers on the same floor of a building

– Example: Ethernet• Length ~1 km• Speed 100 Mbytes/sec up to 1GBit/sec

• Wide-Area Network (WAN)– Connects computers across continents

– The backbone of the Internet.

– Use optical fibers

– Leased from telecommunication companies


Shameless Plug• If you want to know more about Networking

– CS 191 Thursday night


What is our Primary Concern?• The processor (datapath and control)

– Implemented using millions of transistors

– Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor

– We need abstraction• Hides lower-level details to offer simple model at

higher level


Why Abstraction?• Intensive & thorough research into the depths • Reveals more information• Omits unneeded details• Helps us cope with complexity• Examples of abstraction:

– Language hierarchy

– Instruction set architecture (ISA)


Instructions (Finally!)• Instruction

– Smallest operation a processor can perform• Add/Multiply two numbers

• ISA (Instruction Set Architecture)– Architecture = Specification

– ISA is a contract• This instruction will have this effect• Encompasses information needed to write

machine-language programs

– Abstract interface between the hardware and lowest-level software


More ISA• ISA considered software• Organization = Implementation• Several implementations of an ISA may exist• Modern ISAs

– x86: 8086, 286, 386, 486, Pentium, Athlon

– Others: PowerPC, MIPS, SPARC, Alpha


Why Multiple Implementations?• Advantages

– Easier to change than hardware

– Standardizes instructions, machine language bit patterns, etc.

– Increases competetion

• Disadvantage (why not?)– It can prevent new innovations

• Example: Intel


But how do instructions work?• Smallest unit of operation a processor can

perform• Instruction is represented as a series of bits

(1's and 0's) that the processor interprets– Based on a given pattern, it does something

specific, like add

• ISA specifies what a particular instruction does– What operands it uses

– Where the result is stored


Basic Flow

ALU

OP1 + OP2

Op1 Op2

OP1 + OP2...

Op1Op2

General-purpose Register

sALU i/p

registers

ALU o/p register

Bus


The Instruction Cycle• Every processor follows the same cycle

Fetch Next Instruction From Memory

Decode Instruction determine its size & action

Fetch Operand data

Execute instruction & compute results or status

• Called the von Neumann machine


A little closer... Issues to consider• Instruction Fetch:

– What is the instruction Format?

– How is the instruction decoded?

• Instruction decoding:– Location of operands and result

• Where is the operand stored?• How many explicit operands are allowed for the

instruction?• How are memory operands located?• Which operands can (or cannot) be in memory?


A little closer... Issues to consider• Operand fetch:

– What is the data type & size of the operand?

• Execution: – What are the supported operations?

• Next Instruction:– Should the next instruction to be executed be

• Successor instruction?• Some other instruction?

– Jumps, conditions, or branches


Typical InstructionsExamplesOperation Category

Parallel sub-word ops (4 16bit add)Graphics (MMX)

Test & set (atomic r-m-w)Synchronization

IntInterruptCall, returnSubroutine LinkageUnconditional, conditionalControl (Jump/Branch)

Search, translateString

Not, and, or, set, clearLogical

Shift left/right, rotate left/rightShift

Integer (binary + decimal) or FPAdd, Subtract, Multiply, Divide

Arithmetic

Memory Load / StoreMemory-to-memory move Register-to-register moveInput / output (to/from I/O device)Push, pop (to/from stack)

Data Movement


Motivation• Not just for chip designers and compiler

writers• Computers are becoming omnipresent

– Everywhere you go, there they are

• Computer Architecture gives you– Foundation for understanding how they work

– Foundation for what they can do

• Basis for rapidly learning new technology


How to get the most• Read textbook (& some topics of the optional

texts!)• Be up-to-date by continuously searching the

library & Internet!– Becomes more interesting as you learn more

• Solve self-exercise and other exercises! • Come back with your input & questions for

discussion!• Appreciate and participate in teamwork!


Homework• Team Project:

– Write a short paper (1-2 pages) comparing two of the hardware characteristics of the following processor families:• Pentium Pro• Pentium 4• Celeron• Athlon• UltraSPARC • PicoJava

– Present Results next Monday• Short 5-10 minutes

orange coast college business division computer science department cs 116- computer architecture...

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