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ordinary civil actions

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TRANSCRIBED DEAN ORTEGA NOTES CIVIL PROCEDURE PART I – ORDINARY CIVIL ACTIONS - Anna Fe Abad & Darrell Lao Bagang - CHAPTER 1 First Step - Filing The Complaint In The Proper Barangay Republic Act 7160 – Chapter 7: Katarungang Pambaranggay Section 412 – No complaint or petition shall be commenced without the party’s confrontation before the proper barangay. Otherwise, the adverse party can file a motion to dismiss the case. - Clerk of court ordered not to docket a case without certification issued by the barangay secretary. Requisites for a complaint to be governed by the katarungang pambarangay 1. The parties to the controversy are all natural persons and no juridical entity is involved. 2. If any of the parties are public officers, the controversy should not involve the performance of their public functions or duty. 3. Parties must reside in the same city or municipality not necessarily the same barangay. EXPTN: where the parties reside in adjoining barangays, although in different cities or municipalities, if they agreed to submit their dispute to the proper barangay. 4. When the dispute involves REAL PROPERTY, such property must be situated in the same city or municipality where the parties reside. (forcible entry and ejectment included) 5. The controversy should not arise from an employer-employee relationship or it must not be a labor dispute. EXPTN: if employer-employee relationship has already ended and it involves recovery of backwages (purely money claim) barangay justice can settle it. 6. The dispute should not arise from landlord-tenant relationship or governed by the agrarian reform law. 7. The dispute should not involve the government or any of its subdivision or instrumentality. 8. Must pay filing fee o Filing fee – any action cannot be considered filed unless docket fee has been given. “filing” upon payment of right amount of docket or filing fee to the barangay treasurer. Otherwise, the complaint is a mere scrap of paper. Proper barangay for filing the complaint shall be: 1. The barangay where the parties reside if they all reside in the same barangay, or 2. The barangay where the respondent or any of the respondents reside if the parties reside in different barangays. 3. If the dispute involves real property or interest therein, the barangay where the real property is situated. o If situated in more than 1 barangay, where the larger portion of the real property is situated. 4. If the complaint arose in a workplace, the barangay where the workplace is situated. Provided, both parties resides in the same city or municipality where it is situated. 5. If the dispute arose at an institution where the parties are enrolled, the barangay where such institution is located, if parties reside in the same city or municipality. Page 1 of 60 Anna Fe Abad & Darrell Lao Bagang

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Ordinary Civil Actions

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TRANSCRIBED DEAN ORTEGA NOTESCIVIL PROCEDUREPART I ORDINARY CIVIL ACTIONS- Anna Fe Abad & Darrell Lao Bagang -CAPTER !F"r#$ S$e% - F"l"ng T&e Co'%la"n$ In T&e Pro%er Baranga(Republic Act 7160 Chapter 7: Katarungang PambaranggaySection 412 o complaint or petition !hall be commence" #ithout the party$! con%rontation be%ore the proper barangay& 'ther#i!e( the a")er!e party can *le a motion to "i!mi!! the ca!e&+ Cler, o% court or"ere" not to "oc,et a ca!e #ithout certi*cation i!!ue" by the barangay !ecretary&Re-ui!ite! %or a complaint to be go)erne" by the ,atarungang pambarangay1& .he partie! to the contro)er!y are all natural per!on! an" no /uri"ical entity i! in)ol)e"& 2& 0% any o% the partie! are public o1cer!( the contro)er!y !houl" not in)ol)e the per%ormance o% their public %unction! or "uty&2& Partie! mu!t re!i"e in the !ame city or municipality not nece!!arily the !ame barangay&34P.: #here the partie! re!i"e in a"/oining barangay!( although in "i5erent citie! or municipalitie!( i% they agree" to !ubmit their "i!pute to the proper barangay&4& 6hen the "i!pute in)ol)e! R3A7 PR'P3R.8( !uch property mu!t be !ituate" in the !ame city or municipality #here the partie! re!i"e& 9%orcible entry an" e/ectment inclu"e":;& .he contro)er!y !houl" not ari!e %rom an employer+employee relation!hip or it mu!t not be a labor "i!pute&34P.: i% employer+employee relation!hip ha! alrea"y en"e" an" it in)ol)e! reco)ery o% bac,#age! 9purely money claim: barangay /u!tice can !ettle it&6& .he "i!pute !houl" not ari!e %rom lan"lor"+tenant relation!hip or go)erne" by the agrarian re%orm la#&7& .he "i!pute !houl" not in)ol)e the go)ernment or any o% it! !ub"i)i!ion or in!trumentality& iling %ee any action cannot be con!i"ere" *le" unle!! "oc,et %ee ha! been gi)en& ?*ling@ upon payment o% right amount o% "oc,et or *ling %ee to the barangay trea!urer& 'ther#i!e( the complaint i! a mere !crap o% paper&Proper barangay %or *ling the complaint !hall be:1& .he barangay #here the partie! re!i"e i% they all re!i"e in the !ame barangay( or 2& .he barangay #here the re!pon"ent or any o% the re!pon"ent! re!i"e i% the partie! re!i"e in "i5erent barangay!&2& 0% the "i!pute in)ol)e! real property or intere!t therein( the barangay #here the real property i! !ituate"&o 0% !ituate" in more than 1 barangay( #here the larger portion o% the real property i! !ituate"&4&0% the complaint aro!e in a #or,place( the barangay #here the #or,place i! !ituate"& Pro)i"e"( both partie! re!i"e! in the !ame city or municipality #here it i! !ituate"& ;& 0% the "i!pute aro!e at an in!titution #here the partie! are enrolle"( the barangay #here !uch in!titution i! locate"( i% partie! re!i"e in the !ame city or municipality&'.3: in barangay a")er!e party i! not calle" "e%en"ant an" complaining party i! not calle" complainant& .he!e term! are only u!e" in court& 6hen barangay me"iation( although re-uire"( may be "i!pen!e" #ith an" a complaint may be "irectly *le" in court:a& 6here the cau!e o% action i! about to pre!cribeb& 6hen the action call! %or any pro)i!ional reme"y un"er the rule! o% court 9pro)i!ional reme"ie! are "e)i!e" in or"er to imme"iately !ee, reme"ie!& Aence( #hen time i! o% the e!!ence( the ci)il rule! o% proce"ure! #ill re-uire pro)i!ional reme"ie!&i& Preliminary in/unctionii& Preliminary attachmentiii& Appointment o% a recei)eri)& Reple)in)& Application %or !upport pen"ent lite)i& BA6C barangay can i!!ue pro)i!ional reme"yc& 6here a #rit o% habea! corpu! i! calle" %or& "&e& 7upon tagapag!un"o an" Pang,at tagapamayapa +"e*ne" by la#+ 0n conciliation #hen "i!pute in a lupon i! not !ettle"( it #ill be re%erre" to the proper pang,atPage ! o% )* Anna Fe Abad & Darrell Lao Bagang+ 0% the partie! agree" to an amicable !ettlement( partie! may a"opt a contract o% conciliation !ettlement& Such conciliation !ettlement ha! the %orce an" e5ect o% a /u"gement o% a court o% la#& Cnle!!( the !ame #a! repu"iate" be%ore the lap!e o% 10 "ay! %rom it! appro)al&+ 6hen the ca!e i! not !ettle" in a lupon( it !hall be re%erre" to the pang,at&+ .he pang,at #ill "etermine #hether partie! are agreeable to !ubmit their ca!e %or arbitration& 0% not( barangay inter)ention en"! an" !ecretay i!!ue! certi*cation that "i!pute i! not !ettle" in barangay an" thi! i! u!e" to *le in a court o% la#& + 0% partie! agree( the pang,at #ill continue or con"uct the arbitration& Re!olution in an arbitration i! calle" an ?a#ar"@+ 0t may be repu"iate" #ithin 10 "ay! a%ter it ha! been han"e" "o#n& 'ther#i!e( it become! *nal an" eDecutory& 9re! a"/u"icata:%&g& 3>>3C. o% procee"ing! be%ore the barangay1&upon *ling the complaint #ith the proper barangay( the pre!cripti)e perio" o% the cau!e o% action !hall be interrupte" an" !u!pen"e" %or not more than 60 "ay! %rom !uch *ling&2& .he conciliation !ettlement or the arbitration a#ar" ha! the %orce an" e5ect o% a /u"gement o% a courto% la#& 0t become! *nal an" eDecutory a%ter 10 "ay! %rom the "ate thereo%( unle!! repu"iate"& 2& Such !ettlement may be repu"iate" #Ein 10 "ay! %rom the "ate thereo% only on the groun" that con!ent i! )itiate" by:a& >rau" Fb& Biolence F in #hich ca!e a certi*cation %or *ling the ca!e in court may be i!!ue"c& 0ntimi"ation F by the barangay !ecretary&4& 3Decution o% !ai" !ettlement or a#ar" may be en%orce" by the lupon #ithin 6 month! %rom the "ate o%*nality thereo%& 9A%ter 6 month! perio" ha! lap!e"( an action to en%orce the !ame be%ore the proper =e.C or =.C i! nece!!ary&:;& .he arbitration a#ar" may be a!!aile" in a petition to annul *le" be%ore the proper =e.C or =.Ch&i& Re! Gu"icata rule on conclu!i)ene!! applie! i% partie! !ettle"&/&,& Commencement o% action in a court o% la# #hen:a& .he barangay /u!tice !y!tem "oe! not go)ern b& .he me"iation proce!! be%ore the barangay may be )ali"ly "i!pen!e" #ithc& Harangay me"iation #a! ha" but not amicable !ettlement #a! arri)e" at&l&m& 7IC authoriJe! to re%er a ci)il ca!e alrea"y *le" in court to any barangay #hether or not the /uri!"iction o% !uch court to con"uct conciliation bet#een the partie! in)ol)e"( #hen the court belie)e that litigation can be "i!pen!e" #ith through conciliation( me"iation( arbitration bet#een an" among partie! in)ol)e" in the litigationn&o& Policy #here amicable !ettlement i! po!!ible( the court may re!ort to thi! #ithout going to the trial on p& the merit!-& .enet a)ail o% alternati)e "i!pute re!olution an" a)oi" litigation to "eclog "oc,et! o% court! 9public r& policy:!&t& Ci)il action i! commence" in 2 #ay!:1& >ile the complaint #ith barangay( an"Eor2& >ile the complaint #ith a court o% la#&u&)& Complaint+ Harangay or"inary meaning any #ritten or oral grie)ance+ Court mu!t %ollo# legal %ormPage + o% )* Anna Fe Abad & Darrell Lao Bagang#&,- CAPTER +(- Se.ond #$e% Co''en.e'en$ o/ $&e ."0"l a.$"on "n a .o1r$ o/ la23- 4"/ 5a$ar1ngang %a'baranga( doe# no$ a%%l( or $&e %ro.ed1re go0ern# &ad no#e$$le'en$ 2a# arr"0ed a$6aa&ab& 0.R'KCC.0':ac&a"& action i! "i5erent %rom procee"ing! + action commence" by a complaint+ procee"ing !pecial ci)il action! commence" by petitiono petition %or "eclaratory relie%o petition %or certiorari( prohibition( or man"amu!o petition -uo #arrantoo contemptae& !pecial ci)il action! commence" by petition& Aence( calle" ?petitioner@a%&ag& Plea"ing! plainti5! action i! ,no#n a! complaintah&ai& Action )in"ication co)ere" the ?re!@ o% a grie)ance a/& brought about by )iolation o% the "e%en"ant o% hi! correlati)e obligation to re!pect the right! o% the plainti5& 0t i! a")er!arial& .here i! al#ay! an a")er!e party&a,&al& Procee"ing a mere application in court !ee,ing %or am& recognition %rom the court o% eDi!tence o% %act or right or !tatu!&+ Petition %or "eclaration o% ab!ence 9recog o% %act:+ Petition %or !upport by illegitimate chil" 9recog o% right:+ Petition %or naturaliJation 9recog o% !tatu!:an&ao& An!#er+ plea"ing o% party again!t #hom a claim i! ap& brought to court& Ienerally it i!a plea"ing o% a "e%en"ant& Hut i% "e%en"ant rai!e" a counter claim( the plainti5 become! a "e%en"ant hence may al!o *le an an!#er&a7-I- PREPARATION OF A CO8PLAINT TA5ING CONSIDERATION OF TE FF9ar-!-:URISDICTION+the authority o% the court to hear an" "eci"e ca!e!&+ Guri!"iction !igni*e! "i5erent connotation !ub/ect matter o% the action( o)er the partie!( o)er the cau!e o% action( o)er the re! or the property !ub/ect o% litigation&a!&at& Guri!"iction o)er the !ub/ect matter+ .he more "eci!i)e matter o% /uri!"iction i! that o)er the !ub/ect matter o% the action& .hi! i! con%erre" by la#& .o ,no# thi! you mu!t be %amiliar #ith the la# that !houl" go)ern&+ 3)erything that the court #ill "o on a ca!e #ill not be )ali" i% a%ter all that ca!e i! not #ithin the /uri!"iction o% that court& + 0% the complaint #a! *le" #ith the court #hich ha! no /uri!"iction o)er the nature o% the action( e)erything that the court #oul" "o #oul" ha)e no legal e5ect( it i! !imply null an" )oi"& au&+- VENUE+ the place or court #here the action !houl" be *le"&o .he "i!tinction bet#een the t#o : Guri!"iction a5ect! the relation o% the partie! to the court( not to each other& .hat i! #hy the partie! cannot !tipulate or agree on /uri!"iction #hether they li,e it or not they ha)e to act in con%ormity #ith #hat the la#! !ay!&a)& Benue connote! the relation!hip o% the partie! to each other& .hat i! #hy the partie! are allo#e" to agree or !tipulate on )enue becau!e thi! i! %or the con)enience o% the partie!& 0% the -ue!tion i! about the court on "i5erent le)el! that !houl" hear the ca!e( it$! one o% /uri!"iction& 0% the -ue!tion i! #hether the ca!e !houl" be *le" in a city or municipality but the !ame le)el o% court the -ue!tion i! one o% )enue& 3rror in )enue "oe! not in)ali"ate the procee"ing "one by the court although not properly ma"e& 3rror in /uri!"iction ma,e! the procee"ing! null an" )oi"& 0n ci)il ca!e! the place #here the action !houl" be *le" )enue& 0n criminal action the place #here the criminal ca!e mu!t be hear" an" trie" i! /uri!"ictional( it! not a matter o% )enue& .hi! i! #hat you call territorial /uri!"iction in Crim Pro& Heing /uri!"ictional it cannot be agree" upon by the partie!& 0t i! !et by la#& Cn"er crim pro +rule 110 a! to the place #here the criminal action mu!t be in!titute"( it i! /uri!"ictional&a#&+ 0n ci)il ca!e!( the partie! can agree or !tipulate here the "i!pute may ari!e in their tran!action t i! re!pecte" a! long a! not contrary to la#( cu!tom( public moral( public intere!t&aD&+ About the !tipulation on )enue( the !tipulation #ill be eDclu!i)e o% all other court! in "i5erent place!i% the !tipulation i! eDclu!i)e or re!tricti)e o% the particular court #here the contro)er!y may be litigate"& ay&+ 0n ci)il tran!action! you may !ee thi! !tipulation on )enue in !ale! in)oice! or o1cial receipt! in !mall printe" letter! "i!pute or contro)er!y that may ari!e %rom thi! tran!action !hall be !ub/ect o%an action be%ore the proper court o% the city o% manila& .hat mean! to !ay the action #ill pre%erentially be *le" in the proper court in the city o% manila& aJ&+ Cn"er the rule! o% court( a! to the )enue o% the action( the "etermining %actor i! #hther the action i!per!onal action or a real action&o A per!onal action i! one pre"icate" on the pri)ity o% contract !uch a! "amage! ari!ing %rom breach o% contract( o% claim! o% money un"er a contract( o A real action i% the ba!i! o% the action i! real property o% intere!t therein&ba&o in per!onal action! the rule! lay the )enue o% the action in the place #here the plainti5 re!i"e! or #here the "e%en"ant re!i"e!& At the option o% the plainti5& o 0n real action!( the )enue i! at the place #here the real property in)ol)e" in the action i! !ituate" an" i% !ituate" in more than one city or municipality( then it !hall be at the place #here the greater porton o% the real property i! !ituate"& bb&+ Although you ha)e the!e rule! *Ding #here the action !houl" be *le"( the!e rule! are not obligatory& .he partie! may agree on a "i5erent place #here the action !houl" be *le"& o 3Dample: po!!e!!ion o% real property !ituate" in the city o% manila& Ab!ent any !tipulation the action to reco)er that po!!e!!ion may be *le" in the city o% manila& 0% the action #a! *le" not in the city o% manila but in a "i5erent city or municipality( a motion to "i!mi!! the action on the groun" o% )enue #a! improperly ma"e( may bring about the "i!mi!!al o% the ca!eo Ao#e)er( i% the "e%en"ant #oul" /oin in the contro)er!y "e!pite improper )enue an" *le an an!#er an" litigate" be%ore the court o% the #rong )enue( !ince )enue o% an action can be #ai)e"& .he partie! cannot belate"ly rai!e the -ue!tion o% improper )enue& 'nce it ha" begun litigating alrea"y& .hi! i! becau!e )enue i! #ai)able&o So you may thin, a! a layman that i% the action in)ol)e! a contro)er!y o)er a parcel o% lan" in Cebu& .he action i! to reco)er po!!e!!ion %rom the "e%en"ant but the action #a! *le" in the city o% manila becau!e the plainti5 re!i"e! here& .hat the city o% manila can act on the action #hat i! in)ol)e" i! only )enue( an" it can be mo)e"& 0% the action i! not *le" in the R.C( then it i! a matter o% /uri!"iction( thu! nulli%y the procee"ing!&bc&b"& Benue the more important -ue!tion here i! #here the partie! ha)e agree" on #here the contro)er!y may ari!e bet#een them !houl" be ma"e !ub/ect o% a court ca!e or litigation& .he rule i! that any !peci*cation o% )enue #ill only be regar"e" a! in a""ition to #hat the rule! o% curt pro)i"e a! to the )enue o% an action& So un"er thi! rule( i% the action in)ol)e! real property or intere!t therein( i% %or eDample i! !ituate" in Cebu( un"er the rule! it mu!t be*le" in Cebu( but i% partie! agree" that it may be *le" in the proper court in the city o% manila( then the agreement authoriJe! the partie! to *le in cebu or in manila& 0t i! regar"e" only a! an a""ition to #hat the rule! o% court pro)i"e!& be&b%& 'n the other han"( i% the agreement o% the partie! ma"e an eDclu!i)e !peci*cation o% )enue(the action can only be properly *le" at that )enue agree" upon by the partie!& o other one !hall be allo#e"& bg&bh& So un"er the !ame eDample( the real property in Cebu( the )enue un"er the rule! mu!t be n Cebu( partie! agree" that it !hall be in manila& .hi! !hall be in a""ition& Hut i% the !tipulation !ay! that ?any contro)er!y !hall be *le" in the proper court in the city o% manila '78@ it cannot be *le" in cebu becau!e the !tipulation i! re!tricti)e eDclu"ing all other court!&bi&b/& 0% the ca!e #a! *le" in the #rong )enue the a")er!e party or "e%en"ant can *le a motion to "i!mi!! the ca!e on the groun" that )enue i! improperly ma"e& =otion to "i!mi!! i! pro)i"e"in rule 16 o% the R'C go)erning ci)il action! an" among the groun" !tate" there you *n" improper )enue a! a groun" %or a motion to "i!mi!!&b,&bl& 9He%ore: 6hen a litigant -ue!tion! the #rong )enue through motion to "i!mi!!( he cannot rai!e any other contention& 6hen the mo)ant *le! a motion to "i!mi!! #ith improper )enue a! a groun"( he !houl" not rai!e any other groun" %or "i!mi!!al other#i!e( improper )enue i!#ai)e" becau!e he #oul" a!, the court a1rmati)e relie% an" to loo, into the merit! o% the ca!e& 0% "e%en"ant *le! an an!#er ( he !ubmit! to the /uri!"iction o% the court&:bm&bn& '6: the "e%en"ant can -ue!tion )enue or any groun" %or the "i!mi!!al o% the ca!e either by *ling a motion to "i!mi!! un"er rule 16 o% the R'C or *ling an an!#er un"er rule L an" 11un"er the rule!& bo& Ae can no# rai!e it in the an!#er( no motion to "i!mi!! i! nece!!ary& An!#er i! a plea"ing& A motion to "i!mi!! i! not( it may be !ummarily "i!po!e" o%& .hereby bringing more "elay& bp&+ 'nce the an!#er i% *le"( the i!!ue! are /oine"& An" the court #ill ha)e to loo, into the i!!ue! but #here the groun" i! only improper )enue there%ore the "elay&b-&br& 0% o)er !ub/ect matter 9lac, o% /uri!: outrightly "i!mi!!e"& ull an" )oi"& b!& Stipulation #ill not control& + .here i! an eDception to thi! #hen the !tipulation on )enue #oul" operate a! a "enial o% %ree acce!! to the court& .he !tipulation !hall be regar"e" a! null an" )oi"& >or being contrary to public policy&o 0llu!tration: the partie! in)ol)e" entere" into a tran!action in Pampanga& .hey ha)e agree" upon any contro)er!y !hall be !ub/ect o% litigation only in proper court in bacolor( Pampanga&'78 ma,e! the !tipulation eDclu!i)e or re!tricti)e& Hut then came eruption o% Pinatubo an" the #hole place #a! burie"& .he court room #a! no#here an" the ca!e cannot be *le"( another court mu!t be e!tabli!he" there%ore a "enial o% %ree acce!! thu! #oul" be contrary to the %un"amental la# guaranty 9%ree acce!! to court!:bt&;-PARTIES TO BE 8PLEADED+ .he ba!ic rule( the action mu!t be brought in the name o% the real party in intere!t& 0t "oe! not re-uire that the real party in intere!t mu!t acti)ely han"le the ca!e( #hat i! re-uire" only i! that theaction mu!t be brought in hi! name(!o that the eDecution o% the /u"gement i! ma"e by the real party in intere!t& 0t may be pro!ecute" by another&bu&b)& 0n"i!pen!able party+ #oul" ren"er the procee"ing! in)ali" i% the procee"ing! #ent on #ithout them being /oine" a! a party to the ca!e& 9eDample: in an action %or partition or real property an" there are 10 partie! to #hom it i! to be parte"( each o% the co o#ner i! an in"i!pen!able party( i% any one o% them i! omitte" ( the procee"ing #ill be null an" )oi"& >un"amental la# pro)i"e! that no per!on !hall be "epri)e" o% property #ithout "ue proce!! o% la#& 0% a co o#ner ! le%t out an" not plea"e"( it i! tantamount to "eny him opportunity in hi! !hare& b#&bD& ece!!ary party+ one #hich i! re-uire" to be /oine" to ha)e a complete "etermination o% a ca!e i! totally arri)e" at& 9eDample( mortgage( 2n" mortgage i! nece!!ary to realiJe completely:& Re-uire" to be implea"e" in or"er to bring about a complete "etermination o% the contro)er!y in)ol)ing the !ub/ect matter o% the action& .heir non inclu!ion in the action ho#e)er( #ill not amount to a nulli*cation o% the procee"ing! that may be ha"& 0t i! !imply that the /u"gement ren"ere" in the action #ill not pre/u"ice the nece!!ary party #ho #a! not /oine"& 0n /u"icial %oreclo!ure o% mortgage( i% the mortgage" property i! al!o encumbere" #ith a 2n" mortgage( the 2n" mortgagee !houl" be implea"e" other#i!e hi! right to re"eem property e)en though %orclo!e" by 1!t mortgagee i! not a5ecte"& Ae can %orclo!e e)en though he i! only the 2n" morgagee( he i! a nece!!ary party& Hut the procee"ing! are )ali" a! long a! the implea"e" are concerne"& Hut !houl" not a5ect intere!t o% tho!e nece!!ary not implea"e"by& 9e# rule!: Proper party eliminate"&:bJ&ca& Goin"er o% partie!+ An in"i!pen!able party mu!t be /oine" other#i!e procee"ing! are null an" )oi"& F man"atory that he be /oine"& .he rule! pro)i"e that the non /oin"er or mi!/oin"er o% a party to a ci)il action i! not a groun" %or a "i!mi!!al o% the action& .he court !houl" only "irect the plea"er to inclu"e the in"i!pen!able party to be /oine" or "rop the party not to be /oine"& ot be "i!mi!!e" by the court& .hi! i! not a groun" %or the "i!mi!!al o% the action& .hi! i! ma"e to a)oi" multiplicity o% !uit!& cb&)-CAUSE OF ACTION+ Ki5erent %rom right o% action+ Right o% action+ i! "eci!i)e %rom the la# #hich "e*ne" the right to litigation o% e)ery citiJen an" i%tho!e right! #ere )iolate" it #ill bring about reme"y pro)i"e" un"er the la#& A matter "etermine"%rom the la# #hich i! the ba!i! o% the plainti5$! complaint& + Cau!eo% action+ "etermine"bytheallegation#hichmu!tcomply#iththere-uire"allegationun"er the la# on proce"ure&+ .he plea"er !tate! be%ore the court the cau!e that the plainti5 i! complaining about& A! to ho# thi!cau!e !hall be allege" i! regulate" by the Rule! o% Court& .he!e allegation! "etermine #hether thecomplaint #hich i! the initial plea"ing *le" by the plainti5 con!titute! a cau!e o% action or not& + Although the plainti5 in the ci)il ca!e may ha)e the right o% action( i% the allegation o% hi! complaint%ail! to comply #ith the cau!e re-uire" by la# to be !tate"( the complaint "oe! not !tate a cau!e o%action&+ Cn"er the Rule! o% Proce"ure the primary con!i"eration i! #hether the complaint !tate! a cau!e o%actionor not& >or althoughtheplainti5mayha)earight o% actionun"er thela##hich#a!committe" by the "e%en"ant( i% the complaint *le" by him %ail! to ma,e !uch allegation #hich un"erthe proce"ural rule #ill bring about a cau!e o% action( a motion to "i!mi!! the complaint may be*le" on the groun" that the complaint %ail! to !tate a cau!e o% action& 0t i! not there%ore the lac, o%the right o% action #hich #ill be con!i"ere" but the lac, o% cau!e o% action& + 0% a motion to "i!mi!! the complaint #a! *le" becau!e o% the %ailure o% the complaint to !tate acau!e o% action( the court i! limite" only to the allegation in the complaint in re!ol)ing #hether acau!e o% action i! !tate" or not&+ 0t i! not allo#e" %orthe court to recei)e e)i"ence onthi! matter becau!e the onlyba!i! i!theallegation in the complaint& So i% the allegation in the complaint %aile" to comply #ith the re-uire"cau!e o% action( the right o% action o% the plainti5 i! in thi! point irrele)ant becau!e #hether theplainti5 ha! a cau!e o% action or none "epen"! only on the allegation! ma"e in the complaint&+ 0llu!tration!:1 0n an action to e/ect a le!!ee %rom the property lea!e" by him( i% the ba!i! o% the action %ore/ectment i! becau!e the le!!ee %aile" to comply #ith the payment o% the rental( the allegationin the complaint re-uire that there mu!t be a "eman" alrea"y ma"e upon the "e%en"ant tocomply #ith the contract o% lea!e& 'ther#i!e the complaint "oe! not !tate a cau!e o% action& 2 3)en though the plainti5 actually ma"e a "eman" upon the le!!ee to pay the rental #hen itbecame "ue( i% the complaint "oe! not !tate an allegation to that e5ect the allegation "oe! not!tate a cau!e o% action& that i! true i% the right o% the "e%en"ant to remain in the premi!e! ha!alrea"y become a groun" %or breach or )iolation o% the agreement o% the lea!e contract& An"that i! not re-uire" i% the right o% the "e%en"ant o% po!!e!!ion o% the "e%en"ant ha! alrea"yen"e" becau!e the contracto% lea!e ha! alrea"y eDpire"&Aence( e)en #ithoutthe "eman"(there i! a cau!e o% action& 2 0% ca!e %or e/ectment i! *le" on the ba!i! o% %ailure to comply #ith the term! an" con"ition! o%the contract o% lea!e( a "eman" i! nece!!ary& .he "eman" !houl" not only be to )acate thepremi!e! but mu!t primarily be to comply #ith the con"ition #hich #a! not complie" #ith bythe "e%en"ant& cc& .hi! i! true i% the e/ectment ca!e i! %or unla#%ul "etainer& Hut thi! i! not true i% the e/ectmentca!e i! %or %orcible entry& c"&+ Rule 70 o% the Rule! o% Court+ #here a re-uirement %or one action i! "i5erent %rom the re-uirement!in the other action& Although both are action! to e/ect the "e%en"ant %rom the premi!e! belonging tothe plainti5&+ .he allegation that "eman" #a! ma"e i! in"i!pen!able a! a cau!e o% action becau!e ?an obligor i!not con!i"ere" to be in "e%ault i% there i! no "eman" upon him to comply #ith the con"ition! #hichhe %aile" to comply #ith&@ ' K3=AK( ' K37A8& + Cnla#%ul "etainer+ a "eman" to )acate i! e!!ential to the !ucce!!%ul pro!ecution o% the action& 0% noallegationthat "eman"#a!ma"e( that complaint #ill be!tric,en"o#ninameremotionto"i!mi!!& Hecau!e allegation %ail! to !tate a cau!e o% action&+ Iroun"! %or "i!mi!!al o% the action i! !tate" un"er Rule 16+ among them i! the %ailure to !tate acau!e o% action&ote that the groun" "oe! not !ay that the plainti5 ha! no right o% action&+ 0% the ca!e i! "i!mi!!e" "ue to %ailure to !tate a cau!e o% action( one cannot reco)er the *ling %eeanymore&ce&c%& IR'CKS >'R G'0K3R '> CACS3S '> AC.0' + Principle: RC i! a)er!e to multiplicity o% !uit!& .he rule! are again!t *ling more than one action& + Aence( the policy !tate! that: ?.he plainti5 may /oin in one complaint a! many cau!e! o% action a !hemayha)eagain!t the"e%en"ant pro)i"e"that thecau!e!o% action/oine"are#ithinthe/uri!"iction o% the court #here the ca!e i! *le"&@+ 3)en though the cau!e! o% action /oine" are incompatible #ith each other( the plainti5 #ho i! theplea"er *ling the complaint can rai!e a! many cau!e! o% action a! he may ha)e again!t the !ai""e%en"ant a! long a! it i! #ithin the competent /uri!"iction o% the court& + 7imitation: #hile the cau!e o% action #oul" con!titute !pecial ci)il action un"er RC an" the othercau!e!o% action/oine"there#ithcon!tituteor"inaryci)il action!uchcau!e!o% actionarenotallo#e" to be /oine" in one complaint& .he cau!e! o% action %or a !pecialci)il action mu!t be a!ub/ect o% a !eparate complaint&+ Rea!on: !pecial ci)il action i! not go)erne" by the or"& rule! o% proce"ure& RC pro)i"e! abbre)iate"proce"ural rule! %or !pecial ci)il action& 0t "oe! not %ollo# the proce"ure %or or"inary ci)il action&'ther#i!e the court #ill a"opt a rule o% proce"ure %or the or"inary an" other rule! o% proce"ure %orthe !pecial& + 6hile /oin"er o% cau!e! o% action i! being encourage in the !en!e that a party *ling a ca!e a !ai""e%en"ant!houl"/oina!manycau!e!o%actiona!hemayha)eagain!t"e%en"ant( #herethecau!e o% action in)ol)e! !pecial an" or"inary cau!e o% action the rule !hall not apply becau!e that#ill bring about con%u!ion& + 70=0.A.0': a! to the /uri!"iction o% the court #here there are !e)eral cau!e! o% action /oine"( ta,enote that /uri!"iction o% the court i! "etermine" by the cau!e! o% action /oine" an" not alone by thela# enumerating the !ub/ect matter that i! #ithin the /uri!"iction o% that le)el o% court&cg& 0% the ca!e i! *le" #ith the court! o% 1!t le)el 9=.C( =e.C( =C.C: the!e are court! o% limite"/uri!"iction& .hey can only act on a ca!e #hich the la# eDpre!!ly con%er /uri!"iction to them&=emoriJe #hat are the!e ca!e!& ch& 0% the complaint i! to be *le" #ith any o% the!e court! o% 1!t le)el( all the cau!e o% action inthe complaint mu!t be #ithin the /uri!"iction o% !uch court& 'ther#i!e !uch court cannot acton the cau!e o% action #hich i! beyon" it! /uri!"iction& + 0naca!ein)ol)ingmoneyclaim!ucha!%oreDampleclaim!%or"amage!( therulei!thatthe/uri!"ictiono% thecourt !hall be"etermine"bytheaggregateor totalityo% themoneyclaimin)ol)e"& .hi! i! calle" .'.A70.8 RC73 or AIIR3IA.3 RC73& ci& 34: 6here there are ; cau!e! o% action /oine" an" the ; cau!e! o% action( the amountin)ol)e" in each "oe! not eDcee" P200(000 out!i"e o% =etro =anila( that i! #ithin the limit o% the/uri!"iction o% the court! o% 1!tle)el( !ince the ; cau!e! o% action are /oine" the totality rule !hallapply 9P200(000 D ;: amounting to a total o% P1(;00(000 that i! no longer #ithin the /uri!"iction o%the court! o% 1!t le)el&Aence in thi! ca!e( the complaint mu!t be *le" #ith the R.C& + 0% the complaint /oine" cau!e! o% action #here !ome cau!e! o% action are #ithin the /uri!"iction o%the in%erior court #hile the other cau!e! o% action in)ol)e! ca!e! #here the /uri!"iction i! #ithin theR.C( i% that complaint #ill be *le" #ith the court! o% 1!tle)el( the ca!e #ill be "i!mi!!e" becau!enot all o% the cau!e! o% action /oine" are #ithin the competence o% the court! o% 1!t le)el&+ 0% that complaint #ill be *le" #ith the R.C( e)en though !ome o% the cau!e! o% action are not #ithinthe competence o% the R.C it i! allo#e" that !uch complaint be *le" #ith the R.C an" that i! )ali"&Hecau!e e)en thought !ome o% the cau!e! o% action are !ub/ect o% a !eparate complaint #ith thecourt! o% the 1!tle)el court!( #hate)er /u"gment #ill be ma"e by the court o% 1!tle)el coul" beappeale" to #ith the R.C& R.C ha! the ultimate !ay a! to the merit o% that ca!e&+ Rule! re-uire that e)ery cau!e o% action !houl" be "e!ignate" a! 1!t cau!e o% action( 2n" cau!e o%action( 2r" an" !o %orth& 0t al!o re-uire! "e%en"ant to ma,e hi! allegation! by #ay o% An!#er to thecau!e o% action /oine" to ma,e re%erence a! An!#er to the 1!tcau!e o% action( an!#er to the 2n"cau!e o% action 2r"an" !o %orth& 0t mu!t be allege" !eparately an" not intert#ine"M other#i!e theclient #ill be con%u!e"& c/&c,&cl&ailure to comply #ith thi! certi*cation o% non+%orum !hopping cannot be cure" by amen"ment& .heca!e #ill be "i!mi!!e"& >iling %ee cannot be reco)ere" any more&+ 3Dception: in a ca!e( SC allo#e" amen"ment "e!pite lac, o% certi*cation o% non+%orum !hoppingbecau!e the *ling %ee i! #orth more than 1 million& .he Court rule" that to "i!mi!! the ca!e an"%or%eit the *ling %ee i! con!i"ere" uncon!cionable& So although rule! re-uire" that no amen"mentcan be ma"e( SC !ay! that %or the rea!on that SC can al#ay! "e)iate %rom the rule!( #hene)er therule! #ill bring in/u!tice to the litigant( SC in)o,e! the prerogati)e no# that the litigant may ma,ethe amen"ment& + 1re-uire"allegationinacerti*cateo% non+%orum!hoppingi!that i% theparty#ho*le!theinitiatory plea"ing #oul" learn therea%terthatthere i! another ca!e pen"ing bet#een the !ameparty in another tribunal( court or other -ua!i+/u"icial agency( he un"erta,e! to bring the !ame tothe attention o% the court #ithin ; "ay! a%ter learning the ca!e& 0n thi! ca!e( the plea"er i! allo#e"to amen" the complaint& + 0% the party *ling the petition complie! #ith the certi*cation o% non+%orum !hopping but un"erta,e!tobringtotheattentiono% thecourt the!ameca!epen"ingbe%oreanother tribunal #ithinR3AS'AH73 .0=3( in!tea" o% the re-uire" ; "ay!( the SC "eclare" that the ca!e mu!t be "i!mi!!e"%or non+compliance& Hecau!e rea!onable time i! a -ue!tion o% %act an" ha! no "e*nite "uration&+ Ao#e)er inaca!e#herethepartie! arehu!ban"an"#i%etheca!ein)ol)e! property( thecerti*cate o% non+%orum !hopping carrie! the name o% the hu!ban" an" the #i%e #ho are !uppo!e"to*leit becau!etheyaretheparty+litigant inthecomplaint( but onlythehu!ban"ha! the!ignature abo)e hi! name( !o the other party mo)e" to "i!mi!! the complaint %or %ailure to comply#ith the rule #hich i! man"atory& .rial ca!e grante" the motion to "i!mi!!& CA a1rme"& SC grante"anamen"ment !ayingthat there#a!!ub!tantial compliance& Rea!on: 0ntheeye!o% thela#(hu!ban" an" #i%e po!!e!! uni%orm intere!t a! one& .hi! i! true in the >amily Co"e e!pecially no#that the property regime i! ab!olute community& Aence( the #i%e may a1D her !ignature later on&c!&II- FILING OF CO8PLAINT IN COURTct& A30RARCA8 '> C'CR.S #hich la# authoriJe! to act on !peci*c "i!pute!:1& .R0A7 C'CR.Sa& Court! o% *r!t le)el competent to try ca!e! eDpre!!ly con%erre" to by la#& =.C in chartere" citie! not metropolitan area =e.C in metro citie! =C.C in remote municipality #here /u"ge! are roaming %rom one court to anotherb& Collegiate court! court! o% general /uri!"iction All matter! not eDpre!!ly con%erre" by la# %or trial can be *le" at thi! le)el unli,e *r!t le)el court! #hich nee"! eDpre!! pro)i!ion! o% la#& R.C inclu"e! %amily court( !pecial commercial court! San"iganbayan /uri!"iction to try criminal ca!e! brought be%ore it at *r!t in!tance an" not on appeal&2& APP377A.3 C'CR.Sa& Court o% appeal!b& Court o% taD appeal!c& San"iganbayan 9on it! appellate /uri!"iction only in criminal ca!e!"& Supreme court 9highe!t tribunal:cu&c)& Keci!ion that i! null an" )oi" "oe! not pre!cribe& Hut a party may be e!toppe" %rom -ue!tioning #hat i! null an" )oi" on the ba!i! o% lache! or e!toppel& ot pre!cription becau!e anything null an" )oi" i! ineDi!tent& 0% greater in/u!tice by "i!turbing the procee"ing#hich i! null an" )oi"( the procee"ing !hall not be "i!turbe"& Pre!cription i! "etermine" by la#( lache! i! "etermine" by ine-uity o% matter #ill be "i!turbe"&c#&cD& RA 76L1 eDpan"ing the /uri!"iction o% court o% *r!t le)elcy& Rule: la#yer! !houl" ,no# the proper court %or i% #rong%ully *le"( the court i! boun" to "i!mi!! the ca!e an" not "uty boun" to re%er the ca!e to the proper court& + 0% the perio" %or appeal ha! lap!e"( the la#yer cannot tran!%er the ca!e to re%er the ca!e to the proper court& + Ab!ent /uri!"iction o)er partie! )oi"cJ&"a& R.C both trial an" appellate court&+ Gu"gment! ren"ere" by 1!t le)el court! are appealable only to the R.C&+ 6hat can be rai!e" in the trial court cannot be rai!e" %or the *r!t time on appeal&+ Ca!e! not capable o% pecuniary e!timation mu!t be *le" #ith the R.Co 0llu!tration: ca!e %or !peci*c per%ormance re-uire! "eli)ery o% property not "eli)ere" an" i! !ee,ing re!ci!!ion an" to be pai" 100K #here !houl" it be *le"N R.C !ub/ect matter i! re!ci!!ion #hich i! not capable o% pecuniary e!timation&"b&"c& >070I '> K'CK3. >33""& Cnle!! an" until the correct amount o% the *ling %ee ha! been %ully pai"( the complaint or petition!hall not becon!i"ere"a!*le"& 0n!hortpayment o% thecorrectamounto% the*ling%eei!acondition sine qua non to the court ac-uiring /uri!"iction o)er the ca!e& At thi! /uncture( 0 #oul" call your attention that the rule! on *ling legal %ee! un"er RC ha)e beenamen"e"& So you ha)e to go o)er the rule! go)erning the legal %ee! to ,no# the correct amount o%the "oc,et %ee& Hecau!e 0% the correct amount a! !tate" there ha! not been %ully pai"( the "oc,et%eeincourt%orthecomplaintorthepetitioni!con!i"ere"%or%eite"a!notlegally"one( i% thecorrect amount ha! not been pai"& 0% there ha! been an hone!t mi!ta,e a! to the amount o% the "oc,et %ee( the party #ho %ail! to paythe correct amount o% the "oc,et %ee the party may be allo#e" by the court to pay the petition %eean" the ca!e can procee" pro)i"e" that the cau!e o% action ha! not yet pre!cribe"& Hut i% the cau!e o% action ha! alrea"y pre!cribe" prior to the payment o% the correct "oc,et %ee( thecorre!pon"ing payment o% the "oc,et %ee #ill not re)i)e the cau!e o% action& .he cau!e o% action!hall be regar"e" a! alrea"y pre!cribe"& 8ou cannot collect bac, the "oc,et %ee& 6here the non payment o% the correct "oc,et %ee #a! not attributable to an hone!t mi!ta,e ratherthe party #ho !houl" pay the "oc,et !peculate" on the amount that !houl" be pai"( the SC outright"i!mi!!theca!ee)eni% hei!#illingtopaythe"e*ciency( theSCuphel"the"i!mi!!al&Hecau!enonpaymento% the"oc,et%eecannotbeattribute"toanhone!tmi!ta,ebutratherbrought about by !peculation& So the SC !ai" that the con"uct o% the petitioner in !peculating a! tothe correct amount o% the "oc,et %ee i! apart %rom being reali!tic& So "i!mi!!al i! uphel"& Ae cannotre+*le it anymore& Ki!mi!!al amount! to the a"/u"ication on the merit!& An" that i! /u!ti*e" a! apuni!hment %or the litigant %or hi! trying to !peculate again!t the right o% the court to recei)e the"oc,et %ee& >iling o% the complaint in court #ill be "one per!onally or by regi!tere" mail& An" i% in the place#here the plainti5 re!i"e! there i! no regi!tere" mail a)ailable the plainti5 can !en" it by or"inarymail& but i% there i! a regi!tere" mail he !houl" "o it by regi!tere" mail& '7K =A40=: 0% the *ling #a! "one through regi!tere" mail the "ate o% mailing !hall be regar"e" a!the "ay o% *ling& HC. .A0S 0S ' 7'I3R .RC3& 36 =A40=: the payment o% the correct amount o% the "oc,et %ee that #ill "etermine #hether theplea"ing i! properly *le" or not& Aence the rule thati% the *ling o% petition #a! "one by regi!tere"mail the "ate o% mailing i! the "ate o% the *ling o% the plea"ing #ill be correct i% the *ling %ee i! al!oenclo!e" #ith the regi!tere" mail& !o that #hen the cler, o% court recei)e the regi!tere" mail thecorrect amount o% the "oc,et %ee i! inclu"e" there& 0% the *ling %ee i! not ma"e e)en i% the cler, o%court alrea"y recei)e" the mail( the ca!e !hall not be con!i"ere" *le" until an" unle!! the correct*ling %ee i! pai"& 0% amount pai" i! !till le!! than #hat the rule a! amen"e" i! *le" %or the ca!e the complaint orpetition i! not con!i"ere" *le"& 0t #ill be con!i"ere" *le" only #hen the correct amount i! pai"& 0%"uring the time that the correct amount o the "oc,et %ee i! not yet pai" the pre!cripti)e perio" o%the cau!e o% action continue! to run becau!e the ca!e i! not yet con!i"ere" to be *le" in court& 0% by the time the correct amount o% "oc,et %ee i! pai"( the cau!e o% action ha! alrea"y pre!cribe"payment o% the "e*ciency #ill not re)i)e the cau!e o% action& 6hen a "e%en"ant an!#er! the complaint he may rai!e in hi! an!#er a counter claim again!t theplainti5 claiming that the action i! #ithout merit& An" #hen the "e%en"ing party rai!e the counterclaimin)ariablyhemay!tateanamount greater thantheclaimo% theplainti5inor"er tointimi"ate the plainti5 %rom procee"ing #ith the action& .hi! i! particularly true i% the ca!e i! *le" inthe court! o% 1!tle)el #here the /uri!"ictional amount i! only P200(000+out!i"e =etro =anila( an"P400(000 #ithin =etro =anila( o)er an" abo)e thi! the R.C alrea"y& .he An!#er i! not an initiatory plea"ing& So the !ame nee" not contain a certi*cation o% non+%orum!hopping& certi*cation o% non+%orum !hopping i! man"atory in initiatory plea"ing& An An!#er i! *le"in re!pon!e to the complaint !o it i! not an initiatory plea"ing& Hut i% the An!#er to be *le" i! toinitiateCounter+Claima!%ar a!that counter+claimtheAn!#er become!aninitiatoryplea"ing&.here%ore a certi*cate o% non+%orum !hopping i! re-uire"& Kno#the "i5erence bet#een counterclaim#hich i! ,no#n un"er the la#a! C'=PC7S'R8C'C.3RC7A0= an" the counterclaim un"er the la# ,no#n a! P3R=0SS0B3 C'.3RC7A0=& Acounterclaimi!aclaimbythe"e%en"ingpartyagain!t thepartyclaimingagain!t him& .hecounter claim that the "e%en"ing party may rai!e again!t the party *ling the action i! allege" to hi!an!#er in the complaint& So he nee" not *le a !eparate plea"ing& Acounterclaimi!regar"e"a!C'=PC7SAR8C'C.3RC7A0=an"mu!tbeallege"inthe!amean!#er *le" by the plainti5 i% !uch counter claim aro!e out o% the !ame tran!action or occurrencethat #a! the!ub/ect o% theplainti5$! complaint& .hi! i! compul!ory becau!ei% thi! ,in"o%counterclaimi!notrai!e"inthe!ameactionthattheplainti5*le"( thecounterclaim!hall becon!i"ere")oi"an"it i!con!i"ere"aban"one"an"the"e%en"ant cannot collect it anymore&Purpo!e( the court a)oi"! multiplicity o% claim& Counterclaim !hall be regar"e" P3R=0SS0B3 i% it aro!e out o% a "i5erent tran!action or occurrence%rom the !ub/ect o% the plainti5$! complaint& 0t i! calle" permi!!i)e becau!e the "e%en"ant i! onlypermitte" to rai!e it in the !ame action that #a! commence" by the plainti5& Hut i% the "e%en"ant"i" not #ant to rai!e it in the !ame complaint it i! alright& .he counterclaim !hall not be con!i"ere"a! aban"one"& 0% the counterclaim rai!e" by "e%en"ant i! P3R=0SS0B3 it i! in e!!ence a "i5erent claim ha)ing norelation #ith the claim rai!e" by the plainti5& .he court may or may not allo# the "e%en"ant to rai!eit in the !ame action *le" by the plainti5& A court may not allo# i% it #ill only con%u!e the re!olutiono% the action& Hut generally the court #ill allo# thi! becau!e o% the principle in proce"ural la# i! toa)oi" multiplicity o% !uit& 0% the ca!e #a! *le" by the plainti5 be%ore a court o% the 1!t le)el the amount an" the nature o% thecounterclaim mu!t be #ithin the /uri!"iction o% that court becau!e court! o% 1!tle)el are court! o%limite"/uri!"iction& 6hat thela#"oe! not con%er uponthemtheyha)eno competencetoa"/u"icate& R.C i! a count o% general /uri!"iction !o e)en though the ca!e #a! not con%erre" by la#to them a! long a! it i! not con%erre" by la# in any other tribunal the R.C ha! /uri!"iction to act onthe ca!e& 0% the permi!!i)e counterclaim i! %oreign or alien to the claim o% the plainti5 in the latter$! complaint%or all legal intent! an" purpo!e! a permi!!i)e counterclaim i! a claim #here the "e%en"ant i! theclaimant an" the plainti5 i! the "e%en"ant& So it i! tantamount to *ling a "i5erent complaint again!ttheplainti5& 'nlyit i! calle"counterclaimbecau!eit i! *le"inthe!ameclaimagain!t the"e%en"ant( i% not thi! #ill no longer be calle" counterclaim anymore& Aence( i% the amount o% thecounterclaim ma"e by the "e%en"ant in a permi!!i)e counterclaim i! out!i"e the /uri!"iction o% thecourt #here the plainti5$! ca!e #a! *le"( the "e%en"ant cannot rai!e it a! a counterclaim becau!ethe court ha! no /uri!"iction to con!i"er the !ame& .he "e%en"ant #ill be compelle" to *le it in a!eparate procee"ing& 0% he #ill ha)e to *le it in a !eparate procee"ing he #ill ha)e to pay "oc,et %ee& An" e)en i% herai!e" it #ith the !ame action *le" by the plainti5 he #ill !till ha)e to pay "oc,et %ee becau!e %or alllegal intent! an" purpo!e! it i! con!i"ere" a !eparate action& 0% correct "oc,et %eei!not pai"thecounterclaim#ill ha)eno!tan"ingincourt& Hecau!ethecounterclaim !hall be con!i"ere" a! not *le" at all i% the "oc,et %ee ha! not been %ully pai"& de-d/- CAPTER ;dg- T&"rd S$e% I##1an.e o/ S1''on# b( $&e .ler? o/ .o1r$ 1%on @l"ng o/.o'%la"n$"h&"i&"/& 0SSCAC3 '> SC=='S+ 0n e)ery court there i! a cler, o% court& Hut the cler, o% court i! only one& 0t i! in hi! o1ce #here !ummon! are prepare"& 0% the complaint #oul" allege #here the "e%en"ant may be !er)e" #ith !ummon! an" it i! the re!i"ence o% the "e%en"ant( it #ill be !er)e" there& 0% the place i! the o1ce orbu!ine!! a""re!! ( then it !hall be a""re!!e" there& + 6hen you come to the !tu"y o% legal %orm!( one o% the %orm! to be !tu"ie" i! the complaint& .he plea"ing *le" by the one complaining( he "i!clo!e! #here the per!on he i! !uing may be !er)e" #ith !ummon!( in the /uri!"ictional allegation generally in the 1!t paragraph( the plainti5 #ho i! *ling the ca!e #oul" !tate hi! legal capacity to !ue( the a""re!! #here the "e%en"ant may be !er)e" #ith !ummon!& ",&"l& .he !er)ice o% !ummon! nece!!ary to ac-uire /uri!"iction o)er the per!on o% the "e%en"ant& .hi! i! a re-ui!ite %or a /u"gment to be )ali" again!t a "e%en"ant& Guri!"iction o)er the "e%en"ant may be ac-uire" "m&1& by )oluntary appearance o% "e%en"ant in the court #here the ca!e again!t him i! *le" an"!ubmi!!ion to the authority o% that court& 0% "e%en"ant *le" a motion to "i!mi!! on groun" that courtha! no /uri!"iction o)er hi! per!on F not )oluntary appearance( he i! not !ubmitting to the authority o% court& o Hut i% "e%en"ant !ubmitte" eDten!ion o% time to an!#er the complaint( !ummon! not nece!!ary anymore( that e-ual! !ubmi!!ion to the authority o% the court to procee" again!t him&2& !er)ice o% !ummon! in per!on( !ub!titute" manner( thru publication( an" a! no# recogniJe" in ne# rule! thru any other mean! by #hich the "e%en"ant i! in%orme" o% the ca!e *le" again!t him #hich the court *n" !u1cient to ac-uire /uri!"iction o)er the "e%en"ant& 0% the court *n"! that the "e%en"ant #a! a%ter all in%orme"( trial court may *n" it !u1cient to procee" again!t the "e%en"ant& 2& .here may be %ailure o% !ummon!( or )oluntary appearance( but i% in %act the "e%en"ant learne" %rom another that he ha" been !ue" in court( the court may a%ter in-uiring about that manner o% in%orming the "e%en"ant i! alrea"y !u1cient %or the court to procee"& .here i! not !peci*c manner by #hich he i! to be boun"( it i! in the trial court! !oun" "i!cretion& A%ter all the "e%en"ant alrea"y ,no#! that he ha" been !ue" in court& "n&"o& 6hen a "e%en"ant *le! 0n court any motion that #oul" imply that he i! in)o,ing the authority o% the court that motion i! regar"e" a! )oluntary appearance& .he court then #ill ac-uire /uri!"iction o)er him& Hut i% the "e%en"ant *le" a motion to "i!mi!! -ue!tioning the authority o% the court to act on the ca!e again!t him( the !ame may amount to a non+!ubmi!!ion to the authority o% the court an" there%ore #ill not be con!i"ere" a! )oluntary appearance& Hut he more common manner o% ac-uiring /uri!"iction o)er the per!on o% "e%en"ant i! through !ummon!&"p&"-& Summon! + i! a legal proce!! i!!ue" by the court #here the ci)il ca!e #a! *le" to in%orm the "e%en"ant about the ca!e *le" again!t him an" re-uiring the "e%en"ant to an!#er the !ame& So !ummon! i! nece!!ary to ac-uire /uri!"iction an" enter /u"gement again!t the "e%en"ant& "r&"!& Rule 14 o% the R'C pre!cribe! 2 #ay! o% !er)ing !ummon!&1& Pre%erably the !ummon! i! re-uire" to be !er)e" upon the "e%en"ant in per!on& the !ummon! mu!t be ten"ere" to the "e%en"ant him!el%& .he other manner o% !er)ing !ummon! #ill only be )ali"i% !er)ing the "e%en"ant in per!on cannot be ma"e #ithin a rea!onable time& 'ther#i!e( the court may not ac-uire /uri!"iction o)er the "e%en"ant i% !ummon! #a! not properly !er)e"&"t&o Cpon the *ling o% the complaint( recei)e" by the o1ce o% the cler, o% court( a%ter payment o%"oc,et %ee( that o1ce #ill i!!ue !ummon!& "u&2& 6hen it come! to !ub!titute" !er)ice( + it i! )ali" only i% !er)ice to the "e%en"ant in per!on cannot be ma"e "e!pite allo#ing rea!onable time to "o !o& So i% the !ummon! #a! a""re!!e" to the re!i"ence o% the "e%en"ant an" !heri5 #ent there( the "e%en"ant ha" gone to mar,et( #hen the !heri5 arri)e"( the "e%en"ant #a! not there( but hi! #i%e #a! there( !ub!titute" !er)ice may be ma"e to a per!on o% !u1cient age an" "i!cretion re!i"ing in the !ame place #here the "e%en"ant re!i"e! a! in"icate" in the !ummon!& ")&o So although the "e%en"ant #a! not aroun" #hen the !heri5 came #hen !er)e" !ummon!( !er)ing the !ummon! to the #i%e o% "e%en"ant i! '. BA70K %or being a !ub!titute" !er)ice& .hi! cannot ta,e the place o% per!onally !er)ing it i% a%ter all it i! !till po!!ible to !er)e it per!onally&o .he "e%en"ant i! not aroun"( an" there i! no "e*nite time #hen he #ill be aroun"( i% the "e%en"ant #oul" be out o% hi! re!i"ence %or a time that i! alrea"y incon!i!tent #ith #hat i! rea!onable then an" only then may the !heri5 !er)e !ummon! by !ub!titute" !er)ice&o 0% in an o1ce to that in charge o% that o1ce or bu!ine!! o% !u1cient age an" "i!cretion"#& Bali" !er)ice i! pi)otal to ha)e a )ali" /u"gment an" properly en%orce"& 0% not %ailure o% "ue proce!! o% la#& 0t i! by !ummon! that "e%en"ant i! in%orme" o% the ca!e *le" again!t him an" gi)en opportunity to be hear" through an!#er *le"& "D&2& .he rule! allo# upon lea)e o% court !er)ing !ummon! by publicationo Publication al#ay! re-uire an application *le" in the court #here the ca!e i! *le" a!,ing %or lea)e o% court or permi!!ion o% the court to !er)e !ummon! by publication !o thi! manner o% !er)ing !ummon! cannot be ha" #ithout prior lea)e o% court& o ote: the in!tance! #hen !ummon! may be !er)e" by publication& 9out!i"e the!e in!tance! !er)ice !ummon! by publication i! not allo#e":Ko not thin, that i% per!onal an" !ub!titute" !er)ice cannot be "one publication can be ma"eO 'P 0t #ill only be )al"ly "one i% the courtallo#e" it to be "oneP Proper application mu!t be *le" in a court #here ca!e #a! *le"& 0% court grante" lea)e( then the court #ill i!!ue an or"er to thi! e5ect& ot only the !ummon! #ill be publi!he" by al!o a copy o% the complaint #hich i! to be attache" to the !ummon!( al!o the court or"er appro)ing the !er)ice o% !ummon! by publication&"y&o .he court or"er then #ill !peci%y the ne#!paper o% general circulation #here publication i! tobe "one t i! not the pri)y o% the plainti5 to publi!h the !ummon! an" other paper at hi! o#n "i!cretion& .hi! i! controlle" by the court& "J&o Publication i! not complete #ithout copie! o% the paper #here it #a! publi!he"& 0t al!o by regi!tere" mail to the la!t ,no#n a""re!! o% the "e%en"ant an" all hi! coun!el an" proo% o% !er)ice by publication an" the regi!tere" mail mu!t be *le" in court to atte!t to the proper !er)ice o% the !ummon! by publication& ea&o Ienerally( !er)ing !ummon! by publication "oe! not operate i% the action in)ol)e" i! an action in per!onam& Ienerally( publication i! allo#e" only in action! in rem or -ua!i+ in rem& Hut #here the "e%en"ant i! a re!i"ent o% the Philippine! but temporarily out o% the country !ummon! may be !er)e" upon him by !ub!titute" !er)ice or by publication& 6ithout regar" to the nature o% the action& He%ore( publication i! limite" only to in rem or -ua!i in rem( but !ince the ne# rule! allo# !er)ing !ummon! by publication #here the "e%en"ant i! a re!i"ent o% the Philippine! but temporarily out i% the country( it i! !ubmitte" that thi! ha! no regar" #hether the action i! one in per!onam or in rem or -ua!i in rem& 0% the "e%en"ant i! not a re!i"ent o% the RP an" publication i! ha"( an" action i! in per!onam( that publication i! not a )ali" !ummon 6hether the action i! in per!onam( in rem or -ua!i in rem i! not !ynonymou! to a real or per!onal action&eb&+ 6hether the action i! per!onal or real action( i! "etermine" by the !ub/ect matter in)ol)e" in the action& + .he action i! regar"e" a! per!onal i% the !ub/ect matter thereo% aro!e %rom a claim o% money or "amage! or ari!e! out o% the pri)ity o% contract& + 0t i! a real action #hen the !ub/ect matter thereo% i! real property or intere!t therein& .hi! cla!!i*cation o% action i! rele)ant to the "etermination o% Benue& + 6hether the action i! in per!onam or in rem i! "etermine" by the bin"ing e5ect o% the /u"gement that may be ren"ere" in the ca!e&+ 0% the /u"gement that may be ren"ere" in the ca!e i! bin"ing only on the partie! litigate" an" their !ucce!!or in intere!t o% pri)ie!( then it i! an action in per!onam&+ 0% the action #oul" bring about a /u"gement that i! bin"ing not only upon the litigant! but any party#ho may be min"e" to rai!e a claim on the !ub/ect matter o% the action then it i! an action in rem+ 'bligation i! generally re-uire" o% !uch action a! a re-uirement o% "ue proce!! o% la#& Since not only the litigant! #ill be boun" by the /u"gement ren"ere" but any other per!on that may be min"e" to rai!e a claim on the !ub/ect matter o% the ca!e( then "ue proce!! re-uire! that there mu!t be publication to in%orm all about the pen"ency o% the action&+ .he action i! regar"e" a! -ua!i in rem #here the /u"gement #ill be bin"ing only upon the litigant! their pri)ie! or !ucce!!or! in intere!t but he /u"gement !hall be eDecute" again!t a particular property only by the "e%en"ant& So it i! the property or the re! in)ol)e" that #ill an!#er %or the /u"gement although the /u"gement can only bin" the partie! to the action an" pri)ie! or !ucce!!or!in intere!t& ot anybo"y can claim the bene*t o% the /u"gement&+ 6here the action i! in per!onam( !er)ing !ummon! by publication I33RA778 i! not allo#e"( the party litigant mu!t be in%orme" o% the ca!e in per!on not by publication& 6here ho#e)er the action in per!onam ha! been con)erte" to an action -ua!i in rem( the /u"gement that may be ren"ere" out o% the property in)ol)e" in the action an" the e5ect #ill be again!t all #ho may lay a claim on that property& So i% the nature o% the action i! one in per!onam( an" the "e%en"ant i! not a re!i"ent o% the Philippine!( !er)ing !ummon! by publication! #ill not be allo#e" unle!! the action i! con)erte" to an action -ua!i+ in rem& .hi! i! "one by plainti5 or hi! coun!el locating any property !ituate" in the Philippine! #here the "e%en"ant ha! an intere!t or the "e%en"ant claim! a right to the property in)ol)e"& .he plainti5 or hi! coun!el may cau!e the preliminary attachment o% that property in or"er to con)ert the action to -ua!i in rem in!tea" o% an action in per!onam& So the /u"gement that #ill be ren"ere" in the ca!e #ill be bin"ing upon the partie! to the ca!e but the !ame #ill be !ati!*e" out o% the property attache" locate" an" !ituate" in the Philippine! authoriJe! !er)ing !ummon! by publication& ec&e"& Publication i! not legally allo#e" may be con)erte" to an action at lea!t -ua!i in rem to allo# !er)ing !ummon! thru publication& .hi! i! "one by locating any property #here the "e%en"ant ha! any intere!t %oun" in the Philippine! an" ha)e the!e propertie! attach by a #rit o% preliminary attachment( by that attachment ma,e! the action initially in per!onam to a -ua!i in rem&ee&e%& Hut that i! true only %or a! long a! the "e%en"ant #ho #a! !ue" in the action ha! not yet *le" hi! an!#er or ha! not yet appeare" in the ca!e& 'nce /uri!"iction o)er the action o% the "e%en"ant i! ac-uire"( the action re)ert! bac, to an action in per!onam an" there%ore notice! o% the procee"ing! mu!t be !ent or !er)e" t the "e%en"ant litigant in per!on& 0t i! only %or purpo!e! o% !er)ing !ummon! that the action i! con)erte" into an action -ua!i in rem& 'nce /uri!"iction i! ac-uire" it re)ert! bac, to in per!onam !o any !ub!e-uent notice! mu!t be !er)e" in the manner applicable to action in per!onam not by publication anymore& eg&eh& P7A0.0>> GCR0SK0C.0' 'B3R A0S P3RS' + i! ac-uire" by the court upon the *ling o% the complaint& Ko not thin, that !ummon! are to be !er)e" to plainti5 thi! i! true only to the "e%en"ant& 6here the action i! one in rem or -ua!i in rem/uri!"iction o)er the action i! ac-uire" the moment the court ac-uire! /uri!"iction o)er the re! or matter in)ol)e" in the litigation& .he "e%en"ant i! !er)e #ith !ummon! only to comply #ith the re-uirement o% "ue proce!! o% la#& Pre%erential /uri!"iction o)er the re! or matter in)ol)e" i! the one important&ei&+ 6here the /uri!"iction i! on the plainti5 upon the *ling o% the complaint in court( /uri!"iction o)er the per!on o% the plainti5 i! ac-uire" becau!e he !ubmit! to the /uri!"iction o% the court& So i% he *le! in the #rong court #hich ha! no /uri!"iction o)er the matter( the plainti5 can no longer rai!e the -ue!tion that the court #hich ren"ere" /u"gment on the ca!e ha! no /uri!"iction o)er the action!ince it #a! he #ho brought about the /uri!"iction o% the court erroneou!ly& Plainti5 i! e!toppe" or preclu"e" %rom -ue!tioning the /uri!"iction o% the court #here he *le" hi! complaint& Cpon !uch *ling( the court ac-uire! /uri!"iction o)er the plainti5( !o he cannot a!!ail that /uri!"iction i! "e%ecti)e( only "e%en"ant can rai!e thi!&e/&+ 0n the matter o% !er)ing !ummon!( you #ill notice un"er rule 14 that rule! pro)i"e %or a "5erent !er)ice o% !ummon! to nature per!on! an" /uri"ical per!on!& 0n the ca!e o% /uri"ical per!on!( the rule! "i!tingui!he! #hether the /uri"ical entity i! a "ome!tic corporation or partner!hip or the !ame i! a %oreign corporation or partner!hip&e,&+ 0n the ca!e o% a partner!hip( note that /uri"ical per!onality i! ac-uire" only i% the partner!hip #a! regi!tere" in accor"ance #ith la# #ith the S3C other#i!e it i! only an or"inary partner!hip not regi!tere" not /uri"ical per!on& 0t mu!t be reg!ter" accor"ing to la# #ith the S3Cel&+ 0n the ca!e o% "ome!tic /uri"ical entitie!( in a corporation !ummon! mu!t be !er)e" to the pre!i"ent( the general manager( the corporate !ecretary( the trea!urer or the in hou!e coun!el o% the corporation& An" it mu!t be in that or"er o% pre%erence& So !er)ing the !ummon! to the general manager #here the pre!i"ent #a! there i! there i! not )ali"& Cnle!! it #a! !ho#n that the general manager ga)e the !ummon! to the pre!i"ent the !er)ice to the pre!i"ent i! e-ui)alently e5ecte" al!o& So i% thi! or"er o% !er)ing !ummon! #a! not %ollo#e" a motion to "i!mi!! the ca!e on the groun" that !ummon! #a! not !er)e" upon the "e%en"ant may be *le"& em&+ .he rule! no# !pea, o% the trea!urer not the ca!hier& .rea!urer a! an o1cer o% the corporation& .he rule no# ma"e it categorical that the !er)ice #here the pre!i"ent or general manager i! not a)ailable mu!t be ma"e to the corporate !ecretary& He%ore it #a! only ?!ecretary@ it #a! con%u!e" to inclu"e pri)ate !ecretary& o# it i! !peci*c to be the corporate !ecretary a! *le" in the S3C& the la#yer #ho may al!o be !er)e" !ummon! mu!t be an 0 A'CS3 la#yer& en&+ Regi!tere" partner!hip !er)e" to the managing partner& ot /u!t to any partner&eo&+ >oreign corporation *n" out #hether it ha! a re!i"ent agent in the Philippine! becau!e he i! "oing bu!ine!! here( or he "oe! not ha)e a re!i"ent agent& 0% the %oreign corporation ha! one !er)ice !hall not be ma"e to pre!i"ent( gen magager( etc& it !hall be !er)e" to the re!i"ent agent( an" i% the corporation ha! no re!i"ent agent an" it i! "oing bu!ine!! here( then un"er the K.0( !ummon! !hall be !er)e" to the public o1ce eDerci!ing !uper)i!ion o)er the %oregin corporation 9eDample in!urance company to the in!urance commi!!ioner( i% o5!hore ban,ing unit to the !uperinten"ent o% the Central ban,:ep&+ 0% the !e-uence i! not %ollo#e" then !er)ice o% !ummon! may be regar"e" a! in)ali" an" there%ore /uri!"iction i! not ac-uire" o)er the "e%en"ant& .here i! ho#e)er a ruling by the !upreme court that although a corporation #a! not properly !er)e" #ith !ummon! i% a%ter all the corporation i! in%orme" that the ca!e ha" been *le" again!t it( !uch corporation !houl" not capitaliJe on the improper !er)ice o% !ummon! but !houl" *le a motion to "i!mi!! to in%orm the court that !ummon! #a! !er)e" to it improperly& 0% the "e%en"ant corporation !imply ,ept -uiet on the erroneou! !er)ice o% !ummon! an" the !heri5 *le" a return in court that !ummon! #a! !er)e" to the "e%en"ant to thi!a""re!!( the court #ill rely on the return *le" by the !heri5( ha! the bene*t o% goo" %aith becau!e o%the pre!umption that public o1cer! per%orm their "utie! #ith regularity& Aere he mu!t ma,e an a1rmati)e !tep i% he ,ne# about the *ling o% the ca!e& .here i! ba" %aith in thi! !ituation&e-&+ 0t #oul" be "i5erent i% the erroneou! !er)ice "enie" the "e%en"ant "ue notice #here he ne)er learne" about he action& SC : %ailure o% "ue proce!!& ot properly in%orme"& So no /u"gment #ill be)ali"& er&e!&et& 34.RA.3RR0.'R0A7 S3RB0I '> SC=='S+ 3)en !er)ing !ummon! in per!on to the "e%en"ant can be "one eDtra territorially& 0% a ca!e #a! *le"a per!on in the CS( an" here i! a %ello# #ho ,no#! the "e%en"ant an" he #a! re-ue!te" by the plainti5 to !er)e the !ummon! to that "e%en"ant in per!on abroa"& .hat cannot be "on$t #ithout lea)e o% court& Cn"er!tan" that !ummon! a! a /u"icial porce!! can only be !er)e" #ithin the /uri!"iction o% the court& eu&+ 0% upon hearing( that per!on #ho )olunteere" to !er)e the !ummon ha! a!!ure" the court that he #ill "o it( the court may then "eputiJe the per!on to !er)e !ummon! to one #ho i! abroa"( that per!onal !er)ice can only be "one upon proper application to the court #here the ca!e i! *le" an" upon proper hearing #here lea)e o% court i! gi)en %or the !ummon! to be !er)e" eDtra territorially& e)&+ 6here the action *le" again!t "e%en"ant abroa" in)ol)e! the per!onal !tatu! o% the plainti5( that procee"ing i! in rem& So !er)ing !ummon! either by publication or per!onal !er)ice #ith prior lea)e or court i! !till )ali"& .he action i! an action in rem& 'r #here !ummon! i! !er)e" an" it in)ol)e! property locate" in the Philippine! #here the "e%en"ant ha! intere!t claim! a right in rem F publication !ummon! i! al!o )ali"&e#&eD& Sub!titution !er)ice i! not really in the nature o% !ub!titution !er)ice F only "one i% not po!!ible to be "one in per!on& SC metione" that i% !heri5 came to hou!e o% "e%en"ant( the !heri5 !houl" a!, #here the "e%en"ant i! an" *n" out i% he i! to come bac,& .he !heri5 mu!tgo bac,& Ae i! not allo#e" to ma,e /u!t one attempt& 3arne!t e5ort mu!t be eDerci!e" to !eeto it that !er)ing !ummon! #oul" be complie" #ith&ey&e3- CAPTER )/a- Fo1r$& S$e% De/endan$A# o%$"on# a/$er &a0"ng been #er0ed 2"$& #1''on#/b-/.-%"& 'P.0'SABA07AH73.'K3>3KA.CK3R.A3RC73S'>C'CR.A>.3RAAB0IH33S3RB3K 60.A SC=='S:!- >ile a ='.0' .' K0S=0SS un"er RC73 16M+- >ile a ='.0' >'R H077 '> PAR.0CC7ARS un"er RC73 22M;- >ile a ='.0' >'R SC==AR8 GCKI=3. un"er RC73 2;M)- >ile an AS63R in accor"ance #ith RC73S 6( 7( C'CRS3 or ='.0' R3IARK3K AS A =A..3R'> C'CRS3& .he!e are =otion! that "o not a5ect the right o% the a")er!e party but only a""re!! onthe !oun" "i!cretion o% the Court acting on the ca!e& %J& 3D: =otion %or the 3Dten!ion o% .ime+ R3AS' #hy you ha)e to "i5erentiate a 70.0IA.3K ='.0' %rom a ='.0' '> C'CRS3 : a 70.0IA.3K ='.0' #oul" only parta,e a! a mere !crap o% paper C73SS it carrie! #ith it a'.0C3 '> A3AR0I #hich i! a""re!! to the a")er!e party in%orming the latter o% the "atean" time that =otion !houl" be argue" in Court& So that the a")er!e party #ill appear in thecourt #ithin the place an" time !peci*e" in the notice& 6hen a 70.0IA.3K ='.0' i! #ithout a otice o% #hen the motion i! to be hear"( thi! i!#hat i! calle" an ?34 PAR.3 ='.0'&@ A litigate" motion cannot be re!ol)e" by the court eDparte becau!e it #oul" )iolate the con!titutional pro)i!ion on the "ue proce!! o% la#& 'nly the ='.0' '> C'CRS3 that the court may act upon eD parte e)en #ithout notice o%hearing to the a")er!e party becau!e it i! only a""re!! to the !oun" "i!cretion o% the court& ga&gb& RC73 16: ='.0' .' K0S=0SS+ '7K RC73: 0% "e%en"ant *le! a =otion to "i!mi!!( the perio" %or reacting i! )acate" until the motioni! re!ol)e" #hether grante" or "enie"& 0% the =otion i! "enie"( the "e%en"ant #ill ac-uire a ne#perio" to an!#er the complaint #hich mean! another 1; "ay!&+ '6: upon *ling o% the =otion to Ki!mi!!( the perio" that ha! alrea"y elap!e" #ill be "e"ucte"%rom the perio" allo#e" %or the "e%en"ant to react to the !ummon!& Aence( i% "e%en"ant *le" a =otion to Ki!mi!! on the ;th"ay( he #ill only ha)e 10 "ay! toan!#er the complaint i% the motion #a! "enie"& 0% themotioni!*le"beyon"1;"ay!%romthereceipt o% !ummon( hei!con!i"ere"in"e%ault& Ao#e)er( the ne# rule allo#! the "e%en"ant i% he *le! the motion to "i!mi!! #ithin the la!t ;"ay!o%theperio" allo#e"%orhimto react( %oratlea!t;"ay!to*lean an!#erto thecomplaint& gc& 3D: A *le" =K on the 11th "ay %rom the "ate o% the receipt o% !ummon!& Hut the Court"enie" the =K& A !till ha! a perio" o% ; "ay! to an!#er the complaint& g"&+ '7K RC73: #hen a ca!e i! *le" in #rong )enue( the "e%en"ant can -ue!tion the *ling o% the ca!eonly through a =otion to Ki!mi!!& An" in the =otion to Ki!mi!!( he i! not allo#e" to rai!e any othergroun" %or "i!mi!!al that #ill re-uire the court ton rule on any other groun"& .he implication i! thatit i! tantamount to telling the court that it i! not the proper court to act on the ca!e !o that i% herai!e" any other groun"( thi! i! incompatible #ith the groun" o% improper )enue&+'6: #hate)er i! the groun" among tho!e enumerate" in Rule 16 the "e%en"ant may either *le a=K or *le an An!#er #here the groun"! in the =K are rai!e" a! a matter o% "e%en!e& +0% the "e%en"ant *le! a =K( thi! i! not a plea"ing& 0% he *le! an An!#er #here he rai!e" the groun"in the =K a! an a1rmati)e "e%en!e thi! i! a plea"ing& + 0% thegroun"%or "i!mi!!al #a!rai!e"intheAn!#er( themo)eo% theplainti5toamen"hi!complaint to a)oi" the grant o% "i!mi!!al #ill re-uire prior lea0e o/ .o1r$& Hut i% the "e%en"ant *le!a =K& #hich i! not a plea"ing( the plainti5 can amen" the complaint e)en #ithout lea)e o% court&+ 6hy: becau!e it i! only #hen the plea"ing i! *le" that amen"ment cannot be ma"e #ithout priorlea)e o% court& + ?7ea)e o% court@ mean! permi!!ion o% the court& ge&+ '7K RC73: .here are only t#o groun"! be%ore #hich cannot be rai!e" in the An!#er an" there%ore i%the!e groun"! #oul" be rai!e" by the "e%en"ant( he cannot a)oi" the *ling o% a =K& An" the!e are:1& 0mproper )enue( an"2& 7ac, o% /uri!"iction o)er the per!on o% the "e%en"ant&g%& All other groun"! may be rai!e" either in the =K or a! an a1rmati)e "e%en!e in the An!#er&+ '6: all the groun"! in the =K may either be rai!e" in the =K or in an An!#er& Hut any groun" notrai!e" #hether in the =K or in the An!#er i! alrea"y 6A0B3K an" cannot be rai!e" any %urther& Aence( i% "e%en"ant *le! =K #ithout rai!ing groun"! that he may rai!e( he may not !tate!uch groun" in the An!#er& Ae can only rai!e thi! groun" in the An!#er i% he "i" not *le a=K& Ao#e)er( the rule that groun"! that are not rai!e" in the =Kare "eeme" #ai)e"pre!uppo!e! that the groun"! in)ol)e" are #ai)able& Hecau!e there are groun"! #hich arenot #ai)able becau!e they are matter! o% la#& gg& 34: .he action i! ba!e" on a labor "i!pute thi! i! beyon" the /uri!"iction o%or"inarycourt!but#ithinthe/uri!"ictiono% the7RC& Soe)eni% the"e%en"ant"i" not *le a =K( it i! not con!i"ere" a! #ai)er& Hecau!e /uri!"iction o)er!ub/ect matter i! con%erre" by la# an" beyon" the #ill o% the partie! to control&gh& '.3: .AK3 '.3 '> .A3 IR'CKS 6A0CA AR3 '. 6A0BAH73& g"-+ I33RA7 RC73: i% a =K i! alrea"y *le"( no other !ub!e-uent =K can be *le"& 'nly o ne =K&+ 34C3P.0': i% the !ub!e-uent =Krai!e! a groun" #hich i! '. 6A0BAH73( the *ling o% a!ub!e-uent =K i! allo#e"& + R3AS': .he!e groun"! #hich are not #ai)able i% rai!e" #oul" be %or the bene*t o% the court !othat it #ill not be acting in %utility& + Although a =K i! *le"( it "oe! not %ollo# that the court #ill grant !uch =K& + Hecau!e i% the "e%ect rai!e" can be correcte" by mere amen"ment( the court may /u!t re-uire theplainti5 to amen" in!tea" o% "i!mi!!ing the !ame& .hi! i! to a)oi" multiplicity o% !uit& + .he "i!mi!!al coul" only be "one i% the groun"! rai!e" cannot be correcte" by mere amen"ment& + .he court are prohibite" %rom re!ol)ing =K #ithout granting or "enying it but !imply by i!!uing anor"er !tating that the groun" rai!e" in the =K "oe! not appear to be in"ubitable& Hecau!e in *nethi! mean! "i!mi!!alor "enialo% the =K& .hi! i! prohibite" becau!e it i! pro)en to be a moneyma,ing !cheme o% the court! an" i! tainte" #ith corruption&+ TC3S.0': can a "e%en"ant *le more than 1 =KN+ AS63R: Ienerally( '& Hecau!e #hen =K i! *le" all groun"! not rai!e" are "eeme" #ai)e"& g/& 3Dception!( 1: a!ub!e-uent =Kcanbe*le"i% thegroun"rai!e"inthe!ub!e-uent=K i! '. 83. ABA07AH73 at the time #hen the =K #a!*le"&g,& 2:#hen thegroun" rai!e" in the =K i! '. 6A0BAH73& gl&+ ote: H3>'R3 #hen an action #hich mu!t be re%erre" to the appropriate barangay #hich i! a con"itionprece"ent be%ore re%erring it to court i! not complie" #ith( the groun" #hich mu!t be rai!e" in the =Kcan be Iroun" 9/: ?a con"ition prece"ent i! not complie" #ith@ or 9b: ?the lac, o% /uri!"iction o)er the!ub/ect matter o% the action@& gm& '6: .hi! i! no longer an appropriate groun"& .he only appropriate groun" i! 9/: acon"ition prece"ent i! not complie" #ith& 'ther#i!e( the court #ill !imply "eny the =K& + .hi! i! al!o the appropriate groun" in ca!e! o% the "i!pute bet#een %amily member! #here the Ci)ilCo"e re-uire! litigant! to *r!t be gi)en the opportunity to compromi!e& + 0% the groun" rai!e" i! not the correct groun" then the =K !hall be "enie"& + Aence( i% there #a! no groun" %or #hich the "e%en"ant may *le a =K !o that 1!t option i! not open tohim& Ae may ho#e)er a)ail o% other option! a)ailable to him un"er the Rule!& gn&go-+ND OPTION- FILE A 8OTION FOR BILL OF PARTICULARS 1nder RULE ++gp& H077 '> PAR.0CC7AR-i! a !tatement o% the matter !ub/ect o% the ca!e "ome #ithparticularity %or the a")er!e party to un"er!tan" #hat i! being complaine" again!t&+ '7K RC73: A Hill o% Particular 9HP: may be *le" on 2 groun"!:1&that the allegation in the complaint lac, !u1cient particularity !o much !o that the "e%en"ant i!pre)ente" %rom ma,ing an intelligent re!pon!e to the plea"ing& 2& .he nece!!ary particulariJation i! nee"e" %or the "e%en"ant to enter trial& g-&+ .hi! motion to be *le" re-uire! to !peci%y 2 thing!: 1& 0t !houl" point out the "e%ect "e!ire" to be clari*e" by the HP&2& 0t !houl" point out the paragraph #here !uch allegation that nee"! to be particulariJe" i! %oun"&gr& PCRP'S3: %or the court to "etermine #hether: the HP i! not merely "ilatory an"to "etermine #hether the "e%en"ant un"er!tan"! the complaint& g!& Aence( i% the paragraph i! ambiguou! then the court #ill grant the HP& 0% it i! alrea"yclear the court #ill "eny& 2& 0t !houl" point out the particular! "e!ire"& gt&+ 6hen a motion i! allo#e" un"er the Rule but on !peci*c groun"( an" i% !uch motion #a! *le" noton the groun" !peci*e" in the Rule!( the !ame i! calle" BPRO FOR8AC- An" it "oe! not ha)e anylegal e5ect& .he ?pro %orma@ motion i! regar"e" !imply a! "ilatory& Al!o #hen the "e%en"ant ma,e!hi! o#n Rule an" not the rule! pro)i"e" by the court then the court #ill not grant that&+ 0% the=otion%orHP"oe!not!peci%ythe!e2thing!thenthemotion#ill beregar"e"a!?pro%orma@&+ .heHPmu!tbe*le"#ithintheperio"allo#e"bytheRule!%orthe"e%en"anttoreacttothe!ummon& .he e5ect i! parallel to the =K& Cpon *ling a =otion %or HP the perio" %or *ling an An!#er i!interrupte" an" !u!pen"e"& .he "e%en"ant #ill ha)e the remaining perio" to *le an An!#erin ca!e! #hen HP i! "enie"& .he perio" i! not )acate"& 6hen the =otion %or HP i! *le" at lea!t ; "ay! be%ore the eDpiration o% the perio" to *le anAn!#er to the !ummon( the court #ill allo# the perio" o% not more than ; "ay! a%ter thereceipt o% the or"er "enying the HP( %or the "e%en"ant to *le hi! An!#er& + 6hen a Hp i! *le"( the particulariJe" allegation %orm! part o% the plea"ing that the plainti5 ha!*le"& .hi! mean! that it %orm! part o% the allegation! o% the complaint& .hi! i! legally !igni*cant&Cn"er the Rule! o% 3)i"ence( the allegation! o% a plea"er in the plea"ing *le" parta,e! the nature o%a /u"icial a"mi!!ion!& Ae i! not allo#e" to contra"ict thi! anymore becau!e the /u"icial a"mi!!ion!are conclu!i)e again!t the party ma,ing the !ame& + Cnle!! the allegation! #ere allo#e" by the court to be #ith"ra#n or amen"e" becau!e it i! pro)ento ha)e been ma"e out o% mi!ta,e( the motion cannot be mo"i*e" anymore& .he plainti5 mu!t *r!t*lea=otion%or7ea)eo% Courttocurethemi!ta,e& 6ithoutthatthemi!ta,eturn!outtobeconclu!i)e&+ 36RC73S: theHPmaybea!,e"%orbythe"e%en"antonlyi% thenece!!aryparticulariJationpre)ent!him%rom*linganAn!#er& .heothergroun"#hichtheol"rule!allo#e"i!nolongerallo#e" here& .he HP cannot be a)aile" o% to enable the other party to prepare %or trial& + Al!o( HPcanonlybea)aile"o% #henthe"e%en"ant ha!not yet *le"anAn!#er& 6henthe"e%en"ant ha! alrea"y *le" one( the purpo!e %or motion %or HP "i!appear!&+ 6hentheCourt grant!the=otion%orHP( the"utyo% the"e%en"ant to*leanAn!#ertothecomplaint remain! !u!pen"e" until the plainti5 comply #ith the or"er an" *le a HP& + Ienerally( the court or"ering plainti5 to !ubmit the HP !peci*e! the perio" #ithin #hich the plainti5!houl" comply& 0% the or"er "oe! not !tate a perio"( Rule 12 !tate! he !hall ha)e 10 "ay!& + 0% the plainti5 %ail! to comply #ith the court or"er #ithin the perio" gi)en by the court or #ithin 10"ay!( the court upon motion o% the "e%en"ant may !tri,e out the allegation #here the ambiguity#hich re-uire! particulariJation& + 0% thematter that re-uire!particulariJationa5ect!thecau!eo% actiona!a#hole( theentirecomplaint may be !tric,en out o% the recor"& Aence( no more ca!e&+ .he HP a! an option i! a)ailable only %or the "e%en"ant an" not the plainti5& Hecau!e the plainti5allege! an" the "e%en"ant only an!#er! the allegation!& .hi! option i! limite" only %or thepreparationo% theAn!#er i% the"e%en"ant cannot prepareanintelligent An!#er becau!etheallegation o% the plainti5 lac,! particularity& &+ An" i% there i! no rea!on to a)ail o% the HP( another option a)ailable %or the "e%en"ant un"er Rule!o% court i! a =otion %or Summary Gu"gment& gu&g0- ;RD OPTION- 8OTION FOR SU88ARY :UDG8ENT 1nder RULE ;oreign 0n!urance Company+ '1ce o% the 0n!urance Commi!!ionerhe& >oreign .ra"ing Company+ K.0 .he perio" %or *ling an An!#er i! 20 "ay! a%ter the notice #a! !er)e" by that go)ernmento1cer to the %oreign corp& #hich #a! the "e%en"ant o% the ca!e&h%& 0% the !ummon #a! !er)e" by publication( the perio" i! at lea!t 60 "ay! a%ter notice i! !er)e"re-uiring the "e%en"ant to *le hi! an!#er un"er Sec& 14 o% Rule 14&hg&&&- CAPTER ile a =otion %or Summary Gu"gment un"er Rule 244 >ile a Reply&l-&'- !#$ o%$"on- F"le a 8o$"on $o De.lare $&e De/endan$ "n De/a1l$ 4R1le FE Se.- ;6&n- .hi! motion i! proper in 2 !ituation!:! 6here the "e%en"ant "i" not *le any an!#er or re!pon!i)e plea"ing to the complaint "e!pite)ali" !er)ice o% !ummon!&+ 6here the "e%en"ant *le" an!#er or re!pon!i)e plea"ing but beyon" the reglementary perio"%or *ling an an!#er& ; 6herethe"e%en"ant*le"an!#erincourtbut%ail!to!er)etheplainti5#ithacopyo%hi!an!#er in the manner re-uire" by the rule!& .he con!e-uence i! o >iling o% an an!#er #a!ma"e&ho&hp& 0mportant a!pect!:+ .hi! i!apri)ilegeo%theplainti5& 0%he #oul"not*lethi! motion e)enthoughthe*lingo%the"e%en"ant o% the re!pon!i)e plea"ing i! long o)er"ue the court i! not competent to "eclare the"e%en"ant in "e%ault& 0n!tea" the court may "i!mi!! the action on the groun" o% %ailure to pro!ecuteon the part o% the plainti5& Aence( there mu!t be a motion o% that e5ect ma"e by the plainti5& .hi!"i!mi!!al i! pro)i"e" %or un"er Rule 17& + 2n"!ituation: the"e%en"ant *le"an!#er or re!pon!i)eplea"ingbut beyon"thereglementaryperio"%or*linganan!#er& 0% any!tepre-uire"bytherule!tobeta,enbyalitigant#ithina!peci*e" perio" o% time ha" not been ta,en( that or"er *le" by the litigant in court pur!uant to thatoption*le"outo% time!hall beregar"e"a!amere!crapo% paper& 0t#ill notha)eanylegal!tan"ing in court an" the court !houl" not act on that an!#er #hich #a! belate"ly *le"&+ 6here the "e%en"ant #oul" be *ling hi! an!#er but beyon" the perio" !peci*e"( the "e%en"ant!houl" *le a =otion to A"mit the an!#er #hich !houl" be anneD to the motion& Such =otion toA"mit !houl" !tate the rea!on #hy the "e%en"ant #a! not able to *le the re!pon!i)e plea"ing #ithinthe perio" *De" by the Rule! o% Court&+ 2r"!ituation: the "e%en"ant *le" an!#er in court but %ail! to !er)e the plainti5 #ith a copy o% hi!an!#er in the manner re-uire" by the rule!& + Cn"er Rule 12 eDcept a! to the *ling o% the Complaint all other !ub!e-uent plea"ing( motion! ormemoran"a !houl" be con!i"ere" *le" only i% the a")er!e party in the ca!e i! properly !er)e" #itha copy o% that an!#er or plea"ing or memoran"a&+ Sec 11 Rule 12: Ser)ice o% any plea"ing !ub!e-uent to a complaint may be "one per!onally( or byregi!tere" mail( or by !ub!titute" !er)ice& - 0% copy %or the a")er!e party #a! not !er)e" per!onally( let u! !ay !er)e" by regi!tere" mail or!ub!titute"manner( Sec11re-uire!theparty!er)ing!uchplea"ing( motionormemoran"atoeDplain #hy the copy #a! not !er)e" per!onally an" #hy it i! not practicable to "o !o& 'ther#i!e!uch plea"ing( motion or memoran"a not !er)e" per!onally #ithout eDplanation !hall be con!i"ere"a! '. >073K A. A77&+ '6: 6hen a "e%en"ant i! con!i"ere" in "e%ault( he cannot therea%ter participate in the trial o% theca!e unle!! he #oul" mo)e to !et a!i"e that or"er& Although #hene)er the plainti5 #oul" be *lingany legal paper in court( the "e%en"ant !till ha! the right to be !er)e" a copy o% !uch legal paper&An" he !hall recei)e a copy o% the or"er o% the court once it reache" it! )er"ict& .hi! i! pur!uant tothe re-uirement o% KC3 PR'C3SS&+ R3AS': i% the "e%en"ant #a! or"ere" by the court through Summon! to an!#er the complaint o%the plainti5( %ailure o% the "e%en"ant to obey the !ummon! i! tantamount to !nobbing the court&Aence the court al!o ha! the right to treat "e%en"ant a! '. A PAR.8 to the litigation( !o he i! notallo#e" to participate in the trial anymore&+ .he"e%en"ant#oul"regainhi!righttoparticipateinthetrial onlya%terthecourtgrante"hi!motion to !et a!i"e the or"er o% the court& + '7K RC73:'nce "e%en"ant i! "eclare" in "e%ault he totally lo!!e! hi! per!onality to participate inthe trial&Ae ha!no right to recei)e notice o% the hearing or copy o% the plea"ing! *le"by theplainti5& Ae can only ha)e a copy o% the or"er ma"e by the court( other than that( no more& + 0% the plainti5 ha! alrea"y complete" the pre!entation o% hi! e)i"ence #hen the court li%te" the"eclaration o% "e%ault again!t the "e%en"ant( the "e%en"ant #ill not ac-uire the opportunity to cro!!eDamine the plainti5$! #itne!!e! anymore& 6hat i! *ni!h i! *ni!h& 0t cannot "i!turb the or"er o% thetrial be%ore the "e%ault #a! li%te" or !et a!i"e& 0t cannot unma,e the procee"ing! alrea"y ta,en&+ Cn"er rule! on Ke%ault( a motion to "eclare a "e%en"ant in "e%ault cannot anymore be ma"e ?eDparte@ or #ithout the bene*t o% a hearing on that motion& + '7K RC73: once a "e%en"ant #a! "eclare" in "e%ault the court may allo# the plainti5 to pre!ente)i"ence on hi! complaint ?eD parte@ al!o or #ithout the "e%en"ant being pre!ent& + R3AS': the !ummon! i!!ue" by the court !o that "e%en"ant coul" an!#er the complaint& 6hen!uch !ummon i! not hee"e"( the "e%en"ant #ill not be allo#e" to inter%ere or *le an!#er anymore&+ '6: the court a%ter the "e%en"ant ha! been "eclare" in "e%ault may procee" #ith the ren"ition o%/u"gment by "e%ault again!t the "e%en"ant& .here #ill be no reception o% e)i"ence %or the plainti5anymore& + '7K: the %act that "e%en"ant ha! been "eclare" in "e%ault i! not an a!!urance that the plainti5 #ill#in& Hecau!e he i! re-uire" to a""uce e)i"ence to pro)e allegation! in hi! complaint& 0% he cannote!tabli!h the merit! o% hi! ca!e the court #ill "i!mi!! the ca!e& + '6: the plainti5 may not be re-uire" anymore to a""uce e)i"ence ?eD parte@ in !upport o% hi!complaint& .he court it!el% motu propioly procee" #ith the ren"ition o% /u"gment by "e%ault on theba!i! alone o% the allegation! in the complaint #ithout e)i"ence being pre!ente" by the plainti5& + 0n ren"ering !uch /u"gment( the Rule! gi)e! the trial court the "i!cretion to litigate the )ali"ne!! o%the claim praye" %or by the plainti5& So i% the court belie)e! that the claim o% the plainti5 i! o)erly!tate" the court may !imply re"uce the amount& A%ter all( the plainti5 "i" not e!tabli!h the !ame&+ Although thi! i! the rule( the plainti5 may *le motion in court to allo# him to a""uce e)i"ence toe!tabli!h the amount o% hi! claim e!pecially i% it #a! a claim %or "amage!& 'ther#i!e( the court #illprocee" to ren"er /u"gment& An" it may motu propio re"uce the amount o% "amage! that !houl" bea#ar"e"&+ 6hen thereare 2 ormore "e%en"antagain!t #hom plainti5 *le" hi!complaint i%the complaintplea"e" a common cau!e! o% action the court may or"er to procee" to ren"er /u"gment again!t all"e%en"ant becau!e it i! ba!e" on a common cau!e o% action& + 0% one o% the "e%en"ant *le" an an!#er an" the other! "i" not( i% the action i! ba!e" on a commoncau!e o% action the "e%en!e o% one #ill apply to another& Aence( e)en i% only one "e%en"ant *le" anan!#er an" the other! "i" not the ca!e #ill be "eci"e" on the ba!i! o% the an!#er *le" by thean!#ering "e%en"ant& Aence( no /u"gment by the court can be ren"ere" again!t the other non+an!#ering"e%en"ant i% a%ter all the"e%en"ant i!!ue"un"er acommoncau!eo% actionan"e)eryone one *le" an an!#er ba!e" on a common "e%en!e& + 34C3P.0': Hut i% the an!#ering "e%en"ant *le" hi! an!#er to the complaint an" rai!e" a"e%en!e per!onal to him only( li,e hi! minority( the court can procee" to ren"er /u"gmentagain!t tho!e#ho"i"not *le"anan!#er& Hecau!ea%ter all( thean!#er *le"bythean!#ering "e%en"ant cannot be u!e" %or the bene*t o% the other "e%en"ant! i% they are notminor!& .hat "e%en!e i! per!onal to the an!#ering "e%en"ant an" cannot be ta,en in %a)or o%other "e%en"ant&+ A!tothe"amageclaime"bytheplainti5( an"#herethe"e%en"ant"i"not*leanAn!#erorre!pon!i)e plea"ing the court can ren"er /u"gment #ithout e)i"ence a! to the amount o% "amage!claime" i% the "amage! claime" #ere in the nature o% a !tipulate" "amage!& 'ther#i!e( only claim%or "amage! un"er Ci)il Proce"urei!#hether a"mitte"bythea")er!eparty& 'nlyclaim%or"amage! mu!t at lea!t be !ub!tantiate" #ith e)i"ence by the claimant& Hecau!e "amage! al#ay!re-uire proo%&h-&+ '.3 >'R 1S. 'P.0':1 =otion %or the plainti5 i! nece!!ary& .he court cannot motu propio "aclare "e%en"ant in "e%ault#ithout motion by the plainti5&2 .he =otion to "eclar4e "e%en"ant in "e%ault can no longer be "eclare" by the court ex parte.2 =otion to "eclare "e%en"ant in "e%ault mu!t be "n 2r"$"ng an" the Rule! re-uire "ue notice o%hearing to the "e%en"ant be%ore he i! "eclare" in "e%ault& 0t mu!t be !che"ule" in the calen"aro% trial! o% the "ay&hr& '7K RC73: .he plainti5 may !imply mani%e!t to the court that the perio" %or *ling an!#erha" alrea"y lap!e" an" the "e%en"ant ha! not yet *le" hi! an!#er& An" thi! can be "one orallyon the "ate o% the initial trial&h!&+ 0n re!ol)ing the motion to "eclare "e%en"ant in "e%ault the mo)ant i! the one #ho !et the motion%or hearing& 0% not( the court #ill not bother to !et the motion %or hearing& 0t #ill remain only a! apiece o% paper& + .he !etting o% the motion %or hearing at mo!t mu!t be !che"ule" no$ 'ore $&an !I da(# a%ter the*ling o% that motion to the court #hich #ill re!ol)e the !ame&+ '7K RC73: the mo)ant may !che"ule the "ate o% hearing !o that the court may re!ol)e it e)enbeyon" the 10 "ay perio"& + 0% the "e%en"ant ha! complie" #ith the !ummon! an" *le" a re!pon!i)e plea"ing( a "eclaration o%the court i! not proper& So the 1!t option cannot be a)aile" o% un"er Rule 24 another option i! gi)enht&hu&&0- +nd o%$"on- F"le a 8o$"on /or :1dg'en$ on $&e Plead"ng 1nder R1le ;)+ 6hentheplainti5*le"thi!motiontheimplicationi!thatatrial ontheca!ei!notnece!!arybecau!e an!#er *le" by the "e%en"ant "oe! not ten"er an i!!ue& + ?"oe!notten"erani!!ue@mean!inproce"ural la#that there!pon!i)eplea"ing*le"bythea")er!e party "i"not "enyeDpre!!ly or implie"ly the allegation %ormingthe plainti5$!cau!eo%action& Aence( it implie! that the "e%en"ant a"mit the allegation& .here%ore the court can alrea"yren"er /u"gment ba!e" on the allegation! #hich are "eeme" a"mitte"&+ .hea"mi!!ion!o% theallegation!o% %actinthecomplaint mayari!ebecau!eo% the%ailureo%"e%en"ant to ma,e a !peci*c "enial& + Cn"er therule!( the"e%en"ant inma,ingthe"enial o% theplainti5$! cau!eo% actioninthecomplaint it re-uire! either toma,e!peci*c "enial #hich!er)e! a! anegati)e"e%en!e( or"e%en"ant may implie"ly a"mit the allegation! o% the plainti5 but he #oul" rai!e ne# matter! on"enying the claim! or "e%eat reco)ery o% the plainti5 un"er hi! complaint( thi! i! calle" a1rmati)e"e%en!e or con%e!!ion an" a)oi"ance& + 6hen the "e%en!e rai!e" by the "e%en"ant i! by #ay o% Con%e!!ion an" A)oi"ance the court mayre)er!etheor"er o% trial& 0n!tea"o% theplainti5pro)ing#hat heclaime"#hichi!implie"lya"mitte"( the court may or"er the "e%en"ant to pre!ent hi! e)i"ence& An" the plainti5 #ill onlypre!ent rebuttal e)i"ence& .hi! i! calle" trial in the re)er!e&+ 6hen the plainti5 *le" a motion %or /u"gment on the plea"ing in e5ect the plainti5 i! a!,ing thetrial court !implytoren"er /u"gment ba!e"on#hat areallege"ontheplea"ing*le"bythe"e%en"ant an" the plainti5& o trial #ill be con"ucte"& .he court #ill !imply ren"er /u"gment ba!e"on the allegation& + Aence( the plainti5 in e5ect !ubmit! hi! ca!e #ithout !ubmitting e)i"ence but only ba!e" on #hati! allege" in hi! complaint an" #hat i! allege" by the "e%en"ant by #ay o% "e%en!e in hi! An!#er&.hecourt cannot gotoanyother !ourceout!i"etheplainti5$!complaint an"the"e%en"ant$!an!#er in ren"ering /u"gment in the ca!e&+ Con!e-uently( !ince"amage! cannot bereco)ere"#ithout beingpro)en( ine5ect !tipulate""amage! al!o calle" li-ui"ate" "amage! are agree" upon by the partie!&Aence no nee" to pre!ente)i"ence to pro)e "amage!& Any claim other than thi!( the plainti5 ha! the obligation to pro)e or!ub!tantiate the claim! %or "amage!& 'ther#i!e( the court i! not allo#e" to grant "amage! #hichare not clearly pro)en by e)i"ence&+ 6hen the plainti5 *le" a motion %or /u"gment on the plea"ing the implication i! that the An!#er "i"not ren"er any i!!ue( #hich mean! that the an!#er %ail! to "eny the material allegation! in theplainti5$! cau!e o% action& + .he"e%en"ant$!%ailureto"enyi!notbecau!ehea"mit!theallegation& .hea"mi!!iono% theplainti5$!allegationi!acon!e-uencei% the"e%en"ant ma"ehi!"enial but not inthetenantre-uire" by the rule! o% court& + .he Rule! re-uire! that the "enial mu!t be ma"e in the particular language& .here i! a particularmanner o% !tating the "enial#hich the rule! re%erre" to a! ?!peci*c "enial@& ot e)ery "enial i!regar"e" a! a !peci*c "enial& .here are "enial! #hich are regar"e" a! implie" a"mi!!ion o% #hat#a! allege"& + 0% the court #ill re!ort to e)i"ence out!i"e o% the plea"ing *le" by the partie! to pro)e that theAn!#er "oe! not ten"er any i!!ue( the court then acte" in error& 6hate)er procee"ing therea%ter i!null an" )oi"& Hecau!e #hen a plainti5 *le" a =otion %or Gu"gment on the Plea"ing he in e5ect#ai)e! pre!enting any other e)i"ence beyon" #hat he allege" in hi! complaint an" beyon" #hatthe "e%en"ant allege" in hi! an!#er& o out!i"e e)i"ence or eDternal e)i"ence may be in-uire" into&+ 6henthi!i!nota)ailable( theplainti5i!allo#e"anotheroption( thati!( =otion%orSummaryGu"gment& &2-&,-;rd o%$"on- 8o$"on /or S1''ar( :1dg'en$ 1nder R1le ;)+ .hi! option i! al!o a)ailable to the "e%en"ant& + Cn"er Rule 24( Sec 1: i! %or the plainti5 to *le a =otion %or Summary Gu"gment 9SG:&+ Cn"er Rule 2; Sec 2: i! %or the "e%en"ant to *le a =otion %or SG& + .he =otion %or SG i! proper #hen trial i! not nece!!ary anymore becau!e the material allegation! inthe complaint or an!#er are not genuine& 0n other #or"!( the plea"ing o% the partie! allege! ani!!uebut that i!!uecanbe!ho#na!!hamor not genuinethrougha1"a)it!o% #itne!!e!orthrough"epo!ition! or througha"mi!!ion! or anyother e)i"enceconte!tingthetrutho% theallegation!& + 0%the"e%en"antcontentioni!thattheplainti5$!complaint%ail!to!tateacau!eo% action( theproper reme"y i! to *le a =otion to Ki!mi!! un"er Rule 16&+ Ki!tinction! !houl" be ma"e bet#een a ?Right o% Action@ an" a ?Cau!e o% Action@&+ .he ba!i! o% a =K i! a cau!e o% action an" not right o% action& Cau!e o% action re%er! to #hat areallege" in the complaint& + Right o% action re%er! to #hat the la# con%er! to the plainti5 to bring the action a! hi! right un"erthe la#& Hecau!e o% that right he can bring the action&+ Hut although the plainti5 ha! the right o% action but the plea"ing %ail! to !tate a cau!e o% actionthen the =K i! proper& + 6here the complaint !tate! a cau!e o% action but the cau!e o% action !tate" i! in reality not genuinean" it can be !ho#n by a1"a)it! o% tho!e #ho #itne!!e" the tran!action or "epo!ition! o% partie!in)ol)e" or by a"mi!!ion! ma"e by the partie! be%ore the action can be *le" or by any e)i"ence#hich can !ho# that #hat i! being claime" i! a !ham or not genuine( the complaint !till !tate! acau!e o% action& Aence( =K i! not the proper reme"y but a =otion %or SG&+ =otion %or SG #hether a)ailable to the plainti5 or to the "e%en"ant can only be a proper option i%there i! no i!!ue o% %act at all that #ill re-uire a trial& 0% there #a! a i!!ue o% %act that #ill re-uire!ubmi!!ion o% e)i"ence a motion %or the court to ren"er !ummary /u"gment i! not proper&+ 0% the court acte" %a)orably in that motion an" procee"e" to ren"er /u"gment #ithout bene*t o% thetrial the court acte" illegally& 6hate)er /u"gment the court ren"ere" pur!uant to that motion i! nullan" )oi" ab initio&+ Aence( =otion %or SG i! a)ailable only #hen there i! total ab!ence o% %act! that mu!t be thre!he" outin the trial& .hat i! #hy the trial i! "i!pen!e" #ith& + Since thi! #oul" in)ol)e a "etermination by the court #hether trial i! !till nece!!ary or not un"erRule


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