remedial law part 06 special civil actions

8/22/2019 Remedial Law Part 06 Special Civil Actions

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REMEDIAL LAW REVIEWER

Part VI of IX

SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS

I.Civil Procedure

A.Special Civil Actio! "Rule #$%&'(

'.Iterpleader

a.Defiitio

A person who has property in his possession or an obligation to

render, wholly or partially without claiming any right therein, or an

interest in which in whole or in part is not disputed by the

claimants, comes to court and asks that the persons who consider

themselves entitled to demand compliance with the obligation berequired to litigate among themselves in order to determine finally

who is entitled to the same.

).Rule #$

General Procedure in Interpleader

.1 complaint for interpleader is filed

.2 court issues order requiring the claimants to interplead

.3 summons served on the claimants

.4 claimants may file t! on the unique ground of impropriety ofinterpleader action, t! tolls period to file answer

." court resolves t!# claimant has remaining period to file answer or

at least " days from notice of denial

.$ claimants file answer within 1" days from receipt of summons

.% opposing claimants may file a reply

.& pre'trial

.( court )determine*s+ their respective rights and adudicate their

several claims-

Sectio '. When interpleader proper.* W+eever coflicti, clai-!upo t+e !a-e !u)ect -atter are or -a/ )e -ade a,ai!t a per!o 0+oclai-! o itere!t 0+atever i t+e !u)ect -atter1 or a itere!t0+ic+ i 0+ole or i part i! ot di!puted )/ t+e clai-at!1 +e -a/)ri, a actio a,ai!t t+e coflicti, clai-at! to co-pel t+e- toiterplead ad liti,ate t+eir !everal clai-! a-o, t+e-!elve!. "'a1R#2(

ote that the plaintiff need not wait for each defendant to make a

formal demand. /t is enough that a claim may

be made by such

defendants.

Sec. $. Order.* 3po t+e fili, of t+e co-plait1 t+e court !+alli!!ue a order re4uiri, t+e coflicti, clai-at! to iterplead 0it+oe aot+er. If t+e itere!t! of u!tice !o re4uire1 t+e court -a/direct i !uc+ order t+at t+e !u)ect -atter )e paid or delivered tot+e court. "$a1 R#2(

Sec. 2. Summons. * Su--o! !+all )e !erved upo t+e coflicti,clai-at!1 to,et+er 0it+ a cop/ of t+e co-plait ad order. "21 R#2(


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 2ote that the plaintiff does not furnish the defendant copies of his

complaint. 0e need only file his complaint with the court. /t is the

responsibility of the court to issue the summons and to serve a copy

of the complaint.

Sec. 5.Motion to dismiss.* Wit+i t+e ti-e for fili, a a!0er1eac+ clai-at -a/ file a -otio to di!-i!! o t+e ,roud ofi-propriet/ of t+e iterpleader actio or o ot+er appropriate,roud! !pecified i Rule '#*motion to dismiss+. T+e period to filet+e a!0er !+all )e tolled ad if t+e -otio i! deied1 t+e -ovat-a/ file +i! a!0er 0it+i t+e re-aii, period1 )ut 0+ic+ !+all ot)e le!! t+a five "6( da/! i a/ evet1 rec7oed fro- otice ofdeial. "(

he defendants must file their answer within the standard 1" days

from receipt of the summons.

Sec. 6.Answer and other pleadings.* Eac+ clai-at !+all file +i!a!0er !etti, fort+ +i! clai- 0it+i fiftee "'6( da/! fro- !ervice

of t+e !u--o! upo +i-1 !ervi, a cop/ t+ereof upo eac+ of t+eot+er coflicti, clai-at! 0+o -a/ file t+eir repl/ t+ereto a!provided )/ t+e!e Rule!. If a/ clai-at fail! to plead 0it+i t+eti-e +erei fi8ed1 t+e court -a/1 o -otio1 declare +i- i defaultad t+ereafter reder ud,-et )arri, +i- fro- a/ clai- i re!pectto t+e !u)ect -atter.

T+e partie! i a iterpleader actio -a/ file couterclai-!1cro!!%clai-!1 t+ird%part/ co-plait! ad re!po!ive pleadi,!t+ereto1 a! provided )/ t+e!e Rule!. "5a1 R#2(

Sec. #. Determination. * After t+e pleadi,! of t+e coflicti,

clai-at! +ave )ee filed1 ad pre%trial +a! )ee coducted iaccordace 0it+ t+e Rule!1 t+e court !+all proceed to deter-ie t+eirre!pective ri,+t! ad adudicate t+eir !everal clai-!. "6a1 R#2(

Sec. &. Docket and other lawful fees, costs and litigation expensesas liens. * T+e doc7et ad ot+er la0ful fee! paid )/ t+e part/ 0+ofiled a co-plait uder t+i! Rule1 a! 0ell a! t+e co!t! adliti,atio e8pe!e!1 !+all co!titute a lie or c+ar,e upo t+e!u)ect -atter of t+e actio1 ule!! t+e court !+all order ot+er0i!e."#a1 R#2(

c.Ca!e!Mesina v. IAC, 145 SCRA 497 (1986)

acts o5s lost check was presented for payment by esina. 6heck was

dishonored. esina now claims from the drawer bank. 7ank files action

for interpleader naming o and esina as respondents. 6ourt orders

respondents to file their answers.

0eld /nterpleader was a proper remedy. An order to file an answer is

proper and equivalent to an order to interplead. ailure to file an

answer results in the party being declared in default.

$.Declarator/ Relief ad Si-ilar Re-edie!

a.Rule #2

Sectio '. Who may file petition.*

A/ per!o itere!ted uder adeed1 0ill1 cotract or ot+er 0ritte i!tru-et1 0+o!e ri,+t! areaffected )/ a !tatute1 e8ecutive order or re,ulatio1 ordiace1 or
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Mesina%20vs%20IAC.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Mesina%20vs%20IAC.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Mesina%20vs%20IAC.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Mesina%20vs%20IAC.doc


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 3a/ ot+er ,over-etal re,ulatio -a/1 )efore )reac+ or violatiot+ereof1 )ri, a actio i t+e appropriate Re,ioal Trial Court todeter-ie a/ 4ue!tio of co!tructio or validit/ ari!i,1 ad for adeclaratio of +i! ri,+t! or dutie!1 t+ereuder.

A actio for t+e refor-atio of a i!tru-et1 to 4uiet title toreal propert/ or re-ove cloud!t+erefro-1 or to co!olidate o0er!+ipuder Article '#9& of t+e Civil Code1 -a/ )e )rou,+t uder t+i! Rule."'a1 R#5(

Cf Article 1607 NCC:Art. 1607. In case of real property, the consolidation of ownership in the vendee by virtue of thefailure of the vendor to coply with the provisions of article 1616 shall not be recorded in theRegistry of Property without a judicial order, after the vendor has been duly heard.

Cf Article 1616 NCC:Art. 1616. !he vendor cannot avail hiself of the ri"ht of repurchase without returning to thevendee the price of the sale, and in addition:1. !he expenses of the contract, and any other legitimate paymentsade by reason of the

sale#

$. !he necessary and useful expensesade on the thin" sold.

Requiite !or declarator" relie!

.1 plaintiff is interested under a deed, will, contract or other

written instrument

.2 plaintiff5s rights are affected by a statute, e8ecutive order or

regulation, ordinance, or any other governmental regulation

.3 before breach or violation thereof

.4 bring an action in the appropriate 96

." purpose is

.a to determine any question of construction or validity arising

thereunder, and

.b for a declaration of his rights or duties thereunder

An action for declaratory relief may also be brought for the

reformation of an instrument, to quiet title to real property or

remove clouds therefrom, or to consolidate ownership.

o register his title to real property bought with a right of

redemption, the buyer must file an action for declaratory relief.

cf Art. 1$:% and 1$1$ 66Art. 1$:%. /n case of real property, the consolidation of ownership in the

vendee by virtue of the failure of the vendor to comply with the provisions

of article 1$1$ shall not be recorded in the 9egistry of ;roperty without a

udicial order, after the vendor has been duly heard. *n+

Art. 1$1$. he vendor cannot avail himself of the right of repurchase without

returning to the vendee the price of the sale, and in addition

*1+ he e8penses of the contract, and any other legitimate payments made by

reason of the sale#

*2+ he necessary and useful e8penses made on the thing sold. *1"1&+

oreover, the action should be predicated on the ff conditions

1. there must be a usticiable controversy#

2. the controversy must be between persons whose interest are adverse#

3. the party seeking declaratory relief must have a legal interest in

the controversy# and

4. the issue involved must be ripened for udicial determination.

*olentino vs. 7oard of Accountancy, (: ;hil., &3+.


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 4Sec. $. Parties.* All per!o! 0+o +ave or clai- a/ itere!t 0+ic+

0ould )e affected )/ t+e declaratio !+all )e -ade partie!: ad odeclaratio !+all1 e8cept a! ot+er0i!e provided i t+e!e Rule!1preudice t+e ri,+t! of per!o! ot partie! to t+e actio. "$a1 R#5(

Sec. 2. otice on Solicitor !eneral.* I a/ actio 0+ic+ ivolve!t+e validit/ of a !tatute1 e8ecutive order or re,ulatio1 or a/ot+er ,over-etal re,ulatio1 t+e Solicitor ;eeral !+all )eotified )/ t+e part/ a!!aili, t+e !a-e ad !+all )e etitled to )e+eard upo !uc+ 4ue!tio. "2a1 R#5(

Sec. 5. "ocal go#ernment ordinances.* I a/ actio ivolvi, t+evalidit/ of a local ,over-et ordiace1 t+e corre!podi,pro!ecutor or attore/ of t+e local ,over-etal uit ivolved !+all)e !i-ilarl/ otified ad etitled to )e +eard. If !uc+ ordiace i!alle,ed to )e uco!titutioal1 t+e Solicitor ;eeral !+all al!o )eotified ad etitled to )e +eard. "5a1 R#5(

Sec. 6. $ourt action discretionary. * E8cept i actio! falli,

uder t+e !ecod para,rap+ of !ectio ' of t+i! Rule1 t+e court1 -otuproprio or upo -otio1 -a/ refu!e to e8erci!e t+e po0er to declareri,+t! ad to co!true i!tru-et! i a/ ca!e 0+ere a deci!io 0ouldot ter-iate t+e ucertait/ or cotrover!/ 0+ic+ ,ave ri!e to t+eactio1 or i a/ ca!e 0+ere t+e declaratio or co!tructio i! otece!!ar/ ad proper uder t+e circu-!tace!. "6a1 R#5(

Ground !or t#e court to re!ue to e$ercie declarator" relie!

.1 a decision would not terminate the uncertainty or controversy which

gave rise to the action, or

.2 the declaration or construction is not necessary and proper under

the circumstances.

Sec. #. $on#ersion into ordinary action. * If )efore t+e fialter-iatio of t+e ca!e1 a )reac+ or violatio of a i!tru-et or a!tatute1 e8ecutive order or re,ulatio1 ordiace1 or a/ ot+er,over-etal re,ulatio !+ould ta7e place1 t+e actio -a/ t+ereupo)e coverted ito a ordiar/ actio1 ad t+e partie! !+all )eallo0ed to file !uc+ pleadi,! a! -a/ )e ece!!ar/ or proper. "#a1R#5(

Ordiar/ civil actio

< plaintiff alleges that his right has been

violated by the defendant# udgment rendered is coercive in

character# a writ of e8ecution may be e8ecuted against the defeatedparty

Special civil actio of declarator/ relief

< an impending violation

is sufficient to file a declaratory relief# no e8ecution may be

issued# the court merely makes a declaration

).Ca!e!

Edades v. Edades, 99 P#il 675 (1956)

he determination of hereditary rights in the estate of a living

person is not a proper subect of an action for declaratory relief.he remedy is declaratory relief for declaration of filiation.

Santos v. Aquino, 94 P#il 65 (195%)

!eclaratory relief for construction is not a proper remedy where the

terms of the questioned ordinance are are clear and unambiguous. he

remedy of declaratory relief for invalidity is precluded by a breach

*e.g. the ta8 imposed by the questioned ordinance is already due when
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Edades%20vs%20Edades.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Edades%20vs%20Edades.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Edades%20vs%20Edades.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Santos%20vs%20Aquino.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Santos%20vs%20Aquino.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Santos%20vs%20Aquino.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Edades%20vs%20Edades.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Santos%20vs%20Aquino.doc


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 5the case was filed+. inally, an action for declaratory relief must

also be brought by a real party in interest.

Note 0ad the case been filed before the ta8es became due, the actionwould have been converted into an ordinary civil action.

Gomez v. Palomar, &5 SCRA 8&7 (1968)

A requisite for declaratory relief for invalidity is that it must

have been brought before a breach or violation. 6onversion into a

civil action applies only if the breach occurs after the filing of

the action but before the termination thereof.

'atalin Coconut 'unicipalit" o! 'ala*an+, 14% SCRA 44 (1986)

=here a ta8 imposed by the questioned ordinance was paid under

protest, there is no breach, and hence declaratory relief still lies.

/n any case, declaratory relief is proper as to future ta8es that may

be imposed.

Note 6ould not the plaintiffs in Santosand Gomezclaim that theiraction for declaratory relief is proper for future ta8es to beimposed or future stamps to be required>

2.Revie0 of


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 6?pecial civil actions of certiorari, prohibition, and mandamus, from

6omelec and 6oA should be filed within 3: days, and does not stay the

decision appealed.

>otto-lie !ecisions of quasi'udicial bodies are not stayed byappeal alone. !ecisions of regular courts are stayed on appeal *de

Beon hough in petition for review on certiorari to the ?6 via 9ule

4", there is no e8press provision on effect of appeal on e8ecution+.

Note he )not less than " days- provision for filing a pleadingapplies only to

.1 filing an answer after a denial of a t!

.2 filing an answer after denial or service of a bill of particulars

.3 filing an special civil action for certiorari from a decision of

the 6omelec or 6oA after denial of a f9 or

/t does not apply to filing appeal from decisions of other entities

after denial of a f9 or . /n such cases, either the parties have

a fresh 1" days, or the balance.

Sec. 5. Docket and other lawful fees. * 3po t+e fili, of t+epetitio1 t+e petitioer !+all pa/ to t+e cler7 of court t+e doc7etad ot+er la0ful fee! ad depo!it t+e a-out of P699.99 for co!t!. "(

Sec. 6. &orm and contents of petition. * T+e petitio !+all )everified ad filed i ei,+tee "'?( le,i)le copie!. T+e petitio!+all a-e t+e a,,rieved part/ a! petitioer ad !+all oi a!re!podet! t+e Co--i!!io cocered ad t+e per!o or per!o!itere!ted i !u!taii, t+e ud,-et1 fial order or re!olutio a4uo. T+e petitio !+all !tate t+e fact! 0it+ certait/1 pre!et

clearl/ t+e i!!ue! ivolved1 !et fort+ t+e ,roud! ad )riefar,u-et! relied upo for revie01 ad pra/ for ud,-et aulli, or-odif/i, t+e 4ue!tioed ud,-et1 fial order or re!olutio.=idi,! of fact of t+e Co--i!!io !upported )/ !u)!tatial evidece!+all )e fial ad o%revie0a)le.

T+e petitio !+all )e acco-paied )/ a clearl/ le,i)le duplicateori,ial or certified true cop/ of t+e ud,-et1 fial order orre!olutio !u)ect t+ereof1 to,et+er 0it+ certified true copie! of!uc+ -aterial portio! of t+e record a! are referred to t+erei adot+er docu-et! relevat ad pertiet t+ereto. T+e re4ui!ite u-)erof copie! of t+e petitio !+all cotai plai copie! of all docu-et!

attac+ed to t+e ori,ial cop/ of !aid petitio.

T+e petitio !+all !tate t+e !pecific -aterial date! !+o0i, t+atit 0a! filed 0it+i t+e period fi8ed +erei1 ad !+all cotai a!0or certificatio a,ai!t foru- !+oppi, a! provided i t+e t+irdpara,rap+ of !ectio 21 Rule 5#.

T+e petitio !+all furt+er )e acco-paied )/ proof of !ervice of acop/ t+ereof o t+e Co--i!!io cocered ad o t+e adver!e part/1ad of t+e ti-el/ pa/-et of doc7et ad ot+er la0ful fee!.

T+e failure of petitioer to co-pl/ 0it+ a/ of t+e fore,oi,re4uire-et! !+all )e !ufficiet ,roud for t+e di!-i!!al of t+e

petitio. "(

oing to the ?6

, always 1& copies. oing to the 6A

, always % copies.

he petitioner must also file a certification against forum'shopping.

Sec. #. Order to comment.* If t+e Supre-e Court fid! t+e petitio!ufficiet i for- ad !u)!tace1 it !+all order t+e re!podet! tofile t+eir co--et! o t+e petitio 0it+i te "'9( da/! fro- oticet+ereof: ot+er0i!e1 t+e Court -a/ di!-i!! t+e petitio outri,+t. T+e


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 7Court -a/ al!o di!-i!! t+e petitio if it 0a! filed -aife!tl/ fordela/1 or t+e 4ue!tio! rai!ed are too u!u)!tatial to 0arratfurt+er proceedi,!. "(

Sec. &. $omments of respondents.* T+e co--et! of t+e re!podet!!+all )e filed i ei,+tee "'?( le,i)le copie!. T+e ori,ial !+all )eacco-paied )/ certified true copie! of !uc+ -aterial portio! of t+erecord a! are referred to t+erei to,et+er 0it+ ot+er !upporti,paper!. T+e re4ui!ite u-)er of copie! of t+e co--et! !+all cotaiplai copie! of all docu-et! attac+ed to t+e ori,ial ad a cop/t+ereof !+all )e !erved o t+e petitioer.

No ot+er pleadi, -a/ )e filed )/ a/ part/ ule!! re4uired orallo0ed )/ t+e Court. "(

Sec. ?. 'ffect of filing.* T+e fili, of a petitio for certiorari!+all ot !ta/ t+e e8ecutio of t+e ud,-et or fial order orre!olutio !ou,+t to )e revie0ed1 ule!! t+e Supre-e Court !+alldirect ot+er0i!e upo !uc+ ter-! a! it -a/ dee- u!t. "(

Sec. @. Su(mission for decision.* 3le!! t+e Court !et! t+e ca!efor oral ar,u-et1 or re4uire! t+e partie! to !u)-it -e-orada1 t+eca!e !+all )e dee-ed !u)-itted for deci!io upo t+e fili, of t+eco--et! o t+e petitio1 or of !uc+ ot+er pleadi,! or paper! a! -a/)e re4uired or allo0ed1 or t+e e8piratio of t+e period to do !o. "(

5.Certiorari1 Pro+i)itio ad Mada-u!

a.Defiitio!

0it+out uri!dictio< no urisdiction from the beginning# absolutewant of urisdiction

i e8ce!! of uri!dictio < transcended the limits of authoritywithout any statutory authority

,rave a)u!e of di!cretio< e8ercised its power in an arbitrary ordespotic manner by reason of passion or personal hostilities# so

patent and gross as to amount to an evasion or virtual refusal to

perform the duty enoined or to act in contemplation of law

).Purpo!e! of a 0rit of

Certiorari < to correct errors of urisdiction# refers to only toudicial or quasi'udicial functions

Pro+i)itio < to prevent respondent from usurping a urisdictionwhich it is not legally vested# refers to udicial, quasi'udicial,

or ministerial functions

Mada-u! < to require or compel the respondent to perform aparticular duty, which duty results from the official station of the

respondent, or from operation of law# refers only to ministerial

duties

uo Warrato ' a demand made by the state upon some individual orcorporation to show by what right they e8ercise some franchise orprivilege appertaining to the ?tate which according to the

6onstitution or the laws of the land, they can not legally e8ercise

by virtue of a grant or authority from the ?tate

c.Di!ti,ui!+


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 8Certiorari Pro#i*ition 'anda-u

Certiorari Pro+i)itio Mada-u!

!irected against a

person e8ercising to

udicial or quasi'

udicial functions

!irected against a

person e8ercising

udicial or quasi'

udicial functions, orministerial functions

!irected against a

person e8ercising

ministerial duties

Cbect is to correct Cbect is to prevent Cbect is to compel

;urpose is to annul or

modify the proceedings

;urpose is to stop the

proceedings

;urpose is to compel

performance of the act

required and to

collect damages

;erson or entity must

have acted without or

in e8cess of

urisdiction, or withgrave abuse of

discretion

;erson or entity must

have acted without or

in e8cess of

urisdiction, or withgrave abuse of

discretion

;erson must have

neglected a

ministerial duty or

e8cluded another froma right or office

Pro#i*ition In.unction

Pro+i)itio Iuctio

Always the main actionay be the main action or ust a

provisional remedy

!irected against a court, a

tribunal e8ercising udicial or

quasi'udicial functions

!irected against a party

round must be the court acted

without or in e8cess of

urisdiction

!oes not involve a question of

urisdiction

Pro#i*ition 'anda-u

Pro+i)itio Mada-u!

o prevent an act by a respondent o compel an act desired

ay be directed against entities

e8ercising udicial or quasi'

udicial, or ministerial functions

ay be directed against udicial

and non'udicial entities

D8tends to discretionary functionsD8tends only to ministerial

functions

'anda-u /uo 0arranto

Mada-u! uo 0arrato

6larifies legal duties, not legal

titles

6larifies who has legal title to

the office, or franchise

9espondent, without claiming any

right to the office, e8cludes thepetitioner

9espondent usurps the office

Certiorari Rule45 Certiorari Rule65

Certiorari a! a Mode of Appeal"Rule 56(

Certiorari a! a Special CivilActio "Rule #6(

only questions of law may be

raised

question of whether the lower

court acted without or in e8cess


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 9of urisdiction or with grave

abuse of discretion

involves review of udgments,

awards, or final orders

*e8ception may be directed

against an interlocutory order

when such order is patently

illegal. ;p v 9amos &3 ?69A 1+

may be directed against an

interlocutory order of the court

or where no appeal or plain or

speedy remedy available in theordinary course of law

filed within 1" days from notice

of the udgment or final order or

resolution appealed from, or of

the denial of the petitioner5s

or f9# the ?6 may for ustifiable

reasons grant an e8tension of 3:

days

filed within $: days from notice

of the udgment, order or

resolution

stays e8ecution of the udgment,award or order appealed from

D8ecution is not stayed unless a

9C or a writ of ;/ has beenissued

lower courts or udges thereof are

not impleaded

the lower court or udge is

impleaded as a public respondent

;rior f9 not required

f9 is a condition precedent,

subect to e8ceptions to wit.1 case involves atters of e%tree ur"ency#.$ order or &ud"ent coplained of is a patent nullity#.' when the (uestion has been properly raised,

ar"ued and subitted to respondent court andpassed upon by it.

applicable to regular courts *6A,

96, ?andiganbayan+

applicable to regular courts,tribunals, and quasi'udicial

bodies.

appellate urisdiction is invoked

*power to review+

original urisdiction is invoked#

?6 e8ercises its power of control

and supervision over proceedings

of the lower court *power of

control+

Note D8ension of 3: days may begranted for ustifiable reasons

Note D8tension of 1" days may begranted for compelling reasons

Note iled only with the ?6 Note ay be filed in all courtsof general urisdiction

Note ?6 may deny the decisionmotu propio

$ertiorari1 Pro+i)itio ad Mada-u!

d.Rule #6

Sectio '. Petition for certiorari.* W+e a/ tri)ual1 )oard orofficer e8erci!i, udicial or 4ua!i%udicial fuctio! +a! acted0it+out or i e8ce!! of it! or +i! uri!dictio1 or 0it+ ,rave a)u!eof di!cretio a-outi, to lac7 or e8ce!! of uri!dictio1 ad t+erei! o appeal1 or a/ plai1 !peed/1 ad ade4uate re-ed/ i t+e


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 10ordiar/ cour!e of la01 a per!o a,,rieved t+ere)/ -a/ file averified petitio i t+e proper court1 alle,i, t+e fact! 0it+certait/ ad pra/i, t+at ud,-et )e redered aulli, or-odif/i, t+e proceedi,! of !uc+ tri)ual1 )oard or officer1 ad,rati, !uc+ icidetal relief! a! la0 ad u!tice -a/ re4uire.

T+e petitio !+all )e acco-paied )/ a certified true cop/ of t+eud,-et1 order or re!olutio !u)ect t+ereof1 copie! of allpleadi,! ad docu-et! relevat ad pertiet t+ereto1 ad a !0orcertificatio of o%foru- !+oppi, a! provided i t+e t+irdpara,rap+ of !ectio 21 Rule 5#. "'a(

Me-oriBe

ote that certiorari is directed only against an entity exercising

judicial or quasi-judicial functions

. he result is proceedings are

annulled or modified.

Sec. $. Petition for prohi(ition. * W+e t+e proceedi,! of a/tri)ual1 corporatio1 )oard1 officer or per!o1 0+et+er e8erci!i,udicial1 4ua!i%udicial or -ii!terial fuctio!1 are 0it+out or ie8ce!! of it! or +i! uri!dictio1 or 0it+ ,rave a)u!e of di!cretioa-outi, to lac7 or e8ce!! of uri!dictio1 ad t+ere i! o appealor a/ ot+er plai1 !peed/1 ad ade4uate re-ed/ i t+e ordiar/cour!e of la01 a per!o a,,rieved t+ere)/ -a/ file a verifiedpetitio i t+e proper court1 alle,i, t+e fact! 0it+ certait/ adpra/i, t+at ud,-et )e redered co--adi, t+e re!podet to de!i!tfro- furt+er proceedi,! i t+e actio or -atter !pecified t+erei1or ot+er0i!e ,rati, !uc+ icidetal relief! a! la0 ad u!tice -a/re4uire.

T+e petitio !+all li7e0i!e )e acco-paied )/ a certified true cop/of t+e ud,-et1 order or re!olutio !u)ect t+ereof1 copie! of allpleadi,! ad docu-et! relevat ad pertiet t+ereto1 ad a !0orcertificatio of o%foru- !+oppi, a! provided i t+e t+irdpara,rap+ of !ectio 21 Rule 5#. "$a(

Me-oriBe

ote thatpro+i)itiois directed against anybody

. he result is the

respondent is ordered to desist from further proceedings.

Sec. 2. Petition for mandamus. * W+e a/ tri)ual1 corporatio1

)oard1 officer or per!o ula0full/ e,lect! t+e perfor-ace of aact 0+ic+ t+e la0 !pecificall/ eoi! a! a dut/ re!ulti, fro- aoffice1 tru!t1 or !tatio1 or ula0full/ e8clude! aot+er fro- t+eu!e ad eo/-et of a ri,+t or office to 0+ic+ !uc+ ot+er i!etitled1 ad t+ere i! o ot+er plai1 !peed/ ad ade4uate re-ed/ it+e ordiar/ cour!e of la01 t+e per!o a,,rieved t+ere)/ -a/ file averified petitio i t+e proper court1 alle,i, t+e fact! 0it+certait/ ad pra/i, t+at ud,-et )e redered co--adi, t+ere!podet1 i--ediatel/ or at !o-e ot+er ti-e to )e !pecified )/ t+ecourt1 to do t+e act re4uired to )e doe to protect t+e ri,+t! of t+epetitioer1 ad to pa/ t+e da-a,e! !u!taied )/ t+e petitioer )/

rea!o of t+e 0ro,ful act! of t+e re!podet.

T+e petitio !+all al!o cotai a !0or certificatio of o%foru-!+oppi, a! provided i t+e t+ird para,rap+ of !ectio 21 Rule 5#."2a(

Me-oriBe

ote that -ada-u! is directed against entities exercising only

ministerial functions. he result is the respondent is ordered to

desist from further proceedings.


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 11Sec 5. When and where petition filed. % T+e petitio !+all )e filed

ot later t+a !i8t/ "#9( da/! fro- otice of t+e ud,-et1 order orre!olutio. I ca!e a -otio for reco!ideratio or e0 trial i!ti-el/ filed1 0+et+er !uc+ -otio i! re4uired or ot1 t+e !i8t/ "#9(da/ period !+all )e couted fro- otice of t+e deial of t+e !aid-otio.

T+e petitio !+all )e filed i t+e Supre-e Court or1 if it relate!to t+e act! or o-i!!io! of a lo0er court or of a corporatio1 )oard1officer or per!o1 i t+e Re,ioal Trial Court e8erci!i,uri!dictio over t+e territorial area a! defied )/ t+e Supre-eCourt. It -a/ al!o )e filed i t+e Court of Appeal! 0+et+er or ott+e !a-e i! i t+e aid of it! appellate uri!dictio1 or i t+eSadi,a)a/a if it i! i aid of it! appellate uri!dictio. If itivolve! t+e act! or o-i!!io! of a 4ua!i%udicial a,ec/1 ule!!ot+er0i!e provided )/ la0 or t+e!e rule!1 t+e petitio !+all )e filedi ad co,iBa)le ol/ )/ t+e Court of Appeal!.

No e8te!io of ti-e to file t+e petitio !+all )e ,rated e8ceptfor co-pelli, rea!o ad i o ca!e e8ceedi, fiftee "'6( da/!. "5a(

Bike petitions for review to the 6A and petition for review on

certiorari to the ?6, the period to file a special civil action for

certiorari is counted from notice of the udgment or denial of a

or f9, unlike in ordinary appeals where an f9 or only tolls the

period and the appellant has only remainder of the original 1" day

period to appeal.

Sec. 6. )espondents and costs in certain cases.* W+e t+e petitiofiled relate! to t+e act! or o-i!!io! of a ud,e1 court1 4ua!i%udicial a,ec/1 tri)ual1 corporatio1 )oard1 officer or per!o1 t+e

petitioer !+all oi1 a! private re!podet or re!podet! 0it+ !uc+pu)lic re!podet or re!podet!1 t+e per!o or per!o! itere!ted i!u!taii, t+e proceedi,! i t+e court: ad it !+all )e t+e dut/ of!uc+ private re!podet! to appear ad defed1 )ot+ i +i! or t+eiro0 )e+alf ad i )e+alf of t+e pu)lic re!podet or re!podet!affected )/ t+e proceedi,!1 ad t+e co!t! a0arded i !uc+proceedi,! i favor of t+e petitioer !+all )e a,ai!t t+e privatere!podet! ol/1 ad ot a,ai!t t+e ud,e1 court1 4ua!i%udiciala,ec/1 tri)ual1 corporatio1 )oard1 officer or per!o i-pleaded a!pu)lic re!podet or re!podet!.

3le!! ot+er0i!e !pecificall/ directed )/ t+e court 0+ere t+epetitio i! pedi,1 t+e pu)lic re!podet! !+all ot appear i orfile a a!0er or co--et to t+e petitio or a/ pleadi, t+erei. Ift+e ca!e i! elevated to a +i,+er court )/ eit+er part/1 t+e pu)licre!podet! !+all )e icluded t+erei a! o-ial partie!. o0ever1ule!! ot+er0i!e !pecificall/ directed )/ t+e court1 t+e/ !+all otappear or participate i t+e proceedi,! t+erei. "6a(

Sec. #. Order to comment.* If t+e petitio i! !ufficiet i for-ad !u)!tace to u!tif/ !uc+ proce!!1 t+e court !+all i!!ue a orderre4uiri, t+e re!podet or re!podet! to co--et o t+e petitio0it+i te "'9( da/! fro- receipt of a cop/ t+ereof. Suc+ order !+all

)e !erved o t+e re!podet! i !uc+ -aer a! t+e court -a/ direct1to,et+er 0it+ a cop/ of t+e petitio ad a/ ae8e! t+ereto.

I petitio! for certiorari )efore t+e Supre-e Court ad t+e Courtof Appeal!1 t+e provi!io! of !ectio $1 Rule 6#1 !+all )e o)!erved.>efore ,ivi, due cour!e t+ereto1 t+e court -a/ re4uire t+ere!podet! to file t+eir co--et to1 ad ot a -otio to di!-i!!1t+e petitio. T+ereafter1 t+e court -a/ re4uire t+e fili, of a repl/ad !uc+ ot+er re!po!ive or ot+er pleadi,! a! it -a/ dee- ece!!ar/ad proper. "#a(


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 12Sec. &. 'xpediting proceedings* in+uncti#e relief.* T+e court i

0+ic+ t+e petitio i! filed -a/ i!!ue order! e8pediti, t+eproceedi,!1 ad it -a/ al!o ,rat a te-porar/ re!traii, order or a0rit of preli-iar/ iuctio for t+e pre!ervatio of t+e ri,+t! oft+e partie! pedi, !uc+ proceedi,!. T+e petitio !+all otiterrupt t+e cour!e of t+e pricipal ca!e ule!! a te-porar/

re!traii, order or a 0rit of preli-iar/ iuctio +a! )ee i!!ueda,ai!t t+e pu)lic re!podet fro- furt+er proceedi, i t+e ca!e."&a(

A special civil action for certiorari, prohibition, and mandamus does

not stay e8ecution, unless a 9C or ;/ is issued

.

Sec. ?. Proceedings after comment is filed.* After t+e co--et orot+er pleadi,! re4uired )/ t+e court are filed1 or t+e ti-e for t+efili, t+ereof +a! e8pired1 t+e court -a/ +ear t+e ca!e or re4uiret+e partie! to !u)-it -e-orada. If after !uc+ +eari, or !u)-i!!ioof -e-orada or t+e e8piratio of t+e period for t+e fili, t+ereof

t+e court fid! t+at t+e alle,atio! of t+e petitio are true1 it!+all reder ud,-et for t+e relief pra/ed for or to 0+ic+ t+epetitioer i! etitled.

T+e court1 +o0ever1 -a/ di!-i!! t+e petitio if it fid! t+e !a-eto )e patetl/ 0it+out -erit1 pro!ecuted -aife!tl/ for dela/1 ort+at t+e 4ue!tio! rai!ed t+erei are too u!u)!tatial to re4uireco!ideratio. "?a(

Ground !or t#e court to -otu proprio di-i t#e pecial ciil action

!or CP'

.1 patently without merit

.2 prosecuted manifestly for delay, or

.3 the questions raised therein are too unsubstantial to require

consideration.

Sec. @. Ser#ice and enforcement of order or +udgment.* A certifiedcop/ of t+e ud,-et redered i accordace 0it+ t+e la!t precedi,!ectio !+all )e !erved upo t+e court1 4ua!i%udicial a,ec/1tri)ual1 corporatio1 )oard1 officer or per!o cocered i !uc+-aer a! t+e court -a/ direct1 ad di!o)ediece t+ereto !+all )epui!+ed a! cote-pt. A e8ecutio -a/ i!!ue for a/ da-a,e! or co!t!a0arded i accordace 0it+ !ectio ' of Rule 2@. "@a(

e.Ca!e!

ortic# Corona, &89 SCRA 6&9 (Apr 1998)

An error of udgment is one which the court may commit in the

e8ercise of its urisdiction, and which error is reviewable only by

an appeal. Drror of urisdiction is one where the act complained of

was issued by the court, officer or a quasi'udicial body without or

in e8cess of urisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion which is

tantamount to lack or in e8cess of urisdiction. his error is

correctable only by the e8traordinary writ of certiorari.

Dela Cruz v. IAC, 1%4 SCRA 417 (1985)

he remedy from a dismissal of a case is appeal. ?pecial 6ivil Action

of 6ertiorari is precluded where the remedy of appeal was available

but has been lost. ?pecial 6ivil Action of 6ertiorari can not take

the place of a lost appeal.
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Fortich%20v%20Corona.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/dela%20Cruz%20v%20IAC.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/dela%20Cruz%20v%20IAC.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/dela%20Cruz%20v%20IAC.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Fortich%20v%20Corona.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/dela%20Cruz%20v%20IAC.doc


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 13*Dauz v. Eleosida, 1 SCRA 99 (1961)

=act!!auE was charged for non'payment of municipal license fees forthe 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quarters of 1("&. !auE moved to quash on the

ground that the facts did not constitute an offense because he had

paid municipal license fees for the 1st quarter and therefore the

remedy of the government was to collect by civil action. !enied by

the ustice of the peace. !auE files a petition for certorari with

the 6/. Again denied.

eldhe act complained of was clearly in violation of an ordinancewhich provides for a penalty therefore. =hether or not he paid for

the 1stquarter constitutes a defense which he may prove during the

trial. /f such defense fails, appeal is available. =here appeal is

available, certiorari and prohibition do not lie.

People v. Ramos, 8% SCRA 1 (1978)

=here an information or complaint been allowed despite a patent

defect *e.g. prescription+, appeal is not an adequate remedy.0owever, mandamus is not a proper remedy to quash an information

because the latter is not a ministerial function. he proper remedies

are certiorari and prohibition.

*Bautista v. Sarmiento, 1&8 SCRA 587 (1985)

?pecial civil action for certiorari is not the proper remedy from a

denial of a demurrer to evidence. !enial of a demurrer to evidence is

merely an interlocutory order which can not be the subect of a

petition for certiorari. he remedy is to continue with the trial of

the case and had the decision been adverse, to raise the issue on

appeal.Note =hat happened to the principle that )interlocutory orders arenot appealable, but may be subect to certiorari>- ?pecial civil

action for certiorari is precisely the only remedy from interlocutory

orders. / think what the ?6 was trying to say was

interlocutory

orders are not appealable, and the only remedy is a special civil

action for certiorari. 7ut this remedy is available only as an

e8ception rather than the rule.

*Vda. de Baan! v. CA, 1&5 SCRA 1%7 (198%)

=act!;etitioners filed action to recover their hereditary shares in

land that was awarded 43 years ago in a cadastral case. 9espondentsmoved to dismiss on res udicata and prescription. !enied.

eld;etitionersF action is clearly barred by valid prior udgmentsand prescription. ;rivate respondentsF orrens titles over the

hacienda have long become indefeasible. ?ince the grounds for

dismissal are indubitable, the defendants had the right to resort to

the more speedy and adequate remedies of certiorari and prohibition

to correct a grave abuse of discretion, amounting to lack of

urisdiction, committed by the trial court in not dismissing the

case. =here the lower court refuses to dismiss the on a ground shown

to be indubitable *e.g. res udicata and prescription+, certiorari

and prohibition is allowed.

Note /n these cases, the ?6 could have decided either way.

AA!C9 a orrens itle may be attacked by questioning the validity

of the Crder granting such title. he right to question a void act

does not prescribe.
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Dauz%20vs%20Eleosida.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Dauz%20vs%20Eleosida.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Dauz%20vs%20Eleosida.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Pp%20v%20Ramos.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Pp%20v%20Ramos.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Pp%20v%20Ramos.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Bautista%20v%20Sarmiento.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Bautista%20v%20Sarmiento.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Bautista%20v%20Sarmiento.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/vda%20de%20Bacang%20v%20CA.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/vda%20de%20Bacang%20v%20CA.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/vda%20de%20Bacang%20v%20CA.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Dauz%20vs%20Eleosida.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Pp%20v%20Ramos.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Bautista%20v%20Sarmiento.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/vda%20de%20Bacang%20v%20CA.doc


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 14Santia!o v. CA, 184 SCRA 59 (199)

=act! Gudge disapproves agreement of parties as to ust compensationin an e8propriation proceedings. Cn special civil action for

certiorari to the 6A, 6A reverses. 6ontending that since he was

impleaded in the certiorari case before the 6A, he now files a

petition for review on certiorari before the ?6.

eld Cnly a party is allowed to appeal to the ?6 by petition forreview on certiorari. he udge who rendered the questioned decision

is not a party. he fact that he was named a party respondent before

the ?6 does not give him capacity to appeal. 0is being named a

respondent is only for the purpose of questioning the urisdiction of

the court itself. he udge is merely a nominal party. 9espect for

udicial hierarchy bars a udge from suing against an adverse opinion

of an appellate court.

2Calderon Solicitor3General, &15 SCRA 876 (199&)

=act!Gudge increases bail to an amount beyond that prescribed. Cnspecial civil action for certiorari, 6A annuls udge5s order. Gudge

files f9 in which the ?olicitor eneral refuses to represent him.

Gudge goes to ?6 on special civil action for certiorari and mandamus

to compel the ?olicitor eneral to represent him.

eldA udge can not seek a reversal of a decision reversing his owndecision. he udge has no standing to file the certiorari

proceeding. 0e is merely a nominal party in the certiorari

proceeding before the 6A. urthermore, the ?olicitor eneral has

discretion to decide when and how to prosecute a case. 0is duty is

therefore discretionary, not ministerial, and therefore can not be

compelled by mandamus.

Note ote that in these last 2 decisions *Santos and Calderon+, theudges were invoking the fact that they were impleaded before the 6A.

/t is only in special civil actions for certiorari that the lower

courts are impleaded. /n all modes of appeal *special civil action

is, strictly speaking, not an appeal+, the lower court is not

impleaded.

2'unicipalit" o! ian, a+una CA, &19 SCRA 69 (199%)

=act!unicipality files an eectment case against a lessee of itsproperty. 6 rules for municipality. D8ecution pending appeal was

granted. Bessee questions the e8ecution pending appeal in a petition

for certiorari before the 6A. he 6A not only annulled e8ecution

pending appeal, but also reversed the main decision.

eldhe

only issue in the certiorari proceedings was the propriety

of the e8ecution pending appeal. Dven if the error in the main

decision was raised in the certiorari proceedings,

such issue is

improper because the remedy of appeal is still available and was in

fact availed of.

Cara*ot CA 145 SCRA %77

6.uo Warrato

uo Warrato < a demand made by the ?tate upon some individual orcorporation to show by what right they e8ercise some franchise or

privilege appertaining to the ?tate which according to the

6onstitution or the laws of the land, they can not legally e8ercise

by virtue of a grant or authority from the ?tate

uo Warrato Mada-u!
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Santiago%20v%20CA.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Santiago%20v%20CA.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Santiago%20v%20CA.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Calderon%20v%20SolGen.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Municipality%20of%20Bi%C3%B1an%20v%20CA.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Santiago%20v%20CA.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Calderon%20v%20SolGen.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Municipality%20of%20Bi%C3%B1an%20v%20CA.doc


15/65

m u k l o Special Civil Actions 15

9emedy to try an office or

franchise and to oust the holder

from enoyment

o clear legal duties, not

disputed titles

here is usurpation or intrusion

into an office by the respondent

9espondent need not claim right to

an office but e8cludes petitionertherefrom

uo Warrato Electio Cote!t

!isputes relates to the

eligibility of the candidate elect

!ispute refers to irregularities

in the conduct of election

9espondent ousted but petitioner

does not always assume office

?uccessful protestant will assume

office if he had plurality of

valid votes

uo Warrato i Elective Office! uo Warrato i Appoitive Office!

/ssue is eligibility of the

respondent

/ssue is the validity of the

appointment

;etitioner does not seek replace

respondent

;etitioner seeks to replace

repondent

uo Warratoa.Rule ##

eneral procedure in quo warranto

Sectio '. Action (y !o#ernment against indi#iduals. * A actiofor t+e u!urpatio of a pu)lic office1 po!itio or frac+i!e -a/ )eco--eced )/ a verified petitio )rou,+t i t+e a-e of t+e Repu)licof t+e P+ilippie! a,ai!t

"a( A per!o 0+o u!urp!1 itrude! ito1 or ula0full/ +old! ore8erci!e! a pu)lic office1 po!itio or frac+i!e:

")( A pu)lic officer 0+o doe! or !uffer! a act 0+ic+1 )/ t+eprovi!io of la01 co!titute! a ,roud for t+e forfeiture of +i!office: or

"c( A a!!ociatio 0+ic+ act! a! a corporatio 0it+i t+eP+ilippie! 0it+out )ei, le,all/ icorporated or 0it+out la0fulaut+orit/ !o to act. "'a(

Ground !or quo arranto !iled "# t$e !overnment

.1 a person usurps, intrudes into, or unlawfully holds or e8ercises a

public office, position or franchise#

.2 a public officer who does or suffers an act which, by the provisionof law, constitutes a ground for the forfeiture of his office# or

.3 an association which acts as a corporation within the ;hilippines

without being legally incorporated or without lawful authority so

to act.

Sec. $. When Solicitor !eneral or pu(lic prosecutor must commenceaction.* T+e Solicitor ;eeral or a pu)lic pro!ecutor1 0+e directed)/ t+e Pre!idet of t+e P+ilippie!1 or 0+e upo co-plait or


16/65

m u k l o Special Civil Actions 16ot+er0i!e +e +a! ,ood rea!o to )elieve t+at a/ ca!e !pecified it+e precedi, !ectio ca )e e!ta)li!+ed )/ proof1 -u!t co--ece !uc+actio. "2a(

Sec. 2. When Solicitor !eneral or pu(lic prosecutor may commenceaction with permission of court.* T+e Solicitor ;eeral or a pu)licpro!ecutor -a/1 0it+ t+e per-i!!io of t+e court i 0+ic+ t+e actioi! to )e co--eced1 )ri, !uc+ a actio at t+e re4ue!t ad upo t+erelatio of aot+er per!o: )ut i !uc+ ca!e t+e officer )ri,i, it-a/ fir!t re4uire a ide-it/ for t+e e8pe!e! ad co!t! of t+eactio i a a-out approved )/ ad to )e depo!ited i t+e court )/t+e per!o at 0+o!e re4ue!t ad upo 0+o!e relatio t+e !a-e i!)rou,+t. "5a(

Sec. 5. When hearing had on application for permission to commenceaction.* 3po applicatio for per-i!!io to co--ece !uc+ actio iaccordace 0it+ t+e e8t precedi, !ectio1 t+e court !+all directt+at otice )e ,ive to t+e re!podet !o t+at +e -a/ )e +eard i

oppo!itio t+ereto: ad if per-i!!io i! ,rated1 t+e court !+alli!!ue a order to t+at effect1 copie! of 0+ic+ !+all )e !erved o allitere!ted partie!1 ad t+e petitio !+all t+e )e filed 0it+i t+eperiod ordered )/ t+e court. "6a(

Requiite !or /uo 0arranto *" Goern-ent a+aint indiidual

.1 verified petition

.2 commenced by the ?olicitor eneral or public prosecutor, in the

name of the 9epublic of the ;hilippines after either

.a being directed by the ;resident

.b upon complaint or otherwise, he has good reason to believe thegrounds can be established by proof, or

.c with the permission of the court

+1 at the request and upon the relation of another person

+2 after requiring an indemnity for the e8penses and costs of the

action in an amount approved by and to be deposited in the

court

+3 court directs that notice be given to the respondent

Sec. 6. When an indi#idual may commence such an action.* A per!o

clai-i, to )e etitled to a pu)lic office or po!itio u!urped orula0full/ +eld or e8erci!ed )/ aot+er -a/ )ri, a actio t+erefori +i! o0 a-e. "#(

Ol/ ,roud for 4uo 0arrato filed )/ a idividua

l < respondent is

usurping, unlawfully holding, or is e8ercising a public office or

position being claimed by the petitioner

Sec. #. Parties and contents of petition against usurpation.* W+et+e actio i! a,ai!t a per!o for u!urpi, a pu)lic office1 po!itioor frac+i!e1 t+e petitio !+all !et fort+ t+e a-e of t+e per!o 0+oclai-! to )e etitled t+ereto1 if a/1 0it+ a aver-et of +i! ri,+tto t+e !a-e ad t+at t+e re!podet i! ula0full/ i po!!e!!iot+ereof. All per!o! 0+o clai- to )e etitled to t+e pu)lic office1po!itio or frac+i!e -a/ )e -ade partie!1 ad t+eir re!pectiveri,+t! to !uc+ pu)lic office1 po!itio or frac+i!e deter-ied1 it+e !a-e actio. "&a(

0#en t#e action i a+aint a peron !or uurpin+ a pu*lic o!!ice,

poition or !ranc#ie, t#e petition #all et !ort#

.1 the name of the person who claims to be entitled thereto, if any


17/65

m u k l o Special Civil Actions 17.2 averment

.a of petitioner5s right to the same and

.b that the respondent is unlawfully in possession thereof

All persons who claim to be entitled to the public office, position

or franchise may be made parties, and their respective rights to such

public office, position or franchise determined, in the same action.

Sec. &. enue.* A actio uder t+e precedi, !i8 !ectio! ca )e)rou,+t ol/ i t+e Supre-e Court1 t+e Court of Appeal!1 or i t+eRe,ioal Trial Court e8erci!i, uri!dictio over t+e territorialarea 0+ere t+e re!podet or a/ of t+e re!podet! re!ide!1 )ut 0+et+e Solicitor ;eeral co--ece! t+e actio1 it -a/ )e )rou,+t i aRe,ioal Trial Court i t+e Cit/ of Maila1 i t+e Court of Appeal!1or i t+e Supre-e Court. "?a(

enue !or quo arranto

.1 ?6, 6A or 96 e8ercising urisdiction over the territorial area

where the respondent or any of the respondents resides, or

.2 ?6, 6A or 96 of anila < if commenced by the ?olicitor eneral

Sec. ?. Period for pleadings and proceedings may (e reduced* actiongi#en precedence.* T+e court -a/ reduce t+e period provided )/ t+e!eRule! for fili, pleadi,! ad for all ot+er proceedi,! i t+eactio i order to !ecure t+e -o!t e8peditiou! deter-iatio of t+e-atter! ivolved t+erei co!i!tet 0it+ t+e ri,+t! of t+e partie!.Suc+ actio -a/ )e ,ive precedece over a/ ot+er civil -atterpedi, i t+e court. "@a(

Sec. @. -udgment where usurpation found.* W+e t+e re!podet i!foud ,uilt/ of u!urpi,1 itrudi, ito1 or ula0full/ +oldi, ore8erci!i, a pu)lic office1 po!itio or frac+i!e1 ud,-et !+all )eredered t+at !uc+ re!podet )e ou!ted ad alto,et+er e8cludedt+erefro-1 ad t+at t+e petitioer or relator1 a! t+e ca!e -a/ )e1recover +i! co!t!. Suc+ furt+er ud,-et -a/ )e redered deter-ii,t+e re!pective ri,+t! i ad to t+e pu)lic office1 po!itio orfrac+i!e of all t+e partie! to t+e actio a! u!tice re4uire!. "'9a(

0#en t#e repondent i !ound +uilt" o! uurpin+, intrudin+ into, or

unla!ull" #oldin+ or e$erciin+ a pu*lic o!!ice, poition or !ranc#ie,

.ud+-ent #all *e rendered t#at

.1 such respondent be ousted and altogether e8cluded therefrom, and

.2 the petitioner or relator, recover his costs

.3 further udgment determining the respective rights in and to the

public office, position or franchise of all the parties to the

action as ustice requires.

Sec. '9. )ights of persons ad+udged entitled to pu(lic office*deli#ery of (ooks and papers* damages.* If ud,-et )e redered ifavor of t+e per!o averred i t+e co-plait to )e etitled to t+epu)lic office +e -a/1 after ta7i, t+e oat+ of office ad e8ecuti,

a/ official )od re4uired )/ la01 ta7e upo +i-!elf t+e e8ecutio oft+e office1 ad -a/ i--ediatel/ t+ereafter de-ad of t+e re!podetall t+e )oo7! ad paper! i t+e re!podetF! cu!tod/ or cotrolappertaii, to t+e office to 0+ic+ t+e ud,-et relate!. If t+ere!podet refu!e! or e,lect! to deliver a/ )oo7 or paper pur!uatto !uc+ de-ad1 +e -a/ )e pui!+ed for cote-pt a! +avi, di!o)e/ed ala0ful order of t+e court. T+e per!o adud,ed etitled to t+e office-a/ al!o )ri, actio a,ai!t t+e re!podet to recover t+e da-a,e!!u!taied )/ !uc+ per!o )/ rea!o of t+e u!urpatio. "'6a(


18/65

m u k l o Special Civil Actions 18A!ter tain+ t#e oat# o! o!!ice and e$ecutin+ an" required *ond,

ri+#t o! peron ad.ud+ed entitled to pu*lic o!!ice

.1 o take upon himself the e8ecution of the office

.2 to demand of the respondent all the books and papers in the

respondent5s custody or control appertaining to the office to which

the udgment relates, failure of which is punishable by contempt

.3 to bring action against the respondent to recover the damages

sustained by such person by reason of the usurpation.

Sec. ''. "imitations. * Not+i, cotaied i t+i! Rule !+all )eco!trued to aut+oriBe a actio a,ai!t a pu)lic officer or e-plo/eefor +i! ou!ter fro- office ule!! t+e !a-e )e co--eced 0it+i oe"'( /ear after t+e cau!e of !uc+ ou!ter1 or t+e ri,+t of t+epetitioer to +old !uc+ office or po!itio1 aro!e: or to aut+oriBea actio for da-a,e! i accordace 0it+ t+e provi!io! of t+e e8tprecedi, !ectio ule!! t+e !a-e )e co--eced 0it+i oe "'( /ear

after t+e etr/ of t+e ud,-et e!ta)li!+i, t+e petitioerF! ri,+tto t+e office i 4ue!tio. "'#a(

Precription !or quo arranto : 1 "ear a!ter

.1 cause of such ouster, or

.2 the right of the petitioner to hold such office or position arose

;rescription for an action for damages after quo warranto < 1 year

after the entry of the udgment establishing the petitioner5s right

to the office in question

Sec. '$. -udgment for costs.* I a actio )rou,+t i accordace

0it+ t+e provi!io! of t+i! Rule1 t+e court -a/ reder ud,-et forco!t! a,ai!t eit+er t+e petitioer1 t+e relator1 or t+e re!podet1or t+e per!o or per!o! clai-i, to )e a corporatio1 or -a/apportio t+e co!t!1 a! u!tice re4uire!. "'&a(

).Ca!e!

*Campos v. De!amo, 6 SCRA &%5 (196&)

=act!6ouncilors H1 6ampos and H2 Croc files a quo warranto againstthe ayor !egamo and Iice'ayor ;alarca on the ground that there was

no valid canvass for the offices of ayor and Iice ayor effected andthe respondents could not legally occupy the said positions because

the 7oard of 6anvassers used in their canvass for election the

election return coming from the ;rovincial reasurerFs Cffice,

inspite of the fact that the copy of the election return in the hands

of the municipal treasurer was available. hey prayed that !egamo and

;alarca be e8cluded from their offices and that 6ampos and Croc be

declared entitled thereto.

eld=here the quo warranto complaint involves an elective office,it must be shown that the plaintiff was duly elected thereto. 6ampos

being candidates for councilors and not for mayor and vice'mayor,

could not have been elected to the offices in question, and thereforeare not proper parties to the quo warranto case. oreover, there

being a pending case for quo warranto filed by other candidates for

mayor and vice'mayor, the filing of the case at bar was premature and

the cause of action had not as yet accrued.

*Sison v. Pan!ramu#en, 84 SCRA %64 (1978)

=act! ?ison files a petition for quo warranto questioning theappointment of aliwanag by the 6?6 as assistant city assessor on
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Campos%20v%20Degamo.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Campos%20v%20Degamo.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Campos%20v%20Degamo.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Sison%20v%20Pangramuyen.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Sison%20v%20Pangramuyen.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Sison%20v%20Pangramuyen.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Campos%20v%20Degamo.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Sison%20v%20Pangramuyen.doc


19/65

m u k l o Special Civil Actions 19ovember 1(%3. 0e claims that he should be the one appointed as per

the ne8t'in rank'rule. he petition was filed on arch 1(%", more

than a year after the appointment of aliwanag.

eldhe action has prescribed because quo warranto prescribes after1 year from the time the cause of action accrues *i.e. questioned

appointment+. 9esort to administrative remedy does not abate the

period for udicial action.

2'unicipalit" o! San ;arcio 'endee!ide!1 t+e cau!e of actio +a!pre!cri)ed )ecau!e it 0a! filed earl/ 29 /ear! after t+e cau!e ofactio accrued1 0a/ )e/od t+e ' /ear provided )/ t+e RoC.

Note?ec. 1 includes usurpation of franchise as among the ground forquo warranto being filed by the government. /n the Municiality of

San !arciso case, the court interpreted )franchise- loosely.

#.E8propriatio

E-iet do-aiGe8propriatio< power of the sovereign state to take

or authoriEe the taking of any property within urisdiction for thepublic use and without the owner5s consent

E8propriatio Police Po0er

;urpose of the taking is for

public use

;urpose of the taking is to

promote general welfare

=ith ust compensation =ithout ust compensation

a.Rule #&

General Procedure in =$propriation

.1 verified complaint

.2 plaintiff may immediately enter upon deposit, with a government

depositary bank, of the assessed value of the property

.3 defendant files either

.a notice of appearance and manifestation, or

.b answer
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Municipality%20of%20San%20Narciso%20v%20Mendez.dochttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/SpeCivAxn%20cases/Municipality%20of%20San%20Narciso%20v%20Mendez.doc


20/65

m u k l o Special Civil Actions 20.4 order of e8propriation, may be appealed which does not suspend

proceedings

." court appoints 3 commissioners

.$ commissioners5 report filed within $: days from notification of

appointment

.% parties have 1: days to file their obections to the report

.& court accepts or reects the commissioners5 report, or recommits to

the commissioners, or appoint another set of commissioners

.( plaintiff enters or retains possession upon payment of ust

compensation

.1: Dntry not delayed by appeal# reversal entitles defendant to

recover possession

Sectio '. %he complaint.* T+e ri,+t of e-iet do-ai !+all )ee8erci!ed )/ t+e fili, of a verified co-plait 0+ic+ !+all !tate

0it+ certait/ t+e ri,+t ad purpo!e of e8propriatio1 de!cri)e t+ereal or per!oal propert/ !ou,+t to )e e8propriated1 ad oi a!defedat! all per!o! o0i, or clai-i, to o01 or occup/i,1 a/part t+ereof or itere!t t+erei1 !+o0i,1 !o far a! practica)le1 t+e!eparate itere!t of eac+ defedat. If t+e title to a/ propert/!ou,+t to )e e8propriated appear! to )e i t+e Repu)lic of t+eP+ilippie!1 alt+ou,+ occupied )/ private idividual!1 or if t+etitle i! ot+er0i!e o)!cure or dou)tful !o t+at t+e plaitiff caot0it+ accurac/ or certait/ !pecif/ 0+o are t+e real o0er!1 aver-etto t+at effect !+all )e -ade i t+e co-plait. "'a(

Content o! a co-plaint !or e$propriation

.1 verified

.2 state with certainty the right and purpose of e8propriation

.3 describe the real or personal property sought to be e8propriated

.4 oin as defendants all persons owning or claiming to own, or

occupying, any part thereof or interest therein, showing, so far as

practicable, the separate interest of each defendant.

." averment of the following if it so appears

.a title to the property is in the 9epublic of the ;hilippines,

although occupied by private individuals, or.b title is otherwise obscure or doubtful so that the plaintiff

cannot with accuracy or certainty specify who are the real

owners

Sec. $. 'ntry of plaintiff upon depositing #alue with authoriedgo#ernment depositary.* 3po t+e fili, of t+e co-plait or at a/ti-e t+ereafter ad after due otice to t+e defedat1 t+e plaitiff!+all +ave t+e ri,+t to ta7e or eter upo t+e po!!e!!io of t+e realpropert/ ivolved if +e depo!it! 0it+ t+e aut+oriBed ,over-etdepo!itar/ a a-out e4uivalet to t+e a!!e!!ed value of t+e propert/for purpo!e! of ta8atio to )e +eld )/ !uc+ )a7 !u)ect to t+e

order! of t+e court. Suc+ depo!it !+all )e i -oe/1 ule!! i lieut+ereof t+e court aut+oriBe! t+e depo!it of a certificate of depo!itof a ,over-et )a7 of t+e Repu)lic of t+e P+ilippie! pa/a)le ode-ad to t+e aut+oriBed ,over-et depo!itar/.

If per!oal propert/ i! ivolved1 it! value !+all )e provi!ioall/a!certaied ad t+e a-out to )e depo!ited !+all )e pro-ptl/ fi8ed )/t+e court.


21/65

m u k l o Special Civil Actions 21After !uc+ depo!it i! -ade t+e court !+all order t+e !+eriff or

ot+er proper officer to fort+0it+ place t+e plaitiff i po!!e!!ioof t+e propert/ ivolved ad pro-ptl/ !u)-it a report t+ereof to t+ecourt 0it+ !ervice of copie! to t+e partie!. "$a(

Requiite !or plainti!! to enter upon t#e poeion o! t#e real

propert" inoled.1 upon filing of the complaint, or at any time thereafter

.2 with due notice to the defendant

.3 deposits with the authoriEed government depositary an amount

equivalent to the

.a real property

< assessed value of the property for purposes of

ta8ation

.b personal property

< value provisionally ascertained and the

amount to be deposited as fi8ed by the court *NOTE 6oncerning

right of way, site or location of national governmentinfrastructure proects he required deposit is now non'

e8istent pursuant to 9A&(%4+

.4 !eposit must be

.a in money, or

.b if the court so authoriEes, the deposit of a certificate of

deposit of a government bank of the 9epublic of the ;hilippines

payable on demand to the authoriEed government depositary.

." court ordering the sheriff or other proper officer to

.a place the plaintiff in possession of the property involved and

.b submit a report thereof to the court with service of copies to

the parties

Sec. 2. Defenses and o(+ections.* If a defedat +a! o o)ectioor defe!e to t+e actio or t+e ta7i, of +i! propert/1 +e -a/ filead !erve a otice of appearace ad a -aife!tatio to t+at effect1!pecificall/ de!i,ati, or idetif/i, t+e propert/ i 0+ic+ +eclai-! to )e itere!ted1 0it+i t+e ti-e !tated i t+e !u--o!.T+ereafter1 +e !+all )e etitled to otice of all proceedi,!affecti, t+e !a-e.

If a defedat +a! a/ o)ectio to t+e fili, of or t+ealle,atio! i t+e co-plait1 or a/ o)ectio or defe!e to t+eta7i, of +i! propert/1 +e !+all !erve +i! a!0er 0it+i t+e ti-e!tated i t+e !u--o!. T+e a!0er !+all !pecificall/ de!i,ate oridetif/ t+e propert/ i 0+ic+ +e clai-! to +ave a itere!t1 !tatet+e ature ad e8tet of t+e itere!t clai-ed1 ad adduce all +i!o)ectio! ad defe!e! to t+e ta7i, of +i! propert/. Nocouterclai-1 cro!!%clai- or t+ird%part/ co-plait !+all )e alle,edor allo0ed i t+e a!0er or a/ !u)!e4uet pleadi,.

A defedat 0aive! all defe!e! ad o)ectio! ot !o alle,ed)utt+e court1 i t+e itere!t of u!tice1 -a/ per-it a-ed-et! to t+e

a!0er to )e -ade ot later t+a te "'9( da/! fro- t+e fili,t+ereof. o0ever1 at t+e trial of t+e i!!ue of u!t co-pe!atio10+et+er or ot a defedat +a! previou!l/ appeared or a!0ered1 +e-a/ pre!et evidece a! to t+e a-out of t+e co-pe!atio to )e paidfor +i! propert/1 ad +e -a/ !+are i t+e di!tri)utio of t+e a0ard."(


22/65

m u k l o Special Civil Actions 22I! a de!endant #a>

1 no o*.ection or de!ene to t#e action or t#e tain+ o! #i propert" : #e -a"

!ile and ere

.a a notice of appearance

.b a manifestation to that effect

.c specifically designating or identifying the property in which he

claims to be interested

.d within the time stated in the summons

.e thereafter, he shall be entitled to notice of all proceedings

affecting the same.

& an" o*.ection to t#e !ilin+ o! or t#e alle+ation in t#e co-plaint, or an"

o*.ection or de!ene to t#e tain+ o! #i propert" : #e #all

.a serve his answer within the time stated in the summons

.b answer shall specifically designate or identify the property in

which he claims to have an interest

.c state the nature and e8tent of the interest claimed

.d adduce all his obections and defenses to the taking of his

property

.e o counterclaim, cross'claim or third'party complaint shall be

alleged or allowed in the answer or any subsequent pleading.

.f A defendant waives all defenses and obections not so alleged

.g the court, in the interest of ustice, may permit amendments to

the answer to be made not later than 1: days from the filing

0owever, at the trial of the issue of ust compensation, whether or

not a defendant has previously appeared or answered, he may present

evidence as to the amount of the compensation to be paid for his

property, and he may share in the distribution of the award.

Sec. 5. Order of expropriation. * If t+e o)ectio! to ad t+edefe!e! a,ai!t t+e ri,+t of t+e plaitiff to e8propriate t+epropert/ are overruled1 or 0+e o part/ appear! to defed a!re4uired )/ t+i! Rule1 t+e court -a/ i!!ue a order of e8propriatiodeclari, t+at t+e plaitiff +a! a la0ful ri,+t to ta7e t+e propert/

!ou,+t to )e e8propriated1 for t+e pu)lic u!e or purpo!e de!cri)ed it+e co-plait1 upo t+e pa/-et of u!t co-pe!atio to )e deter-ieda! of t+e date of t+e ta7i, of t+e propert/ or t+e fili, of t+eco-plait1 0+ic+ever ca-e fir!t.

A fial order !u!taii, t+e ri,+t to e8propriate t+e propert/ -a/)e appealed )/ a/ part/ a,,rieved t+ere)/. Suc+ appeal1 +o0ever1!+all ot prevet t+e court fro- deter-ii, t+e u!t co-pe!atio to)e paid.

After t+e reditio of !uc+ a order1 t+e plaitiff !+all ot )eper-itted to di!-i!! or di!cotiue t+e proceedi, e8cept o !uc+

ter-! a! t+e court dee-! u!t ad e4uita)le. "5a(

I! t#e o*.ection to and t#e de!ene a+aint t#e ri+#t o! t#e plainti!!

to e$propriate t#e propert" are oerruled, or #en no part" appear

to de!end a required *" t#i Rule, t#e court -a" iue an order o!

e$propriation

.1 declaring that the plaintiff has a lawful right to take the

property sought to be e8propriated


23/65

m u k l o Special Civil Actions 23.2 for the public use or purpose described in the complaint

.3 upon the payment of ust compensation to be determined as of the

date of the taking of the property or the filing of the complaint,

whichever came first.

A final order sustaining the right to e8propriate the property may be

appealed by any party aggrieved thereby. ?uch appeal, however, shallnot prevent the court from determining the ust compensation to be

paid.

After the rendition of such an order, the plaintiff shall not be

permitted to dismiss or discontinue the proceeding e8cept on such

terms as the court deems ust and equitable.

Sec. 6.Ascertainment of compensation.* 3po t+e reditio of t+eorder of e8propriatio1 t+e court !+all appoit ot -ore t+a t+ree"2( co-petet ad di!itere!ted per!o! a! co--i!!ioer! to a!certaiad report to t+e court t+e u!t co-pe!atio for t+e propert/ !ou,+tto )e ta7e. T+e order of appoit-et !+all de!i,ate t+e ti-e adplace of t+e fir!t !e!!io of t+e +eari, to )e +eld )/ t+eco--i!!ioer! ad !pecif/ t+e ti-e 0it+i 0+ic+ t+eir report !+all )e!u)-itted to t+e court.

Copie! of t+e order !+all )e !erved o t+e partie!. O)ectio! tot+e appoit-et of a/ of t+e co--i!!ioer! !+all )e filed 0it+ t+ecourt 0it+i te "'9( da/! fro- !ervice1 ad !+all )e re!olved 0it+it+irt/ "29( da/! after all t+e co--i!!ioer! !+all +ave receivedcopie! of t+e o)ectio!. "6a(

Co--i!!ioer! are appoited ol/ if t+e partie! ca ot a,ree a! tot+e u!t co-pe!atio for t+e propert/

?pon t#e rendition o! t#e order o! e$propriation 3

.1 the court shall appoint not more than 3 competent and disinterested

persons as commissioners to ascertain and report to the court the

ust compensation for the property sought to be taken.

.2 he order of appointment shall designate the time and place of the

first session of the hearing to be held by the commissioners and

specify the time within which their report shall be submitted to

the court.

.3 6opies of the order shall be served on the parties.

.4 Cbections to the appointment of any of the commissioners shall befiled with the court within 1: days from service, and shall be

resolved within 3: days after all the commissioners shall have

received copies of the obections.

Sec. #. Proceedings (y commissioners. * >efore eteri, upo t+eperfor-ace of t+eir dutie!1 t+e co--i!!ioer! !+all ta7e ad!u)!cri)e a oat+ t+at t+e/ 0ill fait+full/ perfor- t+eir dutie! a!co--i!!ioer!1 0+ic+ oat+ !+all )e filed i court 0it+ t+e ot+erproceedi,! i t+e ca!e. Evidece -a/ )e itroduced )/ eit+er part/)efore t+e co--i!!ioer! 0+o are aut+oriBed to ad-ii!ter oat+! o+eari,! )efore t+e-1 ad t+e co--i!!ioer! !+all1 ule!! t+e partie!co!et to t+e cotrar/1 after due otice to t+e partie! to atted1vie0 ad e8a-ie t+e propert/ !ou,+t to )e e8propriated ad it!!urroudi,!1 ad -a/ -ea!ure t+e !a-e1 after 0+ic+ eit+er part/ -a/1)/ +i-!elf or cou!el1 ar,ue t+e ca!e. T+e co--i!!ioer! !+all a!!e!!t+e co!e4uetial da-a,e! to t+e propert/ ot ta7e ad deduct fro-!uc+ co!e4uetial da-a,e! t+e co!e4uetial )eefit! to )e derived)/ t+e o0er fro- t+e pu)lic u!e or purpo!e of t+e propert/ ta7e1t+e operatio of it! frac+i!e )/ t+e corporatio or t+e carr/i, o


24/65

m u k l o Special Civil Actions 24of t+e )u!ie!! of t+e corporatio or per!o ta7i, t+e propert/. >uti o ca!e !+all t+e co!e4uetial )eefit! a!!e!!ed e8ceed t+eco!e4uetial da-a,e! a!!e!!ed1 or t+e o0er )e deprived of t+eactual value of +i! propert/ !o ta7e. "#a(

e!ore enterin+ upon t#e per!or-ance o! t#eir dutie

.1 the commissioners shall take and subscribe an oath that they willfaithfully perform their duties as commissioners

.2 such oath shall be filed in court with the other proceedings in the

case.

Dvidence may be introduced by either party before the commissioners

who are authoriEed to administer oaths on hearings before them, and

the commissioners shall, unless the parties consent to the contrary,

after due notice to the parties to attend, view and e8amine the

property sought to be e8propriated and its surroundings, and may

measure the same, after which either party may, by himself or

counsel, argue the case.he commissioners shall assess the consequential damages to the

property not taken and deduct from such consequential damages the

consequential benefits to be derived by the owner from the public use

or purpose of the property taken, the operation of its franchise by

the corporation or the carrying on of the business of the corporation

or person taking the property. 7ut in no case shall the consequential

benefits assessed e8ceed the consequential damages assessed, or the

owner be deprived of the actual value of his property so taken.

Sec. &. )eport (y commissioners and +udgment thereupon.* T+e court-a/ order t+e co--i!!ioer! to report 0+e a/ particular portio of

t+e real e!tate !+all +ave )ee pa!!ed upo )/ t+e-1 ad -a/ rederud,-et upo !uc+ partial report1 ad direct t+e co--i!!ioer! toproceed 0it+ t+eir 0or7 a! to !u)!e4uet portio! of t+e propert/!ou,+t to )e e8propriated1 ad -a/ fro- ti-e to ti-e !o deal 0it+!uc+ propert/. T+e co--i!!ioer! !+all -a7e a full ad accuratereport to t+e court of all t+eir proceedi,!1 ad !uc+ proceedi,!!+all ot )e effectual util t+e court !+all +ave accepted t+eirreport ad redered ud,-et i accordace 0it+ t+eirreco--edatio!. E8cept a! ot+er0i!e e8pre!!l/ ordered )/ t+e court1!uc+ report !+all )e filed 0it+i !i8t/ "#9( da/! fro- t+e date t+eco--i!!ioer! 0ere otified of t+eir appoit-et1 0+ic+ ti-e -a/ )e

e8teded i t+e di!cretio of t+e court. 3po t+e fili, of !uc+report1 t+e cler7 of t+e court !+all !erve copie! t+ereof o allitere!ted partie!1 0it+ otice t+at t+e/ are allo0ed te "'9( da/!0it+i 0+ic+ to file o)ectio! to t+e fidi,! of t+e report1 ift+e/ !o de!ire. "&a(

Sec. ?.Action upon commissioners/ report.* 3po t+e e8piratio oft+e period of te "'9( da/! referred to i t+e precedi, !ectio1 oreve )efore t+e e8piratio of !uc+ period )ut after all t+eitere!ted partie! +ave filed t+eir o)ectio! to t+e report or t+eir!tate-et of a,ree-et t+ere0it+1 t+e court -a/1 after +eari,1accept t+e report ad reder ud,-et i accordace t+ere0it+: or1

for cau!e !+o01 it -a/ reco--it t+e !a-e to t+e co--i!!ioer! forfurt+er report of fact!: or it -a/ !et a!ide t+e report ad appoite0 co--i!!ioer!: or it -a/ accept t+e report i part ad reect iti part: ad it -a/ -a7e !uc+ order or reder !uc+ ud,-et a! !+all!ecure to t+e plaitiff t+e propert/ e!!etial to t+e e8erci!e of +i!ri,+t of e8propriatio1 ad to t+e defedat u!t co-pe!atio fort+e propert/ !o ta7e. "?a(


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 25Sec. @. 0ncertain ownership* conflicting claims.* If t+e o0er!+ip

of t+e propert/ ta7e i! ucertai1 or t+ere are coflicti, clai-!to a/ part t+ereof1 t+e court -a/ order a/ !u- or !u-! a0arded a!co-pe!atio for t+e propert/ to )e paid to t+e court for t+e )eefitof t+e per!o adud,ed i t+e !a-e proceedi, to )e etitled t+ereto.>ut t+e ud,-et !+all re4uire t+e pa/-et of t+e !u- or !u-! a0arded

to eit+er t+e defedat or t+e court )efore t+e plaitiff ca eterupo t+e propert/1 or retai it for t+e pu)lic u!e or purpo!e ifetr/ +a! alread/ )ee -ade. "@a(

Sec. '9. )ights of plaintiff after +udgment and payment. * 3popa/-et )/ t+e plaitiff to t+e defedat of t+e co-pe!atio fi8ed)/ t+e ud,-et1 0it+ le,al itere!t t+ereo fro- t+e ta7i, of t+epo!!e!!io of t+e propert/1 or after teder to +i- of t+e a-out !ofi8ed ad pa/-et of t+e co!t!1 t+e plaitiff !+all +ave t+e ri,+t toeter upo t+e propert/ e8propriated ad to appropriate it for t+epu)lic u!e or purpo!e defied i t+e ud,-et1 or to retai it !+ould+e +ave ta7e i--ediate po!!e!!io t+ereof uder t+e provi!io! of

!ectio $ +ereof. If t+e defedat ad +i! cou!el a)!et t+e-!elve!fro- t+e court1 or declie to receive t+e a-out tedered1 t+e !a-e!+all )e ordered to )e depo!ited i court ad !uc+ depo!it !+all +avet+e !a-e effect a! actual pa/-et t+ereof to t+e defedat or t+eper!o ulti-atel/ adud,ed etitled t+ereto. "'9a(

Sec. ''. 'ntry not delayed (y appeal* effect of re#ersal. * T+eri,+t of t+e plaitiff to eter upo t+e propert/ of t+e defedatad appropriate t+e !a-e for pu)lic u!e or purpo!e !+all ot )edela/ed )/ a appeal fro- t+e ud,-et. >ut if t+e appellate courtdeter-ie! t+at plaitiff +a! o ri,+t of e8propriatio1 ud,-et!+all )e redered orderi, t+e Re,ioal Trial Court to fort+0it+

eforce t+e re!toratio to t+e defedat of t+e po!!e!!io of t+epropert/1 ad to deter-ie t+e da-a,e! 0+ic+ t+e defedat !u!taiedad -a/ recover )/ rea!o of t+e po!!e!!io ta7e )/ t+e plaitiff."''a(

ote that entry may not be delayed by appeal. he remedy, in case of

reversal on appeal, is to restore the defendant to possession plus

damages.

Sec. '$. $osts, (y whom paid.* T+e fee! of t+e co--i!!ioer! !+all)e ta8ed a! a part of t+e co!t! of t+e proceedi,!. All co!t!1 e8ceptt+o!e of rival clai-at! liti,ati, t+eir clai-!1 !+all )e paid )/

t+e plaitiff1 ule!! a appeal i! ta7e )/ t+e o0er of t+e propert/ad t+e ud,-et i! affir-ed1 i 0+ic+ evet t+e co!t! of t+e appeal!+all )e paid )/ t+e o0er. "'$a(

Sec. '2. )ecording +udgment, and its effect.* T+e ud,-et eteredi e8propriatio proceedi,! !+all !tate defiitel/1 )/ a ade4uatede!criptio1 t+e particular propert/ or itere!t t+ereie8propriated1 ad t+e ature of t+e pu)lic u!e or purpo!e for 0+ic+it i! e8propriated. W+e real e!tate i! e8propriated1 a certifiedcop/ of !uc+ ud,-et !+all )e recorded i t+e re,i!tr/ of deed! oft+e place i 0+ic+ t+e propert/ i! !ituated1 ad it! effect !+all )eto ve!t i t+e plaitiff t+e title to t+e real e!tate !o de!cri)ed

for !uc+ pu)lic u!e or purpo!e. "'2a(

Sec. '5. Power of guardian in such proceedings.* T+e ,uardia or,uardia ad lite- of a -ior or of a per!o udiciall/ declared to )eico-petet -a/1 0it+ t+e approval of t+e court fir!t +ad1 do adperfor- o )e+alf of +i! 0ard a/ act1 -atter1 or t+i, re!pecti,t+e e8propriatio for pu)lic u!e or purpo!e of propert/ )elo,i, to!uc+ -ior or per!o udiciall/ declared to )e ico-petet1 0+ic+


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 26!uc+ -ior or per!o udiciall/ declared to )e ico-petet could doi !uc+ proceedi,! if +e 0ere of a,e or co-petet. "'5a(

).Ca!e!

2Cit" o! 'anila Arellano a Colle+e, 85 P#il 66% (195)=act! 6ity of anila seeks to e8propriate land of Arellanoniversity for the purpose of reselling it to the poor.

eld I e8propriatio1 ece!!it/ for ta7i, doe! ot -ea aa)!olute )ut ol/ a rea!oa)le or practical ece!!it/1 !uc+ a! 0ouldco-)ie t+e ,reate!t )eefit to t+e pu)lic 0it+ t+e lea!ticoveiece ad e8pe!e to t+e code-i, part/ ad propert/ o0erco!i!tet 0it+ !uc+ )eefit.

/n this case, necessity for the condemnation has not been shown. he

land in question has cost the owner ;14:,:::. he people for whose

benefit the condemnation is being undertaken are so poor they couldill afford to meet this high price, unless they intend to borrow the

money with a view to disposing of the property later for a profit.

6heaper lands not dedicated to a purpose so worthy as a school and

more suited to the occupantsF needs and means, if really they only

want to own their own homes, are aplenty elsewhere. Cn the other

hand, the defendant not only has invested a considerable amount for

its property but had the plans for construction ready and would have

completed the proect a long time ago had it not been stopped by the

city authorities. W+ile a +adful of people !tad to profit )/ t+ee8propriatio1 t+e develop-et of a uiver!it/ t+at +a! a pre!eteroll-et of @1999 !tudet! 0ould )e !acrificed.Any good that wouldaccrue to the public from providing homes to a few families fades

into insignificance in comparison with the preparation of young men

and young women for useful citiEenship and for service to the

government and the community, a task which the government alone is

not in a position to undertake.

Note his case is authority for saying that public purpose alone isnot enough to authoriEe e8propriation.

*EP%A v. Dula#, 149 SCRA %5 (1987)


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 270DB! he method of ascertaining ust compensation under ;! 1"33

constitutes impermissible encroachment on udicial prerogatives.

Although the court technically would still have the power to

determine the ust compensation for the property, following the

decree, its task would be relegated to simply stating the lower value

of the property as declared either by the owner or the assessor. Gust

compensation means the value of the property at the time of thetaking. /t means a fair and full equivalent for the loss sustained.

All the facts as to the condition of the property and its

surroundings, its improvements and capabilities should be considered.

/n this case, the ta8 declarations used as basis for the ust

compensation were made long before the declaration of martial law

when the land was much cheaper. o peg the value of the lots on the

basis of those documents which are outdated would be arbitrary and

confiscatory

?ource httpLLwww.shvoong.comLlaw'and'politicsL1%$%23:'case'digest'

epEa'vs'dulayLHi8EE1yseiycm

2'anila =lectric Co-pan" Pineda, &6 SCRA 196 (199&)

Appoit-et of 2 co--i!!ioer! to a!certai u!t co-pe!atio i! a-adator/ re4uire-et i e8propriatio. hough its findings may bedisregarded by the court, it may only do so for valid reason. Trial0it+ t+e aid of co--i!!ioer! i! a !u)!tatial ri,+t t+at -a/ ot )edoe a0a/ 0it+ capriciou!l/. oreover, where the commissioner5sreport is disregarded, the court must make its own estimate of value

from the competent evidence on record.

&.=oreclo!ure of Real E!tate Mort,a,e

E8tra%udicial =oreclo!ure


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 28a.E8traudicial =oreclo!ure "Act 2'26(

Sec. '. W+e a !ale i! -ade uder a !pecial po0er i!erted i orattac+ed to a/ real%e!tate -ort,a,e +ereafter -ade a! !ecurit/ fort+e pa/-et of -oe/ or t+e fulfill-et of a/ ot+er o)li,atio1 t+eprovi!io! of t+e follo0i, electio !+all ,over a! to t+e -aer i0+ic+ t+e !ale ad rede-ptio !+all )e effected1 0+et+er or otprovi!io for t+e !a-e i! -ade i t+e po0er.

Note he contract of mortgage should contain a stipulation where themortgagor gives the mortgagee a special power of attorney to

foreclose the property in case of default.

Sec. $. Said !ale caot )e -ade le,all/ out!ide of t+e provice i0+ic+ t+e propert/ !old i! !ituated: ad i ca!e t+e place 0it+i!aid provice i 0+ic+ t+e !ale i! to )e -ade i! !u)ect to!tipulatio1 !uc+ !ale !+all )e -ade i !aid place or i t+e-uicipal )uildi, of t+e -uicipalit/ i 0+ic+ t+e propert/ or partt+ereof i! !ituated.

enue o! e$tra.udicial !orecloure

.1 in province in which the mortgaged property is situated, and

.2 in a place within the province

.a by stipulation

.b municipal building in which the property is situated

)1 to be filed in th clerk of court

Sec. 2. Notice !+all )e ,ive )/ po!ti, otice! of t+e !ale forot le!! t+a t0et/ da/! i at lea!t t+ree pu)lic place! of t+e

-uicipalit/ or cit/ 0+ere t+e propert/ i! !ituated1 ad if !uc+propert/ i! 0ort+ -ore t+a four +udred pe!o!1 !uc+ otice !+allal!o )e pu)li!+ed oce a 0ee7 for at lea!t t+ree co!ecutive 0ee7! ia e0!paper of ,eeral circulatio i t+e -uicipalit/ or cit/.

;otice in e$tra.udicial !orecloure

.1 posting for not less than 2: days in 3 public places of the

municipality or city where the property is situated

.2 if property is worth more than ;4::, published once a week for at

least 3 consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in

the municipality or city

Sec. 5. T+e !ale !+all )e -ade at pu)lic auctio1 )et0ee t+e +our!of ie i t+e -ori, ad four i t+e afteroo: ad !+all )e udert+e directio of t+e !+eriff of t+e provice1 t+e u!tice orau8iliar/ u!tice of t+e peace of t+e -uicipalit/ i 0+ic+ !uc+ !ale+a! to )e -ade1 or a otar/ pu)lic of !aid -uicipalit/1 0+o !+all )eetitled to collect a fee of five pe!o! eac+ da/ of actual 0or7perfor-ed1 i additio to +i! e8pe!e!.

Sec. 6. At a/ !ale1 t+e creditor1 tru!tee1 or ot+er per!o!aut+oriBed to act for t+e creditor1 -a/ participate i t+e )iddi,ad purc+a!e uder t+e !a-e coditio! a! a/ ot+er )idder1 ule!!

t+e cotrar/ +a! )ee e8pre!!l/ provided i t+e -ort,a,e or tru!tdeed uder 0+ic+ t+e !ale i! -ade.

'anner o! ale in e$tra.udicial !orecloure

.1 at public auction

.2 between ( a.m. to 4 p.m.

.3 under the direction of


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 29.a the sheriff of the province

.b the ustice or au8iliary ustice of the peace of the

municipality in which such sale has to be made, or

.c a notary public of said municipality

.4 ?elling officer entitled to a fee of ;" each day of actual work

performed, in addition to his e8penses.

." creditor, trustee, or other persons authoriEed to act for the

creditor, may participate in the bidding and purchase, unless the

contrary is stipulated

Sec. #. I all ca!e! i 0+ic+ a e8traudicial !ale i! -ade udert+e !pecial po0er +erei)efore referred to1 t+e de)tor1 +i!!ucce!!or! i itere!t or a/ udicial creditor or ud,-et creditorof !aid de)tor1 or a/ per!o +avi, a lie o t+e propert/!u)!e4uet to t+e -ort,a,e or deed of tru!t uder 0+ic+ t+e propert/i! !old1 -a/ redee- t+e !a-e at a/ ti-e 0it+i t+e ter- of oe /ear

fro- ad after t+e date of t+e !ale: ad !uc+ rede-ptio !+all )e,overed )/ t+e provi!io! of !ectio! four +udred ad !i8t/%four tofour +udred ad !i8t/%!i81 iclu!ive1 of t+e Code of CivilProcedure1 i !o far a! t+e!e are ot ico!i!tet 0it+ t+eprovi!io! of t+i! Act.

9edemption period is 1 year from date of sale.

/f the 1 year redemption period has e8pired and the buyer has not

asked for writ of possession, with more reason the buyer can still

ask for issuance of a writ of possession after the lapse of the

redemption period.

Any rent collected will be deducted from the redemption price.

Sec. &. I a/ !ale -ade uder t+e provi!io! of t+i! Act1 t+epurc+a!er -a/ petitio t+e Court of =ir!t I!tace of t+e provice orplace 0+ere t+e propert/ or a/ part t+ereof i! !ituated1 to ,ive +i-po!!e!!io t+ereof duri, t+e rede-ptio period1 furi!+i, )od ia a-out e4uivalet to t+e u!e of t+e propert/ for a period oft0elve -ot+!1 to ide-if/ t+e de)tor i ca!e it )e !+o0 t+at t+e!ale 0a! -ade 0it+out violati, t+e -ort,a,e or 0it+out co-pl/i,0it+ t+e re4uire-et! of t+i! Act. Suc+ petitio !+all )e -ade uderoat+ ad filed i for- of a e8 parte -otio i t+e re,i!tratio orcada!tral proceedi,! if t+e propert/ i! re,i!tered1 or i !pecial

proceedi,! i t+e ca!e of propert/ re,i!tered uder t+e Mort,a,e La0or uder !ectio oe +udred ad iet/%four of t+e Ad-ii!trativeCode1 or of a/ ot+er real propert/ ecu-)ered 0it+ a -ort,a,e dul/re,i!tered i t+e office of a/ re,i!ter of deed! i accordace 0it+a/ e8i!ti, la01 ad i eac+ ca!e t+e cler7 of t+e court !+all1 upot+e fili, of !uc+ petitio1 collect t+e fee! !pecified i para,rap+eleve of !ectio oe +udred ad fourtee of Act Nu-)ered =our+udred ad iet/%!i81 a! a-eded )/ Act Nu-)ered T0et/%ei,+t+udred ad !i8t/%!i81 ad t+e court !+all1 upo approval of t+e)od1 order t+at a 0rit of po!!e!!io i!!ue1 addre!!ed to t+e !+eriffof t+e provice i 0+ic+ t+e propert/ i! !ituated1 0+o !+all e8ecute

!aid order i--ediatel/.

or purc#aer to +ain poeion o! t#e propert" durin+ t#e

rede-ption period

.1 file petition to the 96 of the province or place where the

property or any part thereof is situated

.a under oath and

.b filed in form of an e8 parte motion


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m u k l o Special Civil Actions 30+1 in the registration or cadastral proceedings if the property

is registered, or

+2 in special proceedings in the case of

+a property registered under the ortgage Baw or

+b property registered under ?ec. 1(4 of the Administrative

6ode, or of

+c any other real property encumbered with a mortgage duly

registered in the office of any 9o! in accordance with any

e8isting law

.c clerk of the court collect the fees

.2 furnish a bond in an amount equivalent to the use of the property

for a period of 12 months, to indemnify the debtor in case it be

shown that the sale was made without violating the mortgage or

without complying with the requirements of this Act.

he issuance of writ of possession to the auction buyer isministerial even if the mortgagor is questioning the auction sale.

=rit of possession may be enforced against successors'in'interest, or

even tenants of the mortgagor. he buyer may dispossess the tenant by

e8press provision of the law.

Sec. ?. T+e de)tor -a/1 i t+e proceedi,! i 0+ic+ po!!e!!io 0a!re4ue!ted1 )ut ot later t+a t+irt/ da/! after t+e purc+a!er 0a!,ive po!!e!!io1 petitio t+at t+e !ale )e !et a!ide ad t+e 0rit ofpo!!e!!io cacelled1 !pecif/i, t+e da-a,e! !uffered )/ +i-1 )ecau!et+e -ort,a,e 0a! ot violated or t+e !ale 0a! ot -ade i accordace0it+ t+e provi!io! +ereof1 ad t+e court !+all ta7e co,iBace oft+i! petitio i accordace 0it+ t+e !u--ar/ procedure provided fori !ectio oe +udred ad t0elve of Act Nu-)ered =our +udred adiet/%!i8: ad if it fid! t+e co-plait of t+e de)tor u!tified1 it!+all di!po!e i +i! favor of all or part of t+e )od furi!+ed )/t+e per!o 0+o o)taied po!!e!!io. Eit+er

remedial law part 06 special civil actions

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