organic chemistry hcc h c c c cc c h h h h h h h o h h h h h c c c h h h h c c c h h h h h h h h
TRANSCRIPT
Organic Chemistry
H C C H
C C
C
CC
C
H H
H
HH
H HO
H
H H
H
H
C C
C
H H
H
H
CC
CH
H
H
H
HH
H
H
Esterification is a reversible reaction.
(De-) Esterification reaction
desterification reaction
H
O
H
O-CC-C
O
+ester
alcohol
carboxyl acid
H
C-C
O
O H
O-C+
Carbons
Halocarbons are organic compounds containing covalently bonded halogens.
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Cl
1- chloropropane
C
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
carbon tetrachloridetetrachloromethane
Halocarbons are usually man-made.
Types of Halocarbons
Alkyl Halide: the halogen is attached to an aliphatic carbon chain - (alkane, -ene, -yne)
Aryl Halide: the halogen is attached to a carbon that is part of an aromatic ring - (benzene)
I
CH2 - CH - CH - CH3
CH3-
-F
The HaloCarbons (Cl, Br, I, Fl)
· Name the halogen as a branch, replacing - ine in the name of the halogen with - o.
· Multiple halogens are listed alphabetically.· All other rules the same (di, tri, lowest number…)
2-bromo-2-methylpropane
CH3 CH3
CH3
C
BrC C
Cl
H
H
H
chloroetheneiodomethaneI CH3
-
1. bromobenzene2. 3-chloro-1-butene3. 1,2 - difluoropropane4. 1-bromo-3,5-diiodobenzene5. 1,2,3 - triiodocyclopentane
CH3
CH3 C H Cl
--l
l
lCH3
lBr
l CH3
I-CH2-C-CH2-CH2-CH3
Brl
Organic Reactions
+ = ?
Substitution Reactions
Halogenation Reactions
H atom replaced on a chain with a halogen group:
R-H + X2 R-X + HX UV light
H-C - C-H + Cl2 H-C - C-Cl + HCl H
H H
H
H H
H Hethene chloroethane
Alkane + Halogen Halocarbon Halogen halide+
halocarbon hydroxide ion
alcohol halide ion
R-X OH R-OH X+ +H2O
Halogen is replaced by hydroxide ions (OH -) to produce an alcohol and a salt.
CH3I + KOH CH3OH + KI
Iodomethane methanol
100◦C
H2O
100◦C
Addition / Elimination
1 + 1 = 2
Esterification reaction
desterification reaction
H
O
H
O-CC-C
O
+ester
alcohol
carboxyl acid
H
C-C
O
O H
O-C+
hydrogenation reaction
+
H
H H
H
H
C C
H
HH
dehydrogenation reaction
H
H H
HC C
alkene
alkane
(alkyne)
(alkene)
hydration reaction
+
HOH
dehydration reaction
alcohol
H
H H
HC C
H
H H
HC C H
O
H
alkene
HBr
alkyl halide
+
H
H H
HC C
H
H H
HC C
alkeneaddition reaction
elimination reaction
BrH
alkyl dihalide
addition reaction
+
elimination reaction
H
H H
HC C
H
H H
HC C
alkene
Cl Cl
Cl Cl