Organic Compounds: CarbohydratesChapter 6

Function

• Provides a quick, immediate source of energy for all cell processes

• Energy (measured in calories) comes from the food that living things break down

Elements

• Carbohydrates are made out of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

• The ratio of hydrogen:

carbon/oxygen is 2:1

• For example, C6H12O6

(there’s twice as many H)

Naming of Carbohdyrates

• With the exception of starch and glycogen, all other carbohydrates end in

-ose

Maltose Sucrose

Glucose Dextrose

Lactose Galactose

Fructose Cellulose

Examples• Carbohydrates are a diverse group of organic

compounds, divided into 2 major categories:• Simple Sugars (include monosaccharides and

disaccharides)• Complex Sugars (polysaccharides)

• Use the prefixes to help you:• Mono-one• Di-two• Poly-many• Saccharide- “sugar”

Simple Sugars

• Monosaccharides and Disaccharides are called simple sugars because they are made up of only one or two individual sugar molecules

• Monosaccharides- made up of one sugar• Disaccharides- made up of two sugars

linked together

Monosaccharides

• Monosaccharides are the building blocks of all other carbohydrates

• It is the simplest type of carbohydrate• All have chemical

formula C6H12O6

• Represented by hexagon or pentagon shape

Monosaccharide Examples

• Glucose- most important carbohydrate, produced from photosynthesis; major energy source for all life on earth

• Fructose- sugar in fruit• Galactose- combines with another sugar

to make lactose (milk sugar)

Disaccharides

• Still a simple sugar formed from linking two monosaccharides together

• Represented as two hexagons or pentagons bonded together

Disaccharide Examples

• Lactose- sugar in milk, formed from bonding glucose and galactose

• Sucrose- table sugar, formed from bonding glucose and fructose

• Maltose- malt sugar (like chocolate covered malt balls or malt milkshakes), formed from bonding glucose and glucose

Testing for Simple Sugars

• The indicator Benedicts Solution is used to test for the presence of any simple sugar

• List the examples of foods that contain simple sugars

Complex Sugars

• Complex Sugars are also called polysaccharides (“many sugars”)

• They are formed from linking many monosaccharides together

Polysaccharide Examples

• Starch- energy storage in plants, food source for developing plant in seeds, beans, and bulbs

• Glycogen- energy storage in animals (in liver)

• Cellulose- forms the cell wall of plants and gives plants structural support (linked like a chain link fence)

Testing for Starch

• The indicator Iodine Solution is used to test for the presence of starch

• Turns a blackish purple color• List the examples of foods that contain

starch