organic ii class - uc agriculture & natural resources · what is organic gardening – goals,...
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Organic Gardening
Master GardenersEl Dorado CountyUCCE Cooperative Extension
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What is organic gardening – goals, methods, benefits
Organic methods, planting strategies Raised beds, double digging Cover crops, green manure Crop rotation, succession planting, interplanting Companion planting Best planting times
Strategies for pest, disease, and critter control Identify damage Prevent problems with good practices: choose pest resistant, disease resistant
plants; attract beneficials Mechanical, physical methods Use organic sprays, dust, etc
Weed control strategies Mulching Solarization Other
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Cover Crops and Green Manure Summer crops
Buckwheat Clovers Oats
Winter crops Fava beans Bell beans Austrian peas Mustard
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Mulching For established plants, or transplants, do
not apply too close – leave 1” May delay mulching until soil warms
1. Mulch – surface2. Compost – decomposed mulch3. Humus – really broken down
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Good mulching materials Compost Pine needles Grass clippings Sawdust – aged Shredded leaves Black plastic, clear plastic
Wood chips Paper – news print, cardboard Crop residues Straw
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Crop rotations
ShootsHeavy phosphorus P
Leaves, foliageNitrogen N
RootsLight potassium K
GiversAdd N
Corn,cabbage,tomatoes,
peppers,squash,eggplant,
lettuce
Peas,beans,alfalfa,clover,
vetch,fava,bell beans
Plant families to be rotated:
Solanaceae family – tomatoes, eggpplant, peppers, potatoes
Cabbage-Mustard – cole crops, radish, turnip,greens
Lily family – onion, leek, garlic, shallots, chives
Squash family – squash, melons, cucumbers
Beet family – beets, spinach, chard
Carrot family – carrots, parsnips, parsley, dill, fennel, etc
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Intercropping and companion planting
Intercropping –Planting a diversity of crops together
Deter pests Complementary growth patterns
Shade tolerant under Sun lovers Fast growers with slow Deep and shallow rooted Vining crops on trellis with small crop at base Tall with shorter ( “3 sisters” of Am. Indian lore)
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Intercropping and companion planting
Companion planting –Planting certain crops together to achieve
greater productivity Not much evidence for chemical enhancement or inset repellant Some plants are pollinators as well as attractive in the garden,
worth interplanting – borage, chives, basil, nasturtium “Anti-companions” (allelopaths) can be used as cover crop for
weed suppression
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Best planting times Seasonal – choose appropriate plant for the
season Warm Season Crops –
corn and beans throughout summer Tomatoes, eggplant, peppers – start early Cucumbers, melons, squash, pumpkins, okra
Cool Season – Cole crops – cabbage, broccoli, etc Early spring, or better yet fall Carrots, turnips, beets, root crops - early in spring Greens ( lettuce, chard, spinach, etc) radishes, potatoes – Early
spring
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Lunar cycle
John Jeavons advice for best germination times ( when lunar gravity is strongest) New Moon – plant 2 days before new moon
for most vegetables and herbs Full Moon – transplant and seed long
germinating seeds: most flowers
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Cool Season Crops55-75 – Asparagus, rhubarb, chives, garlic, leeks, onion, shallots
60-65- Beets, broad beans, broccoli, cabbage,chard, collards,kale,kohlrabi, parsnip,radish,rutabaga, sorrel,spinach,turnipArtichoke,carrots,cauliflower,celery,chinese cabbage, fennel, lettuce, parsley, peas, potatoes
Warm season crops60-75 - Beans, corn,
pumpkins, squash, cucumbers, melons, okra
70-80 - Peppers, tomatoes, eggplant, sweet potato, watermelon
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Pests, Diseases and Controls
ID the problem, monitor the damage
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Disease
Insects
Cultural/Environmental
Herbicide injury
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Most common insect damage Chewed or holey leaves
Rolled leaves
Webs, froth, bags
Mined leaf
Chewed vegetable Damaged oozing bark
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Most common plant diseases Fungi Bacteria Viruses
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How to recognize viral damage Yellowed, light green or mottled leaves Stunted growth Leaf or fruit distortion
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“ Bad Bugs”
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Common garden insects Cucumber beetles
Loopers
Darkling beetles
Leaf miners
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Common garden insects Aphids
Hornworms
Earwigs
Cutworms
Sowbugs
Squash bugs
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“Good Bugs”
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Beneficial insects - predators Soldier beetle
Ladybird beetle
Assassin bug
Damsel bug
Big eyed bug
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Beneficial predators Lacewings
Predacious ground beetle
Pirate bugs
Predatory mites
Spiders
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Beneficials insects - parasites Trichogramma wasp
Mini wasps –hyposoter
Other wasps Other flies Syrphid fly(hover)
Tachnid fly
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Insectary plants for beneficials Apiaceae – carrot family, umbels, many
herbs Asteraceae – daisy or composite family Brassicaceae – cabbage family, mustards Caryophyllaceae – carnation or pinks Dipsaceae – scabiosa “pincushion flower” Schrophulariaceae - Penstemon
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Carrot family
( celery, parsley)
Asteraceae - calendula
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Organic pesticidesInsecticides Bacillus thuringensis(BT) Diatomaceous earth Nicotine sulfate Pheromones Pyrethrum Rotenone Ryania Sabadilla Soaps Sulfur dust Vegetable oils
Fungicides Copper sulfate Fungicidal soap Lime sulfur Sulfur
Timing is everything~
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Organic pesticides Bt- bacillus thuringensis, several formulations –
Dipel, thuricide, others Controls many species of caterpillars, mosquito
larvae( they eat it Registered for many crops
Insecticidal soaps – “safer soaps”, others Fatty acids + water+alcohol – diluted Works as a contact spray, no residue Effective against small, soft bodied insects
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Organic Pesticides Horticultural oils(dormant oil) – Volck oil, Sunspray,
Supreme oil Hydrocarbon derivative Control aphid, psylla, scale, mites, mite eggs
Summer oils Hydrocarbon derivative More highly refined, may be used in summer – water
first Copper spray – dormant(2-3 times) microcop,
others Fixed copper – must be 50% or more Peach leaf curl, other
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Weed Control Strategies
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Weeds Periwinkle – Vinca
Algerian Ivy
English ivy
Fountain Grass
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Weeds Scotch Broom
French Broom
Pampas grass
Giant Reed
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Weeds Scarlet wisteria
Chinese tallow tree
Water hyacinth
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Weeds – not to be shared! Tamarisk
Tree of heaven
Himalayan blackberry
Oblong spurge
Perennial pepperweed
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Master Gardener “Most Annoying” Field bindweed
Chickweed
Curly dock
Sheep sorrel Klamath weed
Knotweed
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Master Gardener “Most annoying” Oxalis
Sour grass Pigweed
Plantain
Prunella, selfheal
Purslane
Sow thistle
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“Most Annoying” Lambs quarters
Cheeseweed
Milk thistle
Canada thistle Mullein
Nut sedge
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More “Most Annoying” Spotted spurge
Tarweed
Vinca Sow thistle
Wild carrot, Queen Anne’s lace
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“ The best Fertilizer in the garden is the Gardener’s Shadow”
- old New England proverb