Alcohol Water Phenol Acid

Na

NaOH

Na2CO3

Alkene

Halogenoalkane

Further substitutions with excess RX

CH3CH2OHCH3 C

O

H CH3 C

O

OH CH3 C

O

Cl

CH3 C

O

NH2

CH3 C

O

OR

CH3 CH

OH

CH3 CH3 C

O

CH3 CH3 C

O

O-

CH3 C

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3CH2NH2

CH3 CH

Br

CH3

CH3 CH CH2

CH3 CH

CN

CH3

CH3 CH

OR

CH3

CH3 CH

NH2

CH3

CH3 CH

O

CH3

C

O

CH3

CH3CH2CH3

CH3 CH CH2

Br Br

CH3 CH CH2

OH Br

CH3 CH CH2

OH OHCH3 C

O

OH + CO2

CH3 CH

OSO3H

CH3CH3 CH

OCH(CH3)2

CH3

CH3 C

OH

R

CN

CH3 CH

CH2NH2

CH3

CH3 CH

CO2H

CH3

Note: Reduction of acid derivatives form alcohols

Note: Loss of proton on alcohol, phenol and acid on reaction

Tollens’ reagent orFehling’s solution

Heat

*

****

*

*

*

2,4-DNPHRoom temp

*

-O C

O

H

**

*

*

*

*

1 Alcohol

2 Alcohol

3 Alcohol cannot be oxidised

AldehydeCarboxylic Acid

Ester

Acyl Chloride

Amide

Amine

Alkane

Organic Mindmap (Aliphatic)

CH3 CH

CO2-

CH3

CH3CH2NH3+

NO2

NO2

NNHC

CH3

CH3

Amide

Directing Effects

2-, 4- Electron donating -OH, -NH2, -R, -OR

Electron withdrawing -X

3- Electron withdrawing-NO2, -CN-CHO, -COR, -CO2H

Organic Mindmap (Aromatic)

Benzene

Electrophilic substitution

OH OH

Br

OH

Br

OH

Br Br

Br

OH

NO2

OH

NO2

OH

O2N NO2

NO2

Phenol

O-Na+ O C

O

R