organismic biology
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Organismic Biology. Lecture 4 NatSci II Josephine B. Guerrero, MD Asst. Professor, Department of Biology. Levels of Organization. Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism. tissues. Plant Tissues:. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Organismic Biology
Lecture 4 NatSci IIJosephine B. Guerrero, MDAsst. Professor, Department of Biology
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Levels of Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism
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TISSUES
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Plant Tissues:1. Meristematic – immature, undifferentiated,
rapidly dividing; apical meristem and lateral meristem
2. Fundamental Parenchyma – thin-walled; cortex and pith Collenchyma – irregularly thickened; periphery of
stems and leaves Sclerenchyma – thick walls; fibers, sclereids (seeds
and seed coats)3. Vascular- responsible for the movement of
materials inside the plant; xylem vs. phloem
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Animal Tissues:1. Epithelial – covers external and internal
surfaces; attached to a basement membrane2. Connective – “connects” or supports other
structures , “fills” body layers or spaces3. Muscle – capable of contraction for movement4. Nervous – for propagation of electrical impulses5. Reproductive – gametes for reproduction
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Epithelial Tissues According to Shape of Cells
Squamous – flat, polygonal Cuboidal – equal height, width, thickness Columnar – greater height than width and
thickness Transitional – varies in shape from cuboidal
to squamous depending on the degree of distention of the organ where it is found
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Epithelial Tissues According to Number of Layer of Cells
Simple – only one layer of cells directly attached to basement membrane
Stratified – more than one layer; the innermost layer is attached to the basement membrane
Pseudostratified – appears to have several layers; in reality, only one layer
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Simple Squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
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Stratified Squamous
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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Transitional
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Components of Connective Tissue1. Matrix – mucopolysaccharides, ground
substance or “background” where other components are embedded
2. Fibers Collagen – most resilient Elastic – has the ability to be stretched and
return to its original configuration Reticular – fine, branched fibers; most
delicate
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Components of Connective Tissue3. Cells
Fibroblast – produces fibers and matrix Osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast –in bone Chondroblast, chondrocyte – in cartilage Adipocyte – in adipose tissue Macrophage – phagocytic cell Mast cell – produces chemical mediators as
histamine for inflammation
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Connective TissueGeneralized Connective Tissue
Specialized Connective Tissue
Loose or Areolar CT
Dense CTDense Collagenous RegularDense Collagenous Irregular
Dense Elastic RegularDense Elastic Irregular
Adipose
Cartilage Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
Bone
Blood
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Loose or Areolar Tissue
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Dense Connective Tissue
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Adipose
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Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
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Bone
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Blood
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Skeletal Muscle – striated, voluntary; multinucleated; peripheral nuclei; cylindrical cells
Cardiac Muscle – striated, involuntary; uninucleated; central nuclei; cylindrical branched cells
Smooth Muscle – nonstriated, involuntary; uninucleated; central nuclei; fusiform or spindle-shaped cells
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Nervous Tissue
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Reproductive Tissue
Male Gamete = sperm
Female Gamete = ovum
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ORGAN SYSTEMS
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Organ Systems in Plants:Root System (usually underground)Shoot System (usually above ground)
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Integumentary System: Functions mainly for protection Other functions include thermoregulation,
secretion, absorption, excretion Derived structures from integument
include scales, feathers, horns, claws, nails and hair
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Types of Integument Amoeba – cell membrane Paramecium – pellicle Soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates or those which
thrive in most environments – single-layer epidermis
Worms, arthropods – cuticle; cuticle of arthropods have chitin
In snails and other animals, the epidermis secretes an exoskeleton.
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Section of Human Skin
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Skeletal SystemTypes:1. Hydroskeleton2. Exoskeleton3. Endoskeleton
Function:1. Support2. Form3. Attachment of
muscles4. Protection
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Human Skeletal System
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Movement in Organisms Amoeboid movement- Amoeba; exhibited
by some cells in complex organisms Contractile fibrils in cilia and flagella –
ciliates and flagellates Smooth and striated muscles (in layers or
separate muscles) – cnidarians, arthropods, worms, molluscs, vertebrates
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Organization of Muscle in Vertebrates
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Human Muscular System
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Modes of Digestion1. Single cell prokayotes/eukaryote –
intracellular, by enzymatic action2. Fungi (molds & mushrooms) – absorptive3. Plants – rare via external acid4. Animals – internal; complex combination
of mechanical and chemical processes
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Human Digestive System
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Chemical DigestionNeeded to convert macromolecules to simplest forms
that can be absorbed CHO to monosaccharides CHON to amino acids Fats to glycerol and fatty acids Carried out by:
1. Salivary glands – amylase2. Stomach – pepsin3. Small intestine – pancreatic amylase, trypsin,
chemotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, dissacharidases, dipeptidases,
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Modes of Circulation:1. Plants – xylem (transpiration cohesion)
phloem (active transport osmosis)
2. Lower animal forms (open type) – blood or circulatory fluid directly bathes cells
3. Higher animal forms (closed type) – blood or circulating fluid stays inside blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
Requires a pumping organ, circulating fluid and the channels for the fluid
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Human circulatory system
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Pathway of blood thru the heart
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Formed Elements in the Blood
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Lymphatic System
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Immunity Non-specific Immune Mechanisms or
Innate Immunity Intact skin and mucous membranes as
protective barrier Chemical mediators: lysozymes, histamine,
interferons Phagocytic cells Inflammation
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Immunity Specific or Adaptive Immunity – exhibits
specificity and memory Cell-mediated Immunity or Cytotoxic
Immunity – T cells/T lymphocytes (Killer T cells) Antibody-mediated or Humoral Immunity –
B cells/B lymphocytes produce antibodies (Immuneglobulins)
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How do we acquire adaptive immunity? Natural vs. Artificial Means Active vs. Passive Means
Active – give the antigen and stimulate body to produce its own defenses; more permanent
Passive – give the pre-formed immuneglobulins or antibodies; faster but short-lasting
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Natural Active – when an individual gets exposed to the pathogen or antigen; may or may not become sick
Natural Passive – From mother to infant through breastfeeding and through placental circulation
Artificial Active – Vaccinations Artificial Passive – Immuneglobulin
therapy
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Modes of Respiration1. Single cell animals and some lower forms -
diffusion2. Plants – cellular3. Aquatic animals – gills4. Terrestrial animals – lungs or similar forms
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Human Respiratory System
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Forms of Respiration
External Respiration or Mechanical Ventilation – involves exchange of air/gases between the body and the environment Inspiration or
Inhalation Expiration or
Exhalation
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Forms of Respiration Internal Respiration -
involves exchange of gases at the level of the tissues Exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries and in systemic capillaries
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Forms of Respiration Cellular Respiration
involves utilization of oxygen in cells for production of ATP