Organization anf Regulation of Body Systems

Human Biology

4 Types of Tissues

1. Connective : connects and supports2. Muscular : moves the body3. Nervous : communicates4. Epithelial : protects

Connective Tissue

• Most abundant and diverse tissue in the body

• Cells are loosely packed scattered in an

extracellular matrix

• Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in a

polysaccharide ground substance

Loose connective tissue supports epithelium and internal organs.Allows expansion of arteries, lungs, bladder

Fibrous Connective can be irregular and regular. Examples are ligaments join bone to bone

tendons muscle to boneAdipose stores Fat, it has no extra cellular matrix

Energy, Insulation, Protection

Connective Tissues begins as a fibroblast

Fibrous Connective Tissue

• Are elongated and contain different amounts of collagen, and elastin proteins

• Collagen fibers are strong, and flexible but little recoil

• Reticular fibers are thin and branched• Elastin fibers are strong but recoil because of

the elastin protin

MoreConnective Tissues

Cartilage Bone Adipose tissue

Supportive Connective Tissue includes Cartilage and Bone

• Cartilage is a solid but pliable intercellular material

• Bone is a hardened connective tissue with living cells imprisoned in their mineralized secretions

cartilage on knobby end of a long bone

compact bone tissue

spaces in spongy bone tissue

Cartilage Bone

Bone has most rigid matrixInorganic salts are deposited around protein fibers

• Compact bone: makes up shaftOne Osteon is a cylindrical unit with nerve

and blood vessels. Cell connections are canaliculi .

Osteocyte is a bone cell.

• Spongy bone: makes up the ends of long bones.

Blood is one type of Fluid CTIncludes 3 types of cells and plasma

• Classified as a connective

tissue because blood cells

arise in bone

• Transports nutrients, waste

and O2.

• Formed Elements (Red cells,

white cells, and platelets) are

dispersed in a fluid medium

called plasma

Formed Elements

• Erythrocytes: RBC, Transport O2, don’t have nuclei are biconcave

• Leukocytes: WBC, nave nucleus, are translucent, fight infection. Many types with specific functions.

• Thrombocytes: platelets are responsible for blood clotting

LYMPHthe 2nd fluid connective tissue

• Clear, watery, derived from tissue fluid. • Carries WBC• Picks up tissue fluid, cleans it in lymph

vessels returns it to cardiovascular system.

Muscle Tissue

• Composed of cells called fibers that contract

when stimulated

• Fiber cells are filled with protein filaments

(actin and myosin)

Three Types of Muscle

• Skeletal muscle

• Smooth muscle

• Cardiac muscle

Skeletal Muscle

• Located in muscles that attach by

tendons to bones

• Striations are alternating light and dark

bands from actin and myosin

• Voluntary

• Contractions are fast

• The fibers fuse leads to one fiber with

multiple nuclei

Cardiac Muscle• Present only in the wall of heart

• Cells are striated and branching

• Ends of cells are joined by

communication junctions called

intercalated disks (adhesion and gap

junctions)

• Involuntary contractions pump blood

and lead to heart beat

• Each cell has one nucleus

Smooth Muscle

• In walls of many internal

organs, tubes and some

blood vessels

• Cells have spindle shape

and are not striated and

taper at the ends.

• Involuntary contractions in

bladder, intestin and blood

vessels (visceral organs)

Nervous Tissue

• Detects stimuli, integrates information, and

relays commands for response (communication)

• Consists of 2 types of cells: excitable neurons

and supporting neuroglial cells

Neurons

• Excitable cells

• 3 parts are dendrites, cell body and axon.

Dendrite sense the stimulation,

Axon conducts/transmitts the electrical

impulse

Synapse.: accumulates the

neurotransmitter

• Arrival of the impulse at the neuron endings triggers

events that stimulate or inhibit adjacent neurons or

other cells

Activation of a Nerve• Resting (Polarize) -70mV

• Action (Depolarize) +40 mV

• Returing to Rest (Repolarized) returning to -70mV

• Note Na and K ions involve

volt

ag

e

Time (milliseconds)

Actionpotential

Dendrite, Cell Body and Axon

• Dendrites are extentions of plasmamembrane surrounding the cell body. It is the receiving end.

• Cell Body contains cell body and nucleus.

• Axon conducts impulses towards the synapse. Bundles of Axons in brain and spine form nerves

Neuroglia

• Constitute more than half of the nervous tissue

• Protect and support the neurons, both

structurally and metabolically

Epithelial Tissue

• Lines the body’s surface, cavities, ducts, and

tubes

• One free surface faces a body fluid or the

environment

simplesquamousepithelium

basementmembrane

connectivetissue

Simple Epithelium

• Consists of a single layer of cells

• Lines body ducts, cavities, and tubes

• Cell shapes

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

Glands

• Secretory organs that are derived from epithelium

• Exocrine glands secrete products onto free epithelial surface via ducts or tubes

• Endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones into the fluid that surrounds the gland

Organs

• An organ is a group of tissues organized to perform a task or tasks

• Heart is an organ that pumps blood through body

• Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue

Tissue and Organ Forerunners

• Ectoderm:

Gives rise to the skin’s outer layer and to the

nervous system’s tissues

• Mesoderm:

Source of muscles, bones, and most of the

circulatory, reproductive, and urinary systems

• Endoderm:

Gives rise to linings of the digestive tract and organs

derived from it

Organ Systems

• Organs interact physically, chemically, or both

to perform a common task

• Circulatory system includes the heart, the

arteries, and other vessels that transport

blood through the body

What Do Organ Systems Do?

• Maintain stable internal conditions

• Acquire nutrients and raw materials; dispose of wastes

• Protect the body against injury and attack

• Allow reproduction and nourishment of young

Major Organ Systems

• Integumentary

• Muscular

• Skeletal

• Nervous

• Endocrine

• Circulatory

• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Urinary

• Reproductive

• Digestive

What are the organ systems of the human body?

4.8 Organ systems

What are the organ systems of the human body?

4.8 Organ systems

Integumentary System: Human Skin

1st line of defense• Body’s largest

organ

• Two layers

– Upper epidermis

– Lower dermis

• Lies atop a layer of

hypodermis

What you need to know about skin cancer?

• 2 of the 3 types that arise in the epidermis:• Basal cell carcinoma is the most common yet least deadly

form of skin cancer• Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the

least common

• What can you do to help prevent this?• Stay out of the sun between 10am-3pm• Wear protective clothing (tight weave, treated sunglasses,

wide-brimmed hat)• Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 and protects from

UV-A and UV-B rays• Don’t use tanning beds

4.7 Integumentary system

What might skin cancer look like?

Arises in cells called basal keratinocytes in the deepest layer of the epidermis. Basal cell carcinoma relies on the surrounding supportive tissue to grow. Least likely to metastasize through blood vessels or lymphatics.

Arises in melanocytes, or pigment-producing cells, in the skin. Melanoma can spread to other areas of the body, or metastasize.

Endocrine Glands Regulate Sexual and NonSexual FunctionsHormones secreted by:

Hypothalamus : GnRH regulates the Pituitary

Pituitary gland :

The hypothalamus and pituitary 15.2 Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

KIDNEY FUNCTIONADH IS ANTIDIURETIC

WILL DECREASE URINE VOLUME

CAFFEINE

ALCOHOL

Regulation of Blood Calcium by Calcitonin and Parathyroxin

Regulation of blood sugarby Insulin and Glucagon

17.2 Pre-embryonic and embryonic development

Post FertilizationCleavage:Polarity:Blastulation:Gastrulation:Implantation:

3 germ layers for in the Gastrula

17.2 Pre-embryonic and embryonic development

Animal lifecycle Meiosis produces gametes (1N): sperm, eggs) are formed

Fertilization unites sperm and egg- zygote (2n)

Mitosis: Zygote divides produces multicellular organism

Types of Neurons1-Sensory Neurons

Takes impulses from sensory receptor to CNS

2-Interneurons Transmit impulses between the sensory and motor neurons (found only in CNS)

3- Motor NeuronsTake impulses from the CNS to an effector (i.e. gland or muscle fiber)

cervical nerves (eight pairs)thoracic nerves (twelve pairs)

ulnar nerve

lumbar nerves (five pairs)

sacral nerves (five pairs)

coccygeal nerves (one pair)

sciatic nerve

brain

cranial nerves

spinal cord

central nervous system

brain

spinal cord

sensory nerves

axons of motor nerves

somaticdivision

autonomicdivision

para-sympathetic

nerves

sympathetic nerves

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)all sensory and motor neurons of somatic and autonomic nerves

Two Divisions: Somatic division Serves the skin, skeletal muscles and tendons

Autonomic division Regulates the activity of involuntary muscles (cardiac and smooth) and glands

What are the two cardiovascular pathways in the body?

• Pulmonary circuit: the right side of the body that brings blood from the body to the heart and the lungs

• Systemic circuit: the left side of the heart that brings blood to the entire body to deliver nutrients and rid it of wastes

Two cardiovascular pathways

Visualizing blood flow through the heartThe heart is a double pump

Lymphatic System

Inflammatory Response: Nonspecific Defenses

1. Damaged cells cause MAST CELLS to release chemical signals: Histamine and other molecules.

2. Histamine stimulate “vasodilation”: Increase in local blood flow and vascular permeability

Redness, Heat

Swelling, Pain

3. Phagocytic white blood cells come into area: Engulf bacteria, dead cell parts, and other microbes.

4. Tissue heals

Development of T and B Lymphocytes

T-helper cells play a central role in immunity

HIV destroys your T-helper cells

Fig. 36-5, p.614

Major Components: Accessory Organs:

MOUTH(ORAL CAVITY)

PHARYNX

ESOPHAGUS

STOMACH

SMALL INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE (COLON)

RECTUM

ANUS

LIVER

GALLBLADDER

PANCREAS

SALIVARY GLANDS

Table 36.4 Summary of the Human Digestive System

Table 36-4, p.628

Mouth Start of digestive system, where food is chewed,(oral cavity) and moistened; polysaccharide digestion begins

Pharynx Entrance to digestive and respiratory tract tubes

Esophagus Muscular tube, moistened by saliva, that moves food from pharynx to stomach

Stomach Stretchable sac where food mixes with gastric fluid and protein digestion starts; stores food taken in faster than can be processed; its

fluid kills many microbes

Small Receives secretions from liver, gallbladder, pancreas; digests mostintestine nutrients; delivers unabsorbed material to colon

Colon Concentrates and stores undigested matter (by absorbing mineral ions (large and water)intestine)

Rectum Distension triggers expulsion of feces

Anus Terminal opening of digestive system

What are the major digestive enzymes?

8.3 The stomach and small intestine

kidney (one of a pair) Constantly filters water and all solutes except proteins from blood; reclaims water and solutes as the body requires and excretes the remainder, as urine

ureter (one of a pair) Channel for urine flow from a kidney to the urinary bladder

Bladder Stretchable container for temporarily storing urine

uretha Channel for urine flow between the urinary bladder and body surface

heart

diaphragm

adrenal gland

abdominal aorta

inferior vena cava

Fig. 37-6, p.635

NEPHRON

COLLECTING DUCT

blood vessel entering

blood vessel leaving

a. Distal Tubular Secretion.

g Urinary ExcretionSubstance is leaving.

f hormonal actionADH binds to C.duct

Preventing water loss

RENAL CORPUSCLE

GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES+ =BOWMAN’S

CAPSULE

b Filtration.

a Blood pumped from heartTo renal corpuscle

c Proximal Tubule Reabsorption.

e Loop of Henle’s

Sarcomere has 2 types of proteinThick band made MyosinThin band made of actin

The Muscular System smallest working unit is the sarcomere

1. Supports the body2. Protects the soft body

parts3. Produces blood cells

(red bone marrow)4. Stores minerals

(calcium and phosphate) and fat

5. Allows for movement by attaching muscles

Skeletal system

• Osteoporosis – bones are weakened due to a decreased bone density

Factors affecting bone growth

Growth hormoneGrowth hormone (GH) – stimulates (GH) – stimulates general bone growth and the epiphyseal general bone growth and the epiphyseal platesplates

Sex hormonesSex hormones – increases growth during – increases growth during adolescenceadolescence

Vitamin DVitamin D – converted to a hormone to – converted to a hormone to allow calcium absorption in the intestineallow calcium absorption in the intestine

Calcium in BloodCalcium in Blood affects bone growth affects bone growth through hormones:through hormones: Parathyroid hormoneParathyroid hormone (PTH) – (PTH) –

increases blood calcium by increases blood calcium by accelerating bone recyclingaccelerating bone recycling

CalcitoninCalcitonin – decreases blood calcium – decreases blood calcium

What are the important cells in bone growth, remodeling and repair?

• Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells. Happens when body stores Calcium, Stimulated by Calcitonin. Increases bone density

• Osteocytes – mature bone cells that maintain bone structure derived from osteoblasts

• Osteoclasts – bone-absorbing cells. Happens when body needs Calcium, Stimulated by parathyroxin. Decreases bone density

• Chondroytes – cartilage-forming cells

11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair

Major Organs of Female Reproductive System:Ovaries: contain follicles that become eggs

Oviduct (fallopian tube): site of fertilization

Uterus: site of embryo implantation

Cervix and Vagina

Hormones : Estrogen and Progesterone (ovary) FSH & LH (pituitary)

Male Reproductive SystemProduces sperm and delivers sperm to female reproductive tract

Testes: make spermEpididymis: sperm will matureVas Deferens:Three accessory gland: makes ejaculatory fluidHormones: Testosterone (testes), FSH, LH (pituitary)