organization behaviours
TRANSCRIPT
Contents
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Stages of Group DevelopmentGroup PropertiesGroup Decision MakingGroup Decision-Making Techniques Conclusion
Defining Group
What is Group?
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Stephen P. Robins:
“Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to
achieve particular objectives”
What is Group?
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Fred Luthans says:If a group exists in an organization, its members:
1. Are motivated to join
2. Perceive the group as a unified unit of interacting people
3. Contribute in various amounts to the group processes (that is, some people contribute more time or energy to the group than do others)
4. Reach agreements and have disagreements through various forms of interaction
Classification of Groups
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Formal Group:“A designated work group defined by the organization’s structure”Example:Six members crew making up an airline flight.
Informal Group:“A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; appears in response to the need for social contact”Example:Three students who regularly go to school together.
Sub Classification of Groups
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1. Command Group2. Task Group3. Interest Group4. Friendship Group
Forming
Storming
Stages Of Group Development
Norming
Adjourning
Performing
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Group Properties
Roles Norms
CohesivenessSize
Status
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Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms And Productivity:
High productivity
Moderate productivity
Low productivity
Moderate to low
productivityPerf
orm
an
ce
N
orm
sCohesivenessHigh
High
Low
Low
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Group Decision Making
What Is Decision?
What Is Decision Making?
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Group Decision Making
Broad RepresentationMore Ideas GeneratedEvaluation Of OptionsCoordinationQuality Decision
Time ConsumingLevel of TrustDominated PersonalitiesCapabilities of MembersAmbiguous Responsibility
Strengths & Weaknesses of Group Decisions:
Group Think & Group Shift
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Group Think: Imposing unpopular view Opposing Popular viewGroup Shift: Exaggerating less important view Avoiding more important view
How to minimize Group Think?
Monitor Group SizeImpartiality of LeaderSeeking View From Each Member
Group Decision-Making Techniques
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Interacting Groups
Brainstorming
Nominal Group
Techniques
Electronic Meeting
Evaluating Group Effectiveness
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Effectiveness Criteria Interacting Brainstorming Nominal Electronic
No. & of Quality of Ideas Low Moderate High High
Money Costs Low Low Low High
speed Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate
Commitment to solution High Not applicable Moderate Moderate
Group Cohesiveness High High Moderate Low
Conclusion
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Illustration of Group by(CEO of Continental Airline)
“ We are like a wristwatch-lots of different parts, but the whole has value only when we all work together. It has no value when any part fails.”
Gordon Bethune
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In other words group is all about Teamwork.
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Your Turn…. To Ask
Questions
Forming
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Forming
Characteristics
Members tend to be:
• Tentative
• Polite
• Having little conflicts
Activities
Team needs to
• Identify its purpose
• Group processes
• Develop group norms
Storming
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Storming
Characteristics
Members tend
to:
• Exhibit increased conflict
• Less conformity
• “Jockeying” for power.
Activities
Members need
to learn
• How to resolve conflict
• Clarify their roles
• Power
• Structure
Norming
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Norming
Characteristics
Demonstrate an:
• Improved ability to complete tasks
• Solve problems
• Resolve conflict.
Activities
Members must
• Exhibit good behaviors
• Mutual trust
• Motivation
• Open communication
Performing
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Performing
Characteristics
• Energetic
• Creative
• Participative
• Motivated
• Show high levels of loyalty
• Group decision-making.
Activities
• Self-directing in development of plans
• Strategy to meet their goals
• Carry out work
Adjourning
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Adjourning
Characteristics
• Purpose achieved
• Ready to move on to new things
• A positive feeling about the group achievement.
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Group Properties - Roles
A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.
Role identity Role perception Role expectation Role Conflict
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Group Properties - Status
A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.
Group Norms
Group interaction
Status Equity Status Equity
Group MemberStatus
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Group Properties - Status
Status Characteristics Theory
1. The Power a person wields over others2. A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s
goals3. An individual’s personal Characteristics
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Group Properties - Norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.
Classes of Norms
Performance Norms
Appearance Norms
Social Arrangement Norms
Allocation of Resources Norms
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Group Properties - Size
The size of a group affects the group’s overall behavior. Social Loafing:
The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.
Other Conclusions:• Odd number groups do
better than even.• Groups of 7 or 9 perform
better overall than larger or smaller groups.
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Group Properties - Cohesiveness
Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. Suggestions to Encourage Group Cohesiveness:
Stimulate competition
Make the group smaller
Encourage agreement
Increase interaction
Increase the status
Isolate the group
Give rewards
Command Group
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“A group composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager.”
Example:An army officer and his subordinate soldiers form
a command group.
Task Group
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“Task group Represents those working together to complete a job task.”
Example:A panel of employers to conduct interviews
for the new post
Interest Group
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“Those working together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned.”
Example:Employees who band together to support a
peer who has been fired.
Friendship Group
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“Those brought together because they share one or more common characteristics.”
Example:Groups based on similar age, heritage etc.
Electronic Meeting
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Nominal Group Techniques
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Brainstorming
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Interacting Groups
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