osha(stairs ladders)

8/2/2019 OSHA(Stairs Ladders)

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OSHAwww.osha.gov

OccupationalSafety and HealthAdministration

OSH A 3124-12R 2003
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This informational booklet provides ageneral overview of a particular topicrelated to OSHA standards. It does not alteror determine compliance responsibilities inOSHA standards or the Occupational Safetyand Health Act of 1970. Because interpreta-tions and enforcement policy may changeover time, you should consult current OSHAadministrative interpretations and decisionsby the Occupational Safety and HealthReview Commission and the Courts foradditional guidance on OSHA compliancerequirements.This publication is in the public domainand may be reproduced, fully or partially,without permission. Source credit isrequested but not required.This information is available to sensoryimpaired individuals upon request.Voice phone: (202) 693-1999;teletypewriter(TTY) number: (877) 889-5627.

SHAwww.osha.goY

Stairways and Ladders:A Guide to OSHA RulesU.S. Department of LaborOccupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSHA 3124-12R2003


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ContentsIntroduction ... 3General Requirements ... 3Rules for Ladders ... 4

All Ladders .. .4Specific Types of Ladders .. .6Stepladders ...6Portable Ladders ...6Fixed Ladders ...7

Cages for Fixed Ladders 9Wells for Fixed Ladders 10Ladder Safety Devices and Related

Support Systems for Fixed Ladders ...11Requirements for Mounting Ladder SafetyDevices for Fixed Ladders ...11

Defective Ladders 12Rules for Stairways 12

Stairways Used During Construction ...12Temporary Stairs ...13Stair Rails 14Handrails 15Midrails 15

Training Requirements ...16Glossary . ..16OSHA Assistance ... 17

Safety and Health ProgramManagement Guidelines ...18

State Programs ...18Consultation Services ...19Voluntary Protect ion Programs (VPP)...20Strategic Partnership Program ...20Alliance Program ...20Training and Education 21Electronic Information 22OSHA Publications ...22Emergencies, Complaints or

Further Assistance ...23OSHA Regional Offices ... 23

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IntroductionOSHAwww.osha.gav

Working on and around stairways and laddersis hazardous. Stairways and ladders are majorsources of injuries and fatalit ies among constructionworkers for example, and many of the injuries areserious enough to require time off the job. OSHArules apply to all stairways and ladders used inconstruction, alteration, repair, painting, decorat-ing and demolition of worksites covered byOSHA's construct ion safety and health standards.General Requirements

These rules specify when employers mustprovide stairways and ladders. In general, thestandards require the following: When there is a break in elevation of 19 inches

(4 8 cm) or more and no ramp, runway,embankment or personnel hoist is available,employers must provide a stairway or ladderat all worker points of access.

When there is only one point of accessbetween levels, employers must keep it clearof obstacles to permit free passage by work-ers. If f ree passage becomes restricted,employers must provide a second point ofaccess and ensure that workers use it.

When there are more than two points ofaccess between levels, employers must ensurethat at least one point of access remains clear.In addition, employers must install all stairway

and ladder fall protection systems required bythese rules and ensure that their worksite meetsall requirements of the stairway and ladder rulesbefore employees use stairways or ladders. See 29CFR 1926.1050-1060 for the details of the standard.

Note: The standard does not apply to laddersspecifically manufactured for scaffold access andegress, but does apply to job-made and manufac-tured portable ladders intended for general purposeuse. Rules for ladders used on or with scaffolds areaddressed in 29 CFR 1926.451 Subpart L.

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Rules for LaddersAll LaddersThe following rules apply to all ladders: Maintain ladders free of oil. grease and other

slipping hazards. Do not load ladders beyond their maximum

intended load nor beyond their manufacturer'srated capacity.

Use ladders only for their designed purpose. Use ladders only on stable and level surfaces

unless secured to prevent accidental movement. Do not use ladders on slippery surfaces unless

secured or provided with slip-resistant feet toprevent accidental movement. Do not use slip-resistant feet as a substitute for exercising carewhen placing, lashing or holding a ladderupon slippery surfaces.

Secure ladders placed in areas such as pas-sageways, doorways or driveways, or wherethey can be displaced by workplace activitiesor traffic to prevent accidental movement. Oruse a barricade to keep traffic or activity awayfrom the ladder.

Keep areas clear around the top and bottomof ladders. Do not move, shift or extend ladders while

in use. Use ladders equipped with nonconductive side

rails if the worker or the ladder could contactexposed energized electrical equipment.

Face the ladder when moving up or down. Use at least one hand to grasp the ladder

when climbing. Do not carry objects or loads that could causeloss of balance and falling.In addit ion, the following general requirementsapply to all ladders, including ladders built at thejobsite:

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OSHAwww.osha.gov Double-cleated ladders or two or more laddersmust be provided when ladders are the only

way to enter or exit a work area where 25 ormore employees work or when a ladder servessimultaneous two-way traff ic.

Ladder rungs, cleats and steps must be paral-lel, level and uniformly spaced when the lad-der is in position for use.

Rungs, cleats and steps of portable and fixedladders (except as provided below) must notbe spaced less than 10 inches (25 cm) apart,nor more than 14 inches (36 cm) apart, alongthe ladder's side rails.

Rungs, cleats and steps of step stools must notbe less than 8 inches (20 cm) apart, nor morethan 12 inches (31 cm) apart, between centerlines of the rungs, cleats and steps.

Rungs, cleats and steps at the base section ofextension trestle laddersmust not be less than8 inches (20 cm) nor more than 18 inches (46cm) apart, between center lines of the rungs,cleats and steps. The rung spacing on theextension section must not be less than 6 inch-es (15 cm) nor more than 12 inches (31 cm).

Ladders must not be tied or fastened togetherto create longer sections unless they arespecifically designed for such use.

When splicing side rails, the resulting side railmust be equivalent in strength to a one-pieceside rail made of the same material.

Two or more separate ladders used to reach anelevated work area must be offset with a plat-form or landing between the ladders, exceptwhen portable ladders are used to gain accessto fixed ladders.

Ladder components must be surfaced toprevent snagging of clothing and injury frompunctures or lacerations.

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OSHAwww.osha.gov Wood ladders must not be coated with anyopaque covering except for identification orwarning labels, which may be placed only onone face of a side rail.

Note: A competent person must inspectladders for visible defects periodically and afterany incident that could affect their safe use.Spec ific Types o f Ladders Do not use single-rail ladders. Use non-self-supporting laddersat an anglewhere the horizontal distance from the topsupport to the foot of the ladder is approxi-mately one-quarter of the working length ofthe ladder. Use wooden ladders built at the jobsite withspliced side rails at an angle where the hori-zontal distance is one-eighth of the workinglength of the ladder.

In addition, the top of a non-self-supportingladder must be placed with two rails supportedequally unless it is equipped with a single supportattachment.Stepladders Do not use the top or top step of a stepladderas a step. Do not use cross bracing on the rear section ofstepladders for climbing unless the ladders aredesigned and provided with steps for climbingon both front and rear sections. Metal spreader or locking devices must be pro-vided on stepladders to hold the front and backsections in an open position when ladders are

being used.Portab le LaddersThe minimum clear distance between side railsfor all portable ladders must be 11.5inches (29cm).

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OSHAwww.osha.govIn addition, the rungs and steps of portablemetal ladders must be corrugated, knurled,dimpled, coated with skid-resistant material ortreated to minimize slipping.Non-self-supporting and self-supportingportable ladders must support at least four timesthe maximum intended load; extra heavy-dutytype 1A metal or plastic ladders must sustain 3.3times the maximum intended load. To determinewhether a self-supporting ladder can sustain acertain load, apply the load to the ladder in adownward vertical direction with the ladder

placed at a horizontal angle of 75.5 degrees.When portable ladders are used for accesstoan upper landing surface, the side rails mustextend at least 3 feet (.9 m) above the upperlanding surface.When such an extension is notpossible, the ladder must be secured and agrasping device such as a grab rail must beprovided to assist workers in mounting anddismounting the ladder. A ladder extension mustnot deflect under a load that would cause theladder to Slip off its supports.F ixed LaddersIf the total length of the climb on a fixedladder equals or exceeds 24 feet (7.3m), the lad-der must be equipped with ladder safety devices;or self-retracting lifelines and rest platforms atintervals not to exceed 150 feet (45.7m); oracage or well and multiple ladder sections witheach ladder section not to exceed 50 feet (15.2m)in length. These ladder sections must be offsetfrom adjacent sections and landing platformsmust be provided at maximum intervals of 50 feet(15.2m). In addition, fixed ladders must meet thefollowing requirements: Fixed ladders must be able to support at leasttwo loads of 250 pounds (114kg) each,concentrated between any two consecutiveattachments. Fixed ladders also must supportadded anticipated loads caused by ice buildup,

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OSHAwww.osha.govwinds, rigging and impact loads resulting fromusing ladder safety devices.

Individual rung/step ladders must extend atleast 42 inches (1.1 m) above an access level orlanding platform either by the continuation ofthe rung spacings as horizontal grab bars or byproviding vertical grab bars that must have thesame lateral spacing as the vertical legs of theladder rails.

Each step or rung of a fixed ladder must beable to support a load of at least 250 pounds(114 kg) applied in the middle of the step orrung.

Minimum clear distance between the sides ofindividual rung/step ladders and between theside rails of other fixed ladders must be16 inches (41 cm).

Rungs of individual rung/step ladders must beshaped to prevent slipping off the end of therungs.

Rungs and steps of fixed metal laddersmanufactured after March 15, 1991, must becorrugated, knurled, dimpled, coated withskid-resistant material or treated to minimizeslipping.

Minimum perpendicular clearance betweenfixed ladder rungs, cleats, and steps and anyobstruction behind the ladder must be 7 inches(18 ern), except that the clearance for an eleva-tor pit ladder must be 4.5 inches (11 cm).

Minimum perpendicular clearance betweenthe centerline of fixed ladder rungs, cleats andsteps, and any obstruction on the climbingside of the ladder must be 30 inches (76 cm). Ifobstructions are unavoidable, clearance maybe reduced to 24 inches (61 ern), provided adeflection device is installed to guide workersaround the obstruction.

Step-across distance between the center of thesteps or rungs of fixed ladders and the nearest

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OSHAwww.osha.govedge of a landing area must be no less than7 inches (18 cm) and no more than 12 inches(30 cm). A landing platform must be providedif the step-across distance exceeds 12 inches(30 cm).

Fixed ladders without cages or wells musthave at least a 15-inch (38 cm) clearance widthto the nearest permanent object on each sideof the centerline of the ladder.

Fixed ladders must be provided with cages,wells, ladder safety devices or self-retract inglifelines where the length of climb is less than24 feet (7.3m) but the top of the ladder is at adistance greater than 24 feet (7.3 m) abovelower levels.

Side rails of through or side-step fixed laddersmust extend 42 inches (1.1 m) above the toplevel or landing platform served by the ladder.Parapet ladders must have an access level atthe roof if the parapet is cut to permit passagethrough it. If the parapet is continuous, theaccess level is the top of the parapet.

Steps or rungs for through-fixed-Iadder exten-sions must be omitted from the extension; andthe extension of side rails must be flared toprovide between 24 inches (61 cm) and 30inches (76 cm) clearance between side rails.

When safety devices are provided, the maxi-mum clearance distance between side railextensions must not exceed 36 inches (91 cm).

Fixed ladders must be used at a pitch nogreater than 90 degrees from the horizontal,measured from the back side of the ladder.

Cages for Fixed LaddersThe requirements for cages for fixed laddersare as follows: Horizontal bands must be fastened to the side rails

of rail ladders or directly to the structure, buildingor equipment for individual-rung ladders.

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OSHAwww.osha.gov Vertical bars must be on the inside of the hori-zontal bands and must be fastened to them. Cages must not extend less than 27 inches(68 cm), or more than 30 inches (76cm) fromthe centerline of the step or rung and must notbe less than 27 inches (68cm) wide. Insides of cages must be clear of projections. Horizontal bands must be spaced at intervalsnot more than 4 feet (1.2m) apart measuredfrom centerline to centerline. Vertical bars must be spaced at intervals not

more than 9.5 inches (24 cm), measuredcenterline to centerline. Bottoms of cages must be between 7 feet(2.1 m) and 8 feet (2.4 m) above the point ofaccess to the bottom of the ladder. The bottomof the cage must be flared not less than 4 inch-es (10ern) between the bottom horizontal bandand the next higher band. Tops of cages must be a minimum of 42 inches(1.1m) above the top of the platform or thepoint of access at the top of the ladder. There

must be a way to access the platform or otherpoint of access.Wells for Fixed LaddersThe requirements for wells for fixed laddersare as follows: Wells must completely encircle the ladder. Wells must be free of projections. Inside faces of wells on the climbing side ofthe ladder must extend between 27 inches(68 cm) and 30 inches (76ern) from the center-line of the step or rung. Inside widths of wells must be at least 30 inch-es (76 cm). Bottoms of wells above the point of accesstothe bottom of the ladder must be between 7feet (2.1 m) and 8 feet (2.4 m).

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OSHAwww.osha.govLadder Safety Devices and Related SupportSystems for Fixed LaddersThe connection between the carrier or lifelineand the point of attachment to the body belt orharness must not exceed 9 inches (23 ern) inlength. In addition, ladder safety devices andrelated support systems on fixed ladders mustconform to the following: All safety devices must be able to withstand,without failure, a drop test consisting of a500-pound weight (226 kg) dropping 18 inches(41cm). All safety devices must permit the worker toascend or descend without continually havingto hold, push or pull any part of the device,leaving both hands free for climbing. All safety devices must be activated within2 feet (.61 m) after a fall occurs and limit thedescending velocity of an employee to7 feet/second (2.1m/sec) or less.Requirements for Mounting LadderSafety Devices for Fixed LaddersThe requirements for mounting ladder safetydevices for fixed ladders are as follows: Mountings for rigid carriers must be attachedat eachend of the carrier, with intermediatemountings spaced along the entire length ofthe carrier, to provide the necessary strength tostop workers' falls. Mountings for flexible carriers must beattached at eachend of the carrier. Cableguides for flexible carriers must be installedwith a spacing between 25 feet (7.6m) and 40feet (12.2m) along the entire length of the car-

rier, to prevent wind damage to the system. Design and installation of mountings andcable guides must not reduce the strength ofthe ladder. Side rails and steps or rungs for side-step fixedladders must be continuous in extension.

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OSHAwww.osha.govDefective LaddersLadders needing repairs are subject to thefollowing rules: Portable ladders with structural defects-suchas broken or missing rungs, cleats or steps,broken or split rails, corroded components orother faulty or defective components-mustimmediately be marked defective or taggedwith "Do Not Use" or similar language andwithdrawn from service until repaired. Fixed ladders with structural defects-suchas broken or missing rungs, cleats or steps,broken or split rails or corroded components-must be withdrawn from service until repaired. Defective fixed ladders are considered with-drawn from use when they are immediatelytagged with "Do Not Use" or similar language,

or marked in a manner that identifies them asdefective, or blocked-such as with a plywoodattachment that spans several rungs. Ladder repairs must restore the ladder to acondition meeting its original design criteriabefore the ladder is returned to use.Rules for Stairways

The rules covering stairways and theircomponents generally depend on how and whenstairs are used. Specifically, there are rules forstairs used during construction and stairs usedtemporarily during construction, aswell as rulesgoverning stair rails and handrails.Stairways Used During ConstructionThe following requirements apply to all stairwaysused during construction: Stairways that will not be a permanent partof the building under construction must havelandings at least 30 inches deep and 22 incheswide (76x 56 cm) at every 12 feet (3.7 m) orless of vertical rise.

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OSHAwww.osha.gov Stairways must be installed at least 30 degrees-and no more than 50 degrees-from thehorizontal. Variations in riser height or stair tread depthmust not exceed 1/4 inch in any stairwaysystem, including any foundation structureused as one or more treads of the stairs. Doors and gates opening directly onto a stair-way must have a platform that extends at least20 inches (51 cm) beyond the swing of thedoor or gate. Metal pan landings and metal pan treads mustbe secured in place before filling. Stairway parts must be free of dangerousprojections such as protruding nails. Slippery conditions on stairways must becorrected. Workers must not use spiral stairways that willnot be a permanent part of the structure.Temporary StairsThe following requirements apply to stairwaysused temporarily during construction.Except during construction of the stairway, Do not use stairways with metal pan landingsand treads if the treads and/or landings havenot been fil led in with concrete or othermaterials unless the pans of the stairs and/orlandings are temporarily filled in with wood orother materials. All treads and landings mustbe replaced when worn below the top edge ofthe pan. Do not use skeleton metal frame structures

and steps (where treads and/or landings willbe installed later) unless the stairs are fittedwith secured temporary treads and landings.Note: Temporary treads must be made ofwood or other solid material and installed the fullwidth and depth of the stair.

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OSHAwww.osha.govStair RailsThe following general requirements apply to allstair rails: Stairways with four or more risers or risingmore than 30 inches (76cm) in height-whichever is less-must be installed alongeach unprotected side or edge. When the topedge of a stair rail system also serves as ahandrail, the height of the top edge must beno more than 37 inches (94 cm) nor less than36 inches (91.5cm) from the upper surface ofthe stair rail to the surface of the tread. Stair rails installed after March 15,1991,mustbe not lessthan 36 inches (91.5cm) in height. Top edges of stair rail systems used ashandrails must not be more than 37 inches(94 cm) high nor less than 36 inches (91.5ern)from the upper surface of the stair rail systemto the surface of the tread. (If installed beforeMarch 15, 1991,not lessthan 30 inches[76cm]). Stair rail systems and handrails must besurfaced to prevent injuries such as punctures

or lacerations and to keep clothing fromsnagging. Ends of stair rail systems and handrails mustbe built to prevent dangerous projections, suchas rails protruding beyond the end posts of thesystem.In addition, Unprotected sides and edges of stairwaylandings must have standard 42-inch (1.1m)guardrail systems. Intermediate vertical members, such as

balusters used as guardrails, must not be morethan 19inches (48cm) apart. Other intermediate structural members, whenused, must be installed so that no openingsare more than 19inches (48cm) wide.

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OSHAwww.osha.gov Screens or mesh, when used, must extendfrom the top rail to the stairway step and alongthe opening between top rail supports.HandrailsRequirements for handrails are as follows: Handrails and top rails of the stair rail systemsmust be able to withstand, without failure, atleast 200 pounds (890 n) of weight appliedwithin 2 inches (5 cm) of the top edge in anydownward or outward direction, at any pointalong the top edge. Handrails must not be more than 37 inches(94 cm) high nor less than 30 inches (76 cm)from the upper surface of the handrail to thesurface of the tread. Handrails must provide an adequate handholdfor employees to grasp to prevent falls. Temporary handrails must have a minimumclearance of 3 inches (8cm) between thehandrail and walls, stair rail systems andother objects. Stairways with four or more risers, or thatrise more than 30 inches (76 cm) in height-whichever is less-must have at least onehandrail. Winding or spiral stairways must have ahandrail to prevent use of areas where thetread width is less than 6 inches (15 cm).MidrailsMidrails, screens, mesh, intermediate verticalmembers or equivalent intermediate structuralmembers must be provided between the top railand stairway steps to the stair rail system. Whenmidrails are used, they must be located midwaybetween the top of the stair rail system and thestairway steps.


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Training RequirementsEmployers must train all employees to recog-nize hazards related to ladders and stairways, andinstruct them to minimize these hazards. Forexample, employers must ensure that eachemployee is trained by a competent person in thefollowing areas, as applicable: Nature of fall hazards in the work area;

Correct procedures for erecting, maintainingand disassembling the fall protection systemsto be used; Proper construction, use, placement and carein handling of all stairways and ladders; and Maximum intended load-carrying capacities ofladders used.

Note: Employers must retrain each employeeas necessary to maintain their understanding andknowledge on the safe use and construction ofladders and stairs.Glossarycleat - A ladder crosspiece of rectangular crosssection placed on edge upon which a person maystep while ascending or descending a ladder.double-cleat ladder - A ladder with a center railto allow simultaneous two-way traffic for employ-ees ascending or descending.failure - Load refusal, breakage or separationof components.fixed ladder - A ladder that cannot be readilymoved or carried because it is an integral part of abuilding or structure.handrail - A rail used to provide employees witha handhold for support.job-made ladder - A ladder that is fabricated byemployees, typically at the construction site; non-commercially manufactured.load refusal- The point where the structuralmembers lose their ability to carry the load.

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OSHAwww.osha.gavpoint of access - All areas used by employeesfor work-related passage from one area or levelto another.portable ladder - A ladder that can be readilymoved or carried.riser height - The vertical distance from the topof a tread or platform/landing to the top of thenext higher tread or platform/landing.side-step fixed ladder - A fixed ladder thatrequires a person to get off at the top to step to theside of the ladder side rails to reachthe landing.single-cleat ladder - A ladder consisting of a pairof side rails connected together by cleats, rungsor steps.stair rail system - A vertical barrier erected alongthe unprotected sides and edges of a stairway toprevent employees from falling to lower levels.temporary service stairway - A stairway wherepermanent treads and/or landings are to be filledin at a later date.through fixed ladder - A fixed ladder thatrequires a person getting off at the top to stepbetween the side rails of the ladder to reach thelanding.tread depth - The horizontal distance from frontto back of a tread, excluding nosing, if any.OSHA Assistance

OSHA can provide extensive help through avariety of programs, including technical assistanceabout effective safety and health programs, stateplans, workplace consultations, voluntary protec-tion programs, strategic partnerships, and trainingand education, and more. An overall commitmentto workplace safety and health can add value toyour business, to your workplace, and to your life.

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OSHAwww.osha.goySafety and Health ProgramManagement GuidelinesEffective management of worker safety and healthprotection is a decisive factor in reducing theextent and severity of work-related injuries and ill-nessesand their related costs. In fact, an effectivesafety and health program forms the basis ofgood worker protection and can save time andmoney-about $4 for every dollar spent-andincrease productivity and reduce worker injuries,illnesses and related workers' compensation costs.To assist employers and employees in devel-oping effective safety and health programs, OSHApublished recommended Safety and HealthProgram Management Guidelines (FederalRegister 54 (16): 3904-3916, January 26, 1989).These voluntary guidelines can be applied to allplaces of employment covered by OSHA.The guidelines identify four general elementscritical to the development of a successful safetyand health management system: Management leadership and employeeinvolvement, Workaday analysis, Hazard prevention and control. and Safety and health training.

The guidelines recommend specific actions,under each of these general elements, to achievean effective safety and health program. TheFederal Register notice is available online atwww.osha.gov.State ProgramsThe Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970(OSH Act) encourages states to develop and oper-ate their own job safety and health plans. OSHAapproves and monitors these plans. There are cur-rently 26 state plans: 23 cover both private andpublic (state and local government) employment;3 states, Connecticut, New Jersey and NewYork,cover the public sector only. States and territories

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OSHAwww.osha.goywith their own OSHA-approved occupationalsafety and health plans must adopt standardsidentical to, or at least as effective as, the federalstandards.Consultation ServicesConsultation assistance is available on request toemployers who want help in establishing andmaintaining a safe and healthful workplace.Largely funded by OSHA, the service is providedat no cost to the employer. Primarily developedfor smaller employers with more hazardousoperations, the consultation service is deliveredby state governments employing professionalsafety and health consultants. Comprehensiveassistance includes an appraisal of all mechanicalsystems, work practices, and occupational safetyand health hazards of the workplace and allaspects of the employer's present job safety andhealth program. In addition, the service offersassistance to employers in developing andimplementing an effective safety and healthprogram. No penalties are proposed or citationsissued for hazards identified by the consultant.OSHA provides consultation assistance to theemployer with the assurance that his or her nameand firm and any information about the workplacewill not be routinely reported to OSHAenforce-ment staff.Under the consultation program, certainexemplary employers may request participationin OSHA'sSafety and Health AchievementRecognition Program (SHARP).Eligibility forparticipation in SHARP includes receiving acomprehensive consultation visit, demonstratingexemplary achievements in workplace safety andhealth by abating all identified hazards, and devel-oping an excellent safety and health program.Employers accepted into SHARPmay receivean exemption from programmed inspections (notcomplaint or accident investigation inspections)for a period of 1 year.

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OSHAwww.osha.govVoluntary Protection Programs (VPP)Voluntary Protection Programs and onsite consul-tation services, when coupled with an effectiveenforcement program, expand worker protectionto help meet the goals of the aSH Act. The threeVPP-Star, Merit, and Demonstration-aredesigned to recognize outstanding achievementsby companies that have successfully incorporatedcomprehensive safety and health programs intotheir total management system. TheVPPmotivateothers to achieve excellent safety and healthresults in the same outstanding way as theyestablish a cooperative relationship betweenemployers, employees, and OSHA.For additional information onVPPand how toapply, contact the OSHA regional offices listed atthe end of this publication.Strategic Partnership ProgramOSHA'sStrategic Partnership Program, the newestmember of OSHA'scooperative programs, helpsencourage, assist, and recognize the efforts ofpartners to eliminate serious workplace hazardsand achieve a high level of worker safety andhealth. Whereas OSHA'sConsultation Programand VPPentail one-on-one relationships betweenOSHA and individual work sites, most strategicpartnerships seekto have a broader impact bybuilding cooperative relationships with groups ofemployers and employees. These partnershipsare voluntary, cooperative relationships betweenOSHA, employers, employee representatives, andothers (e.g.,trade unions, trade and professionalassociations, universities, and other governmentagencies).For more information on this and other coop-erative programs, contact your nearest OSHAoffice, or visit OSHA'swebsite at www.osha.gov.Alliance ProgramAlliances enable organizations committed toworkplace safety and health to collaborate with

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OSHAwww.osha.govOSHA to prevent injuries and illnesses in theworkplace. OSHA and its allies work together toreach out to, educate, and lead the nation'semployers and their employees in improving andadvancing workplace safety and health.Alliances are open to all, including trade orprofessional organizations, businesses, labororganizations, educational institutions, and gov-ernment agencies. In some cases, organizationsmay be building on existing relationships withOSHA through other cooperative programs.There are few formal program requirementsfor alliances, which are less structured than othercooperative agreements, and the agreements donot include an enforcement component. However,OSHA and the participating organizations mustdefine, implement, and meet a set of short- andlong-term goals that fall into three categories:training and education; outreach and communica-tion; and promotion of the national dialogue onworkplace safety and health.Training and EducationOSHA'sarea offices offer a variety of informationservices, such as compliance assistance,technical advice, publications, audiovisual aidsand speakers for special engagements. OSHA'sTraining Institute in Arlington Heights, lll., providesbasic and advanced courses in safety and healthfor federal and state compliance officers, stateconsultants, federal agency personnel, andprivate sector employers, employees, and theirrepresentatives.The OSHATraining Institute also has estab-lished OSHATraining Institute Education Centersto address the increased demand for its coursesfrom the private sector and from other federalagencies. These centers are nonprofit colleges,universities, and other organizations that havebeen selected after a competition for participationin the program.

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OSHAwww.osha.goyOSHA also provides funds to nonprofit organi-zations, through grants, to conduct workplace

training and education in subjects where OSHAbelieves there is a lack of workplace training.Grants are awarded annually. Grant recipients areexpected to contribute 20 percent of the totalgrant cost.

For more information on grants, training andeducation, contact the OSHA Training Institute,Office of Training and Education, 2020 SouthArlington Heights Road, Arlington Heights, IL60005, (847) 297-4810, or see Outreach on OSHA'swebsite at www.osha.gov.For further information on any OSHA program,contact your nearest OSHA area or regional officelisted at the end of this publication.Electronic InformationOSHA has a variety of materials and tools avail-able on its website www.osha.gov. These includee-Tools such as Expert Advisors, ElectronicCompliance Assistance Tools (e-cats), TechnicalLinks; regulations, directives and publications;videos and other information for employers andemployees. OSHA's software programs andcompliance assistance tools walk you throughchallenging safety and health issues and commonproblems to find the best solutions for yourworkplace.

OSHA's CD-ROM includes standards,interpretations, directives, and more and canbe purchased on CD-ROM from the U.S.Government Printing Office. To order, write to theSuperintendent of DocumentsP.O.Box 371954Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954or phone (202) 512-1800,or order online at http://bookstore.gpo.gov.OSHA PublicationsOSHA has an extensive publications program.For a listing of free or sales items, visit OSHA's

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OSHAwww.osha.goywebsite at www.osha.gov or contact theOSHA Publicat ions OfficeU.S. Department of Labor200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N-3101Washington, DC 20210Telephone (202) 693-1888 orfax to (202) 693-2498.Emergencies, Complaintsor Further AssistanceTo report an emergency, file a complaint or seekOSHA advice, assistance or products, call (800)321-0SHA or contact your nearest OSHA regionalor area office listed at the end of this publication.The teletypewriter (TTY) number is (877) 889-5627.

You can also file a complaint online and obtainmore information on OSHA federal and stateprograms by visiting OSHA's website atwww.osha.gov.

OSHA Regional OfficesRegion I(CT,* ME, MA, NH, RI,VT*)JFK Federal Building, Room E340Boston, MA 02203(617) 565-9860Region II(NJ,* NY,* PR,* VI*)201 Varick Street, Room 670New York, NY 10014(212) 337-2378Region III(DE, DC, MD, * PA,* VA, * WV)The Curtis Center170 S. Independence Mall WestSuite 740 WestPhiladelphia, PA 19106-3309(215) 861-4900

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http://www.osha.gov./http://www.osha.gov./http://bookstore.gpo.gov./http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov./http://www.osha.gov./http://www.osha.gov/http://bookstore.gpo.gov./http://www.osha.gov./http://www.osha.gov./


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OSHAwww.osha.govRegion IV(AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC,* SC,*TN*)61 Forsyth Street, SW, Room 6T50Atlanta, GA 30303(404) 562-2300Region V(lL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI)230 South Dearborn Street, Room 3244Chicago, IL 60604(312) 353-2220

Region VI(AR, LA, NM,* OK,TX)525 Griffin Street, Room 602Dallas, TX 75202(214) 767-4731 or 4736 x224Region VII(lA, * KS, MO, NE)City Center Square1100 Main Street, Suite 800Kansas City, MO 64105(816) 426-5861Region VIII(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,* WY*)1999 Broadway, Suite 1690P.O.Box 46550Denver, CO 80201-6550(303) 844 -1600

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OSHAwww.osha.govRegion IX(American Samoa, AZ,* CA,* HI, NV,* NorthernMariana Islands)71 Stevenson Street, Room 420San Francisco, CA 94105(415) 975-4310Region X(AK,* ID, OR,* WA*)1111Third Avenue, Suite 715Seattle, WA 98101-3212(206) 553-5930*These states and territories operate their ownOSHA-approved job safety and health programs(Connecticut, New Jersey and NewYork planscover public employees only). States with approvedprograms must have a standard that is identical to, orat least as effective as, the federal standard.Note: Toget contact information for OSHAArea Offices,OSHA-approved State Plans and OSHA consultationprojects, please visit us online at www.osha.gov or callus at (800) 321-0SHA (6742).

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http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov/


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