osman i (othman): 1299-1326 beginnings gazi warriors are “fighters for the faith” and their...
TRANSCRIPT
Beginnings• Gazi warriors are “fighters for the faith” and their excellent
skills help to expand Ottoman territory into new areas in 13th-14th centuries
• Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, was a gazi warrior and commanded great loyalty from his followers
• 1071 Seljuq Turks defeated the Byzantines. In 1277 they defeated the Mongols – individuals able to carve out principalities in Anatolia in the midst of this upheaval
• Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, was a gazi warrior and commanded great loyalty from his followers
• Osman succeeded in expanding his small territory into new areas in 13th-14th centuries
Military Organization
• In the Balkans, Ottomans forced Christian families to surrender young boys to military and state service: devshirme-Often grew up to be exceptionally loyal Janissaries (infantry) and sate administrators• Sipahis: Cavalry maintained with income from their fiefs (timar lands). But peasants on their land not serfs
Ottoman Expansion• Mehmed I and Murad II presided over the
period of final consolidation of Ottoman power in Europe
• Must concurrently deal with unrest in Anatolia in addition to Balkan campaigns and threats from Hungary
• 1439: occupy Serbia but are still unable to capture Belgrade, still a Hungarian border fortress
• 1444: Victory at Varna important for the fate of the rest of the Balkans and Constantinople
Fall of Constantinople
• 1453: Constantinople falls to Ottomans under Mehmed II “The Conqueror”
• Renamed Istanbul• Transformation from warrior sultan to
emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean)
Suleyman the Magnificent (cont.)• 1526: Battle of Mohacs in Hungary, won by the
Ottomans under Suleyman the Magnificent. Height of Ottoman power.
• Suleyman also known as “Kanuni” i.e. Lawgiver: reconciles Islamic Law with requirements of Ottoman administration
• Besieges Vienna. • Builds naval power• Expands into Asia• Encourages learning
The Ottoman Bureaucracy
SULTANSULTAN
DivansDivans
Social / MilitaryDivans
Social / MilitaryDivans
Heads of Individual
Religious Millets
Heads of Individual
Religious Millets
Local Administrators& Military
Local Administrators& Military
Landowners / Tax CollectorsLandowners / Tax Collectors
MuslimsMuslims JewsJews
ChristiansChristians