Outline

• Administrative issues

• Course overview

• What are Intelligent Systems?

• A brief history

• State of the art

• Intelligent agents

Course overview

I. Introduction ISII. Intelligent agentsIII. SearchIV. Knowledge and reasoningV. PlanningVI. UncertaintyVII. LearningVIII.Hybrid systems

Course overview

I. Introduction ISII. Intelligent agentsIII. SearchIV. Knowledge and reasoningV. PlanningVI. UncertaintyVII. LearningVIII.Hybrid systems

What is an Intelligent System?•System that:

•does everything that I want it to do & nothing that I don’t

•Human-like reasoning•recover from failure

•Learns from its mistakes•Adapts to its environment•Makes decision about appropriateness of actions

What are Intelligent Systems?

(What is AI?)

Systems that think like humans

Systems that think rationallyrationally

Systems that act like humans

Systems that act rationallyrationally

Turing test

Cognitive science

Logic

Agents

Turing test (‘50)

Turing test pro’s & cons

• Predicted that by 2000 a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 min

• Anticipated major arguments against AI– Pb: not reproducible, constructive, allows no

mathematical analysis

• Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning

Acting rationally

• Doing the right thing

• Expected to maximize goal achievement, given available info

• Doesn’t necessarily involve thinking!!– Reflexes, etc.

Dimensions of AIDimensions of AI

1. symbolic or sub-symbolic (i.e., numerical) 2. manually engineered or automatically learned 3. cognitively plausible 4. perfect world assumption or probabilistic 5. evaluated by hunch, single example, authoritative tone of voice

or numerical measure 6. classification, numerical or planning 7. full system or human-assistor 8. online or offline 9. real-time or offline 10. intelligent or just software engineering 11. sound theoretical foundation or trial&error

(some) Categories of intelligent system software

All software

Knowledge Knowledge based based

systemssystemsComputationalComputational

intelligenceintelligence

NN

Evolutionary alg.

SimulatedAnnealing

Objects, frames,agents

Rule based systems

Expertsystems

Bayesian updating,

Certainty theory,Fuzzy logic

Example: intelligent agent Steve

http://www.isi.edu/isd/VET/steve-demo.html

Acting rationally + humanly

Collaboration

Example: evolution

Evolving artificial creatures, Karl Sims: http://biota.org/ksims/blockies/index.html#video

Other Intelligent Systems

Distributed intelligence

Applications of Intelligent Systems

Applications of Adaptive Systems

• expert systems – (e.g. medical diagnosis)

• data mining – (e.g. search engines)

• computational linguistics

• games

More Applications

• Parallel computing: – evolution of cellular automata

• Molecular biology: – molecular evolution, design of useful molecules, protein

design

• Computer security: – immune systems for computers

• Intelligent agents and robotics – Internet!!• Scientific modeling:

– evolution, ecologies, economies, insect societies, immune systems, organizations

AI is New Science

• We're still learning about perceiving, planning and learning

• It is hard to compare methods/paradigms

I'm you're tour guide: methods and applications

You'll be pointed at research + literature

Should we replace people with machines?

• Yes. Expand the meaning of "grunt-work", and make a machine do it.

• No. The devastating dehumanisation of automation. • No. Economic objections? • No. A National Aeronautics and Space Administration report

supporting manned space exploration states, "Man is the lowest cost, 150-pound, non-linear, all-purpose computer system that can be mass produced by unskilled labour." – with built-in sense-of-humour system

• Yes. what about the expense of life support and litigation? • No. Nothing's gonna replace people; I'm a humanitarian

Course overview

I. Introduction ISII. Intelligent agentsIII. SearchIV. Knowledge and reasoningV. PlanningVI. UncertaintyVII. LearningVIII.Hybrid systems

II. Intelligent agents

• Rational agent: generalities• Agent & its environment• Example: a simple agent• Rationality defined• Task environment:

– PEAS

– Proprieties

• Agent proprieties