outline of gas industry in japan · the japan gas association (jga) has a membership of 206 city...

Prepared for the Japan Gas Association's booth at the 26th World Gas Conference from 1 to 5 June 2015. Copyright © The Japan Gas Association. All Rights Reserved.

Sales volume : 36.7 billion m³(FY2013)

Number of customer : 29 million (FY2013)(right axis)

［billion m³］［million］

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0 0’70 ’75 ’80 ’85 ’90 ’95 ’00

5

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

’05 ’10

Industrial

Commercial and others

Residential

LNG

LNG

LNG

LNG

LNG import terminal:ocean-going vessel(primary terminal)

Ocean-going vessel

Domestic vessel LNG tanker truck

LNG tanker truck

Pressure controlroom

Gas pool

Purchasedgas office

LNG container

LNG reception terminal:domestic vessel

(secondary terminal)

Domestic natural gasLNG satellite terminal

Customers

Power plant

LNG

LNG

Transportation artery

Service areas of private city gas utilitiesService areas of public city gas utilities

Outline of the Japan Gas Association

● In Japan, the residential and commercial divisions accounted for the majority of city gas sales up to around 1980. Succeeding years, however, saw a gradual increase in sales for industrial use, which now account for 54% of the total sales volume. The number of customers, too, has continued to grow at the same rate.

City Gas Sales Volume and Number of Customers

City Gas Supply Coverage● 206 suppliers● Approx. 5% of area of Japan served by city gas

Supply Chain of City Gas in Japan● Entire process from production to supply and sale of city gas handled by a single utility

Outline of Gas Industry in Japan

The Japan Gas Association (JGA) has a membership of 206 city gas utilities as formal members and 271 companies as supporting members that have deep ties with the city gas business(as of April 2015). In addition to assisting the sound development of the city gas business, our objective is to contribute to Japan’s economic advancement and the improvement of people’s lives through assurance of energy supply stability and safety, and responses to environmental challenges. As an organization of city gas utilities, the JGA is taking proactive approaches to various tasks, including promotion of natural gas use, the spread of high-efficiency systems for gas utilization, improvement of gas safety, provision of information on the business, and international cooperation.


● Characteristics of Natural Gas　・Emits the least amount of greenhouse gasses among fossil fuels　・Ample reserves exist all over the world; low geopolitical risk in procurement 　・Central role in power generation as an intermediate-load power source second only to base-load power sources in cost　● Policy Directions　・Promote cost reduction by diversifying supply sources & types of contracts　・Steadily drive the natural gas shift in Japan’s industrial and other sectors through the sophisticated use of natural gas by diversifying the utilization　 (e.g. district distribution of electric power sources through cogeneration and other approaches)

3E＋S ＋ SafetyEnergy SecurityEconomic EfficiencyEnvironment

＝

● The Government of Japan regularly formulates the energy plan under the basic policy of “3E+S”. The 4th Strategic Energy Plan was approved by Cabinet resolution on April 11, 2014.

● The Japan Gas Association has produced a vision,“Expand Natural Gas Use to 2030” for the gas industry in the year 2030, and is working closely with the Government of Japan to drive it forward.

Position of the natural gas in the 4th Strategic Energy Plan

Important energy source whose role is expected to expand

2012 2030●Stable electric power supply Peak shaving effect : 38 - 43 GW15% of total power demand

●Boost economyCAPEX: 1.2 - 1.5 trillion yen/year

●Energy conservation and cost reductionEnergy conservation: 8.26 million kloe/year(2% of total final energy consumption)Cost reduction: 450 billion yen/year

●Reduce CO2 emissionApprox. 62 million tons- CO2 /year(5% of total CO2 emission)

30 billion m3

1. Cogeneration30 GW6x 4.82 GW

13 million RT 26 million RT

2. Gas air conditioning

2x

3. Share of natural gas in industrial heat demand

25.0%2x11.5%

4. Residential fuel cell5.3 million units　*Including LPG fueled

132x40,000 units

5. Natural gas vehicle (NGV)

500,000 cars12x40,000 cars

Energy Policy of Japanand Approaches of City Gas Utilities

The Basic Energy Policy of Government of Japan

Steps to be Taken by 2030 Expected Effect

Expected Increase ofCity Gas Sales Volume


25

20

15

10

0

5

100

Source: “Trade Statistics of Japan,” Ministry of Finance Source : JGA, Gas Business Handbook, 2014

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’95 ’13

Sharp increase due to nuclear shutdown

Power utilities

Gas utilities 4.51

3.35

1.83

1.56

0.31

2.56

8.44

6.21

2.79

0.860.720.65

1.6

AlgeriaYemenEq. GuineaNigeriaUSA(Alaska)OmanQatarRussia(Sakhalin)AustraliaBruneiMalaysiaIndonesia

LNG Import and Approaches for Stable Procurement

Total LNG import in FY2013: 87.5 million tons［ Unit : million tons ］［ Unit : million tons ］

LNG import by gas utilities: 24.3 million tons（28% of total import in FY2013）

● Japan’s LNG import makes up about 37% of the entire volume of LNG transactions worldwide. The volume has increased since the Great East Japan Earthquake, because thermal power plants are compensating for the suspension of nuclear power station operation.● The sources of Japan’s LNG import are diversifying. At present, Japan imports LNG for the manufacture of city gas from a total of 12 countries.

● Japan’s demand for natural gas is projected to expand. To supply gas on a stable basis in a competitive manner, it is important to diversify procurement patterns and contracts. ● Japan’s city gas industry is also pursuing the development of unconventional gas in forms such as shale gas, coal bed methane, and methane hydrate.

Source : Based on press releases of Tokyo Gas, Osaka Gas, and Toho Gas

Acquire new suppliers

Participate in upstream projects of conventional gas and CBM, and LNG import

1. Supplier diversification North America, East Africa, etc.2. Pricing diversification Introduce US/European gas price-indexed formula Formulate futures market and Asia market3. Resource diversification Development of methane hydrate(in EEZ of Japan)

・FreeportOsaka Gas: 2.32 m tons/year (after 2018)・Cove Point

Tokyo Gas: 1.4 m tons/year (after 2017)・Cameron

Tokyo Gas: 0.52 m tons/year (after 2018)Toho Gas: 0.5 m tons/year (after 2018)

Trends of LNG Import Volume Classified by Use

Trend of Diversification for Stable Procurement of Competitive Natural Gas

LNG Import by Gas Utilities

LNG export from America


In Japan, it is part of the culture not to waste things, as exemplified by the word “mottainai.” This attitude is also reflected in a keen interest in energy conservation.With advances in house-building and energy-sav-ing technologies in recent years, Japanese hous-ing is becoming increasingly airtight and insulat-ed. Housing that is highly airtight and insulated has interiors that are warm in the winter and cool in the summer. This helps to reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning.

In winter, it is customary for Japanese families to “take warmth” together.They do this by sitting around a foot warmer* in a Japa-nese-style room with straw mats. The scene is one of the charm-ing sights of winter in Japan.* The foot warmer generally takes the form of a low table with a built-in electric heater on its undersurface. It is covered with a quilt so that the warm air is retained under the table. People put their feet under the table to warm them up. The foot warmer therefore functions as a type of heater.

Even today, when many things have been westernized, Japanese families sit on the floor together in the living room.

In Japan, people ordinary soak in tubs of hot water when they bathe. Almost all of them like to bathe this way. The spread of showers and bathroom heat-ers are taking comfort and convenience to even higher levels. Bath appliances are diversifying.

52％

29％13％

5％ 1％

■ Like very much■ Like somewhat■ Neutral■ Do not like very much■ Do not like at all

SummerBlock off the heat and circulate cool air indoors Block off the cold and circulate warm air indoors

Winter

Average temperature

4.8˚C

Average temperature

29.1˚C

Temperature indications in this figure: average external temperatures in Tokyo (in summer and winter; i.e., August & January 2012)

Japanese Lifestyle

Japanese housing traditionally has a structure with plenty of open space for good ventilation to moderate the hot and humid summer weather. It has consequently attached great importance to comfort in summer. Although recent decades have seen westernization of housing and changes in the lifestyle, the practices of taking off shoes in the house, sitting on the floor, and soaking in a tub of hot water when bathing are still maintained.

Japanese Culture: Taking off Their Shoes in the House, Sitting on the Floor,and Soaking in Hot Water

Increase in Housing Airtightness and Insulation

A present-day family relaxing in the living room

Japanese People Generally Love to Soakin the Bathtub

Features of highly airtight and insulated housing (air flow)

A traditional scene of the whole family sitting around a table

Source: study in 2012 by Tokyo Gas


Japan’s gas industry treasures the Japanese lifestyle and supports the maintenance of high levels of safety, comfort, and convenience through supplying hot water heated with gas.

Home electric appliances

Hot-water floor heating system

Hot-water bathroom heater and drier

1650

2300（mm）

1150

35015050

↑Floor surface↑Floor surface

Floor heating system

↑Ceiling↑Ceiling

About 27℃

About 20℃

About 20℃

About 15℃

About 20℃

About 20℃

Warm rightdown to the feet

About 20℃ About 17℃

There are four functions, and the system is in use throughout the year. The bathroom heater ensures pleasant and safe bathing.

Source: study in 1999 by Toho Gas and Nagoya University

Optional FunctionsMist Sauna

Pelting Water

A function of mist sauna with a high hy-perthermic effect. It fully warms the body even without soaking in hot water.

A function of genuine pelting water like those at spas. Its massaging effect relieves aches and stiffness.

Hot water for heating

Electricity from an electric power company

Electricity

Hot-water supply

Kitchen Bath tub

Air conditioner

Feet in lower temperature

Room temperature: 25˚C

Room temperature: 25˚C

While in the tub

Maxim

um blood pressure［

mm

Hg］

140

90

100

110

120

130

Changing

room

Changing

room

Entry into thebathroom

After

bathing

Without the heater

With the heater

Use of Gas Appliances Adaptedto the Japanese Lifestyle - 1

Appliance Using Heated Water

Source: Data from actual measurements taken by Toho Gas Test conditionsFloor heating system: 68% installation coverage rate, setting at 20˚C Air conditioner: 2.8 KW type, automatic setting at 20˚C in the heating mode

● Benefits of Bathroom Heaters● Vertical Temperature Distribution with a Floor Heating System

Comfortable and Pleasant Life with Gas

Water Hot water

Exhaust About 50 - 80℃

About1500℃

About 200℃

Primary heat exchanger

Secondary heat exchanger

Energy-saving and high-efficiency water heaterGas-fueled power generation and water- and space-heating systemResidential fuel cell system

Manufactured by Rinnai

Engine unit: manufactured by Honda MotorHot water storage unit: manufactured by Chofu Seisakusho

Manufactured by Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems

Power generation efficiency : approx.39% Total efficiency : 95%（LHV）

*In the case of PEFC systemWater heating thermal efficiency: 95%

Generation efficiency : 26.3%Waste heat utilization efficiency : 92.0%（LHV）

This energy-saving water and space heater recovers latent heat. Specifically, instead of allowing the surplus heat derived in water heating to go to waste in the air, it recovers and reuses it to make more hot water.

The system generates power with a gas engine, and uses the heat derived in the process to heat water and space.

The fuel cell unit generates power, and the heat derived in the process is used to heat water.


・The three S’s・intelligence

Main features

Link with Smartphone Twist switch & touch switch Multi purposes grill

Stewing

Boiling Grilling

Stir-frying

The Jikabi-no-Takumi rice cooker The gas rice cooker heats the rice directly by heating the whole pot using the same method of heat transfer as a kamado, a tra-ditional rice pot. With a flame that reaches approx. 1,200˚C, the rice is cooked by boiling all at once. Jikabi-no-Takumi produc-es puffy rice with a perfect sticki-ness and sweetness, like rice ex-pertly cooked in a kamado.

Cooking has also entered the IT age. The gas industry offers smart cooking using applianc-es with quality designs, advanced operability, and a wealth of cooking variations.

Devices for preventing overheating in order to keep frying oil from igniting, functions to extinguish burners when the customer has forgotten to turn them off, and safety devices to shut off the gas when the flame has been extinguished due to overboiling etc. are now installed in gas ranges as standard equipment.

Use of Si sensors for installation of a burner rice-cooking function and a function for keeping oil at a certain temperature in some models.

Gas ranges with Si sensors make cooking more enjoyable and put smiles on the faces of the whole family at the dinner table.

Even more “Safety” !

Rice-cooking

Deep-frying

Use of Gas Appliances Adapted to the Japanese Lifestyle - 2

Gas ranges deliver uniform cooking quality whatever the cooking method, and they also keep nutrition from being lost.

Residential Cooking Appliances

In Japan, all burners on gas ranges are equipped with sensors in the interest of high levels of safety and convenience.

Approaches to Higher Levels of Safety and Convenience

Smart Gas Ranges with IT

Gas Ranges Bring out Flavor in Cooking

Range with Si sensors

Even more “Support” !

Even more “Smile” !


20300

1000

20102005200019951990

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000Units

Units

Power generation capacity

GW5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

30GW(Target set by JGA)

● Small-sized gas engines are becoming more efficient with the incorporation of lean combustion and the Miller cycle, and it achieved a generation efficiency of over 40% (LHV standard), on the world’s highest level. Further development of technology in areas such as compression self-ignition is proceeding to raise efficiency even higher.

● Medium- and large-sized gas engines have attained a generation efficiency of 42-49% (LHV standard) with the adoption of micropilot ignition and the Miller cycle. They are sold mainly to industrial customers in the fields of steelmaking and machinery, which are marked by a low thermoelectric ratio.

● With a view to assuring power source security, compact cogeneration systems are mounted with a blackout-startup function which uses city gas or LPG-air as fuel to activate the system to supply power even in outages. These systems contribute to power supply in the event of outages.

● To improve efficiency in utilization of exhaust heat from cogeneration systems, the industry is developing a system that increases the temperature ofthe engine jacket cooling water (90-110˚C) for extraction of low-pressure steam, whose pressure is raised by means of a steam compressor. This will enable use of all exhaust heat in the form of steam.

Natural gas

Cogeneration（CHP）system

Inaccessible waste heatEnergy efficiency:

70-90%

Waste heatuse

100

light

power

hotwater

airheating

aircooling

steam

Electricity20-45

Heat30-60

Under developmentCommercial use SOFC

(approx. 5kW )Source: Miura

(approx. 250kW)Source: Mitsubishi Hitachi

Power Systems

Gas turbine (approx. several 10kW – several 10,000kW)

Source: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

Source: Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Source: Yanmar Energy Systems

Gas engine (approx. several kW – 10,000kW )

Source: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

SOFC-MGTHybrid power system

0.25

0.5

1 50

2 35

4 20

20

80（％）

（kW）

65

51 10 100

Generation capacity of cogeneration1,000 10,000

High efficiency gas engine Gas turbinePEFC

Small-scale consumer use

Middle-scale consumer use

Large-scale consumer use

Machine factory(nationwide)

Retile store

Convenience store

Small restaurant

Restaurant

Laundry Public bath

Apartment

Office building

Hospital/Hotel/School

Sports facility/Health center

Department store

Residence

Paper, Chemical, Food factory

District cooling and heating

Industrial use

Micro cogeneration

Natural Gas CogenerationOutlineCogeneration systems powered by gas engines, gas turbines, or fuel cells fueled with natural gas simultaneously supply heat and electricity. They have an excellent total efficiency and contribute to effective use of energy and input of oil-alternative energy.

Cogeneration Use Patterns and Advantages

Development and Diffusion of Cogeneration, Adapted to the Thermal and Electrical Demand Balance

State of diffusion in Japan(cumulative installed capacity)

Residential PEFC (approx. 1kW) Micro cogeneration (several kW – several 100kW)

Genelight, a small cogeneration system, delivers a reduction in initial costs and construction costs by putting the engine, generator, radiator, and auxiliary equip-ment in a single package (approx. 5-35kW)

Thermoelectric ratio

Ratio of pow

er among all energy dem

and


Electricity from anelectric power company

City gas

ENE-FARM

Electricity

Bedroom

Bathroom Kitchen Living room

Hot watersupply

Heating

Cumulative number of ENE-FARM units installed in Japan

Cum

ulative number of units installed

(including LPG) (thousand units)

● ENE-FARM is an energy cogeneration system which simultaneously generates electricity and heats water used at home.● Rather burning gas, ENE-FARM makes a chemical reaction between the hydrogen in the gas and the oxygen in the air, so it is quiet and clean. Also because the heat created in electric power generation is used to boil water and to supply hot water, ENE-FARM uses energy efficiently and greatly contributes to energy conservation and reduces CO2 emissions.

Residential fuel cell

● The system has an automatic, energy-saving operation that matches the demand for power and heat in the particular home.● It fills about 50% of the demand for power in a Japanese home.

● The system is fueled with clean natural gas and operated with a high total efficiency. It therefore reduces CO2 emissions by about 1.3 tons per year.

FY Y2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020 2030* FY2009-2014 from subsidies granted data (Fuel Cell Association).

Introduction period Key period before full-scale spread

Full-scale spread period

3 1019

38

72113

178(target)

1,400

5,300

Fuel cell unit Hot water unit* The system is equipped with a backup heat source to fill any shortage in the supply of exhaust heat and to run the heater.

The opposite principle of electrolysis of water 2H2＋O2 2H2O

Mechanism of ENE-FARM

City gas

Air (Oxygen)

Heat

Electricity

Electricity

Hot water supply

Heating

Hot water

Fuel cell chemical reaction

MethaneCH4

Electricity Heat

Hydrogen

OxygenAir

H H

H

O O

O

H

H H

OH HH H

Main components of city gas

Chemical reaction

Water

Conceptual diagram of operation in one day

*Comparison between the amount of power generated and heat recovered by an ENE-FARM system at rated operation for one hour and the case of supply of the same by the con-ventional system (trial calculation by Tokyo Gas)

CO2 emissions

Thermal power generation + conventional boiler

Maximum power of ENE-FARM

Time

Elec

tric

ity d

eman

dH

ot w

ater

de

man

d

Purchased electricity

Generated electricity

Hot water stored

Hot water used from storage Hot water produced by buck-up boiler

Residential Fuel Cell Cogeneration System "ENE-FARM"

● Japan is the first country in the world to commercialize the residential fuel cell cogeneration system “ENE-FARM” in 2009, and over a hundred thousand units were distributed in 2014.The industry is targeting a cumulative installation of 5.3 million units by 2030.

Outline

Features of ENE-FARMSystem

Mode of Operation(PEFC case) Environmental Features (PEFC case)

Approx. - 49%

Cumulative sales exceeded 100,000 units in 2014.

4th Strategic Energy PlanApril 2014 Cabinet Resolution


● Conceptual plan of installation in an apartment

Hot-water reservoir tank

● Conceptual diagram of power generation response 　in the event of outage

● In Japan, residential fuel cell systems were first marketed for housing in 2009. Since then, manufacturers have come out with improved models featuring higher efficiency, smaller sizes, and lower costs. In addition, the assortment has been filled out with models specifically for apartments and others able to operate even during power outages.● In 2014, Panasonic launched sales of a fuel cell system developed jointly with Viessmann in the German market. As this indicates, Japanese manufacturers are also making efforts with a view to rollout in markets around the world.

Power generation: 48%, Heat recovery: 42%Generation efficiency (LHV, transmission end),

Heat recovery efficiency (LHV) *Development planned value

Power generation: 55%, Heat recovery: 18%(in the case of recovery in the form of hot water)

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

Miura Mitsubishi Hitachi Power SystemsManufacturer

4.2kW 250kWGenerated output *Development planned value

Appearance

Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

Panasonic Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Aisin Seiki

Features

Manufacturer

Generation efficiency (LHV) Power generation: 39%, Heat recovery: 56% Power generation: 39%, Heat recovery: 56% Power generation: 46.5%, Heat recovery: 43.5%

Hot-water reservoir capacity and temperature

140L , 60°C 200L , 60°C 90L , 70°C

Generated output 200 - 700W

Separate typeIntegrated type

250 - 700W 50 - 700W

Appearance

High operating temperature (700 - 1,000°C), high generation efficiency

Low operating temperature (70 - 80°C) enables relatively faster startup and shutdown than SOFC and DSS (Daily Start and Stop) operation

Integrated unit installation

Entrance

Common corridor

Alcove

PS

Elevation

Fuel cell unit

Backup heat source

Lineup of Fuel Cell Cogeneration System

Lineup of Fuel Cell Cogeneration System

Development of Commercial and Industrial Fuel CellsDevelopment of SOFCs, which offers a wide range of output and high generation efficiency, is under way with a view to launching in 2017.

Normal times

Power outage

Occurrence of outage

Grid powerPower generated by ENE-FARM

Supply of power to thewater- and space-heating

unit using exhaust heat

Plug exclusively for autonomous operation (not used in normal times)

Plug in normal times

Automatic power source switch

Distributing board

City gas

FC

BBTU

DevelopingDeveloping


2003

26 million RT(Target set by JGA)

Total cooling capacity of gas air conditioning (absorption type + GHP)GHP

Absorption type

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15Million RT

8.013

10.583

2004

8.240

11.092

2005

8.474

11.615

2006

8.707

12.142

2007

8.882

12.541

2008

8.967

12.864

2009

9.047

13.088

2010

9.101

13.269

2011

9.173

13.557

2012

9.206

13.819

2013 FY 2030

9.069

13.960

0.61.1

1.6

2.1

2.6

3.1

3.6

4.1

4.6

5.1

5.6

COP

Cooling-heating average C

OP

APF

EHP equivalent

APF

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 FY

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Ultra-high efficiency GHP XAIR (2011)・Downsizing of engine・Lower engine speed・Optimization of heat exchanger

The installed battery can startup engine for operation

During autonomous operation,the circuit is switched to the autonomous circuit

PowerswitchingboardCommercial

power supply

SystemInterconnection

Inverter

PowerFailure

Fan

Battery

Powersupply

GeneratorGas engine

Compressor

Outdoor unit

Autonomousoperationswitch(manual)

Generatingpower

Max.3.5kw

Lighting& Plug

Indoor units

In the case of 100V lighting or plug,reduce the voltage by the transformerbecause of single phase 200V

After stopping due to power failure,press the autonomous operationswitch to start engine for operation

An acronym for “annual performance factor”; a performance assessment indicator obtained by dividing the sum capacity required for performance of heating and cooling throughout the year by the sum of yearly energy consumption by air-conditioning equipment.

＊APF EHP APFas calculated upon conversion of gas, the GHP input energy, into electrical power, for treatment as an EHP

＊APF

The sum (in kWh) of capacity required for air conditioning throughout the year for cooling and heating (kWh)

The sum (in kWh terms) of gas consumption and power consumption throughout the year for cooling and heating (kWh)APF＝

2.570 2.8523.141 3.435 3.659 3.897 4.041 4.168 4.384 4,613 4.891

Power for space cooling

Electric air conditioning

Peak power

Power dem

and

Electric light, power etc.

0:00 24:0018:0012:006:00

Gas air conditioning plays a key role in shaving the summertime power peak.

● The interseasonal gap in power demand is widening with the increase in the demand associated with air conditioning in the summer. Gas air conditioning is assuming increasing importance for leveling seasonal energy consumption load. ● Gas air conditioning systems are of two basic types: natural chillers (absorption type) suitable for large spaces and large-sized buildings, and gas heat pumps (GHPs) adapted to medium- and small-sized buildings and discrete air conditioning.

In Japan, the installed capacity of gas air conditioning systems reaches 14 million RT. The share occupation of gas air conditioning systems is expanding.

Gas Air Conditioning SystemsOutline

Advantages State of Diffusion in Japan(cumulative installed capacity)

GHP XAIR, an ultra-high efficiency gas heat pump, was marketed in 2011. It achieved a yearly energy consumption coefficient (APFEHP) of approx. 5.7 (based on the yearly operation)

● In the field of GHPs, efficiency is improving and lineup is becoming wider with the addition of models enabling use even during power outages.● In 2013, the industry brought out an absorption-type model featuring a high-performance plate heat exchanger, a two-stage vaporization and absorption structure, and high-performance heat transfer tube. The double-effect type has a COP of 1.36 in the cooling mode (HHV standard), the highest in the world.● A solar air conditioning system that uses a solar collector to convert solar energy into hot water is also spreading. This water is converted into cold water by a natural chiller for air conditioning in the cooling mode and can be used for air conditioning as is in the heating mode.

This was followed in 2012 by the sales launch of the Excel Plus, a GHP en-abling partial availability of air conditioning and lighting even in outages. It addresses needs for energy security in the wake of disasters, and is mount-ed with a power generation function and storage cell.

Trends in Equipment Development

Increase in GHP Efficiency -Ultra-high Efficiency GHP XAIR-

Peace of Mind Even During a Power Outages-Stand-alone Power System Type Air-conditioning GHP "Excel Plus"-

Gas air conditioning

40 - 50% reduction in the summertime power peak


Furnace temperature（

℃）

1200

1000

800

60010 100 1000 10000（kW）

Burner combustion level

Source: Osaka Gas website

Source:IEA statistics 2010

1400

Heating furnaces for rolling

Regenerative radiant tube burner

Atmosphere heat treatment furnace

Plug-in regenerative burner

70kW50kW

100kW50kW

35kW

100kW

Forging furnace

Direct-fire type heat treatment furnace

Gas

Gas

Combustion air

Pre-heated air

Pre-heated air

Atmosphere gas

Atmosphere gas

Exhaust

Heat exchanger fin

Heat exchanger fin (exhaust side)

Heat exchanger fin (combustion air side)

Gas lance

400kW600kW

200kW

1400kW800kW

400kW250kW

1700kW

Self-regenerative burner Twin regenerative burner

Metal smelting furnaces

Oil25.5

Natural gas8.7

Biomass3.0

Electricity31.9

Coal30.9

Switch to natural gas Introducing high-efficiency equipment

Fuel oil A +

conventional burner

100

Switch to

natural gas

Increase in efficiency of

burners and other equipment

A combustion system with two burners integrated with heat reser-voirs. The burners combust alternately, at intervals of tens of sec-onds. The system can attain a high efficiency by recovering heat from combustion exhaust gas, which is conventionally wasted.

A system integrating a heat exchanger and burner. The heat ex-changer recovers heat from combustion exhaust gas and uses it to preheat combustion air. The system is compact and easy to main-tain, and enables conservation of energy and reduction of costs.

75

: Relative CO2 emission level

45

Heat reservoir

Heating of heat reservoirs with exhaust

Pilot air<Combustion> <Exhaust>

Pilot air

Pilot gas Pilot gas

Main gas

Main air

Furnace temperature: 1,250˚C

Exhaust: 300˚C

Heat reservoir

Heating of combustion air by heat reservoirs

Switchover at intervals of a few tens of seconds

Combustion air, room temperature

Hot air: approx. 1,000˚C

Fuel Conversion in the Industrial Sector

● In Japan, the share of energy use in the industrial sector occupied by natural gas is low at about 9% (2010). A conversion to natural gas has a big effect for saving energy, reducing CO2 emissions, and making combustion exhaust gas cleaner.● JGA targets an increase of natural gas share of the heat demand in the industrial sector to 25.0% by 2030 by promoting a shift to natural gas for fuel, through development of high-efficiency burners and other equipment.

Outline

Regenerative Burner Recuperative Burner

● High-efficiency burners of both the direct- and indirect-heating type have been developed for various applications and are spreading in use. ● Development of oxygen-enriched combustion and chemical looping combustion is also moving ahead for a further increase in burner efficiency.

Lineup of Burners by Application

Share of Energy Use in Japan's Industrial Sector

Effects of Higher Efficiency of Burners and Other Equipment for Reduction of CO2 Emissions


■Exhaust gas performance of NGV <NOx, PM>

NOx regulation values(g/kWh)

PM regulation values(g/kWh)

00.00

0.01

0.03

0.02

2010 post new long-term regulation values (diesel)*

0.027

1.0 1.50.70.4 2.0

2005 new long-term regulation values (diesel)*

NGVNext-term regulation values (2016-) (diesel) *

* The diesel regulations are applied to vehicles for a gross weight of over 3.5t.

Natural gas vehicles meet the NOx regulatory target of 0.4/kWh specified in the “10th Report on Future Initiatives for Reduction of Automotive Emissions.”

Intercity

Intracity

Large natural gas station

Service areaLarge natural gas station

Physical distribution base

Big CO2 emission reduction effect through expanded diffusion of NGV for intercity and intracity transport

A great effect on CO2 emission reduction can be induced by introduction of large-sized natural gas trucks for transport over routes between points and cities that are the main ar-teries of physical distribution

Distribution of seismic intensity in the Great East Japan Earthquake and locations of natural gas stations (Kanto region)

Source : Japan Meteorological Agency

Seismic intensity

Long queues at gas stationsin the wake of the disaster

Bus companies

Transportation businesses

While other companies had to decrease their number of trips due to the fuel shortage, our company was able to operate as usual because we have own natural gas stations. Our natural gas vehicles operated at full capacity to com-pensate for the decline in service by other companies.

In the wake of the disaster, natural gas sta-tions remained in operation as usual. This sit-uation drove home the need for introduction of a certain rate of natural gas vehicles.

4 5-lower 5-upper 6-lower 6-upper 7

Immediately after occurrence of the Great East Japan Earthquake, a stream of gas stations put limits on filling and shortened their business hours because of the shortage of inventories of diesel fuel and gasoline.

of the natural gas stations surveyed (Kanto region)

Satisfaction of the post new long-term regulatorystandards by a wide margin

Intracity transport with medium- and small-sized natural gas trucks

Intracity transport with medium- and small-sized natural gas trucks

Intercity transport with large-sized natural gas trucks

Large natural gas station

Physical distribution base

Intracity

Continued sales at 92%

Natural Gas Use as Fuel for Transportation - NGV

● Improvement of Energy SecurityTransportation depends almost entirely on fuels derived from oil. The spread of natural gas vehicles would diversify a type of transportation fuels and thereby improve energy security.

● Contribution to the Environmental ConservationNatural gas vehicles can help to improve the atmospheric environment. They entail few emissions of nitrous oxides, which are causes of photo-chemical smog, acid rain, and other environmental pollution. In addition, they emit almost no black smoke or particulate matter, which cause asthma and other respiratory diseases.

● Toward a Low-carbon Transportation SectorAs shown below, freight vehicles account for just under 20% of the total number of vehicles on the road but a big 33% of the CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. The level of emissions per large-sized truck is particularly high. A switch to natural gas vehicles for such trucks could there-fore be expected to have a great effect on reducing CO2 emissions.

Anticipated Effects of the Spread of Natural Gas Vehicles

Switch to Large-sized Natural Gas Trucks for Intercity Transport

Natural Gas Stations are "Resilience Stations" with a High Resistance to Disasters


Solar power generation is saddled with a certain instability be-cause the amount of power generation is swayed by the weather. Residential natural gas cogeneration systems adjust the amount of power generated from solar power and make it possible to comprehensively heighten power supply stability.

Conceptual diagram of a system integrated with energy-saving and high-efficiency water heater “Eco-JOES”

Solar Thermal collector

Hot water storage tank Eco-JOES

Hot water supply

Reheating

Heating

Water supplyHeat transfer

medium piping（antifeeze）

Approx. 40 - 50% with use of solar heat

Energy conversion efficiency

Approx. 15 - 20% through PV power generation

Integrated type Retrofitted type

Installation of a hot-water storage unit with a built-in high-efficiency water heater

Use of the existing water heater as is, and installation of the hot-water storage unit near it

Approx.△2.7t

Solar power generation system

ENE-FARM

ENE-FARM power generation

Quantity of electricity generated by ENE-FARM

PV system power generation

A lot of electricity is generated during the daytime

Electricpower

Quantity of electricity generated by PV system

Quantity of electricity used inside the house

Generates energy in linewith energy use patterns

0 6 9 12 18 22 24 h

Double power generation

＋＝ Approx.△1.3t

Approx.△4.0t

Source: Tokyo Gas

Source: Tokyo Gas

Combination of Solar Energyand Residential Gas Appliances

Solar Power Generation System and Residential Natural Gas Cogeneration System

SOLAMO - the Gas-fired Hot Water System Utilizing Solar Heat -

● The combination of PV system and residential natural gas cogeneration system makes it possible to improve power supply stability, reduce CO2 emissions accompanying power generation, and sell power under the FIT program.

A Good Match

The reduction of CO2 emissions is even greater when the re-duction delivered by the cogeneration system is added to that delivered by the solar power generation system.

Reduction of CO2 emissions in the case of combination with residential fuel cell system “ENE-FARM”

Reducing CO2 Emissions

A system whereby solar heat is absorbed by solar thermal collector in-stalled on a roof or balcony to heat water in the hot water storage tank for hot water supply, bathing and heating.

SOLAMO uses about 40 - 50% of the solar energy it collects to heat water. Besides this high energy conversion efficiency, it offers great ef-fects for saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions.

Installation Type

Sloar Energy Use Rate of about 40-50%System Outline

Under Japan’s Feed-in Tariff Program, power generated by cogeneration is not in-cluded in the purchase. Therefore, homes make priority use of the power generat-ed by the natural gas cogeneration systems for their own consumption, and sell surplus electricity generated from solar power.

Purchase of Power Generated by PV System Based on FIT


Digestion tank

On-premises power load

Grid interconnection of generated power

Digestion gas

Digestion gas

Desulfurization Dehydration

Preprocessing of digestion gas

Sludge drying facilities

Digestion gas - city gasSwitchover engine: 495 W x 2

Deodorization furnace

Fuel switchover based on the remaining amount of digestion gas

Dried sludge

Reduction of dewatered cake volume by drying

Exhaust heat

City gas

Removal of siloxane

LNG

Existing facilities

High pressure

LNG tanker In-ground LNG tank Factories

Tall buildings

Refining equipment

Calorific adjustment equipment

Odorizationequipment

Measurement

Garbage truckRaw material Fermentation Holder

Fuel cell

Heat

Electricity

SmashChoice

Adjustment

Desulfurizationtower

Pressurereducing valve

Pressurereducing valve

Residentialcustomers

Middle pressure Low pressure

New facilities

Gas engine

City gas derived from biogas

Amount of intake: about 800,000 m3 per yearEquivalent to the amount of annual gas use

by about 2,000 homes

Effective Use of Biogas

● Case of Input into City Gas Pipelines

● Biomass is a renewable organic resource. Its types include livestock manure, food waste, sewage sludge, and scrap wood.● Japan’s Strategic Energy Plan states that biomass and other kinds of renewable energy could possibly play a vital role in distributed energy supply systems. Biomass is also a focus of expectations as a means of revitalizing local industries and a source of energy in emergencies.● City gas utilities are drawing on the store of gas utilization technology they have accumulated to date to support effective use of biogas derived at customer premises.

Bioenergy and Tokyo Gas are accepting biogas derived from food residue and inputting it into city gas pipelines.

● Case of On-site Utilization

● System Flow

At the Rakunan Purification Center in the Kizu River basin, the gas de-rived in digestion of sewage sludge (biogas) is used to fuel a gas engine that drives a generator, and the power so produced is used on the prem-ises of the wastewater treatment plant. If there is not enough digestion gas, the system automatically switches to city gas supply.

Outline

Biogas Utilization System

Digestion gas and city gas cogeneration system at a wastewater treatment plantInput of biogas derived from food residue into city gas

（Calorific adjustment Odorization）

City gas plants

Facilities at which Biogas is derived (e.g., wastewater treatment plants and food plants)

Approaches by City Gas Utilities

Heating-use steam and hot water

Surplus (not used on the premises)

Use as material in city gas plants Input into gas pipelines

Customer

・Refining

・Calorific adjustment

・Odorization

Biogas cogeneration

system

Biogas

BiogasCity gas

City gasGas pipelines

Gas engineBoiler

The electric power

Grid power network

Information andcommunications

network

Natural gas pipeline

Remote control of multiplecogeneration systems with ICT


Power gridHeat gridSpecified-scale electricity business areaDistrict heating and cooling area

ICC Building

From power grid

From power grid

③ Expanding Renewable and Unused Energy

② Stable Energy Supply

Restrict the output variation ofrenewable energies

Biomass electricpower generation

Solar(electricity and heat)

Gascogeneration

Gascogeneration

Gas air conditioning

Electricity and heatsupply to priority facilities

and surrounding areasduring disasters,etc.

Increase output duringelectricity shortages

① Energy Conservation and Low Carbon Energy Management

Gascogeneration

Reduction of grid power load,energy conservation,and lower carbon emissions

Improve effective heat useReducing CO2 emissions when using heat

Optimal energy exchange

Sophisticated heat usethrough the heat exchange network (nearby areas)

Wind power generation

Geothermalenergy

KYOCERA dome Osaka

Shopping mall

hu+g MUSEUM

Home center

Iwasaki energy center

Dome city gas building

Advance of energy conservationthrough power exchange(wide-area)

What Is the Smart Energy Networks?

Introduction Example - Smart Energy Networks in the Iwasaki Area (Nishi ward in Osaka)-

● Smart energy networks is a system which utilizes information and communication technologies (ICT) for the optimal use of heat and electricity energy across multiple buildings or in the community at the area level.● Constructing energy networks of distributed energy system such as gas-fueled cogeneration systems and fuel cells in the center and renewable and unused energy which is introduced to the greatest possible extent within the system. ● Along with energy conservation and low carbon emission in the community, the network is contributing to leveling of electric power load, and securing supply during emergencies.

② Stable Energy Supply

● Heat grid inside the district heating and cooling facilities area

● Electric power supply network in the area (Electric power management utilizing ICT) ● Maintenance of functions during power blackout

Smart Energy Networks

During electricity shortages, there are demands for energy conservation all at once, and electricity cannot be supplied to priority facilities (e.g. hospitals, traffic signals, electric lights) during power outages caused by disasters, etc.

③ Expanding Renewable and Unused Energy

The output of renewable energies varies widely, which limits the introduction amount.

① Energy Conservation and Low Carbon Energy Management

There are limits to the effective use of heat energy (gas cogeneration systems, waste heat, solar thermal, etc.)

The Iwasaki area in Nishi ward in Osaka is redeveloped as a dome baseball stadium, a shopping mall, a commercial zone and ashowroom of Osaka Gas. In the demonstration area, a smart energy network is composed of equipments such as gas cogeneration systems and photovoltaic power generator for on-site generation of heat and power which is shared within the network.


Operator Location H2 production capacity

Station type Status

Tokyo Gas Saitama, Saitama 300 Nm3/h - On-site Under constructionTokyo Gas Nerima, Tokyo 300 Nm3/h - Off-site Under operationOsaka Gas Ibaraki, Osaka 300 Nm3/h - On-site Under operationToho Gas Nisshin, Aichi 300 Nm3/h - Off-site Under operation

Hydrogen Society and Contribution by City Gas Industry

Hydrogen Stations for Fuel Cell Vehicles● In Japan, automakers have begun to market fuel cell vehicles (Dec. 2014).● Plans are under way for the installation of commercial hydrogen stations, with national support. The city gas industry, too, has installed hydrogen stations at the locations shown in the table below, and is promoting further installation (target: 100 stations in 2015).

Hydrogen Society with Contribution by City Gas Utilities(around 2050)

Spread and expansion of renewable and unused energy

Improvement of energy securityLarge-scale hydrogen production plant

Energy conservation and low carbon energy management

Energy diversification in the transportation sector

Spread and expansion of distributed energy system

Littoral area (LNG terminal)

Littoral area (hydrogen terminal)

Power plantPure hydrogen fuel cell Pure hydrogen fuel cell

(central supply)

Hydrogen cogeneration

Pure hydrogen fuel cell (distributed by building)

Biomass hydrogen production

Solar power generation

Wind powergeneration

Electrolysis hydrogen and hydrogen storage

Hydrogen tanker

LNG tanker

CCS

Hydrogenstation

FCVHydrogen

station

FCV

Hydrogenstation

FCV

Natural gas pipelineHydrogen pipelineElectric line

● Hydrogen is an energy resource that does not entail emission of any carbon dioxide. As such, it is anticipated to play a major role as a type of secondary energy, alongside heat and electricity.● Japan’s city gas industry is promoting the expanded diffusion of fuel cells, using hydrogen resulting from the reforming of natural gas at customer premises and the installation of hydrogen stations for refueling fuel cell vehicles.● Over the longer term, supply of CO2-free hydrogen will presumably become an important option for effecting a steep reduction (at a rate on the order of 80%) in CO2 emissions, provided that hydrogen can be procured on a stable basis and at competitive price.

Source : Toyota Motor Corporation

Hydrogen station in Nerima, Tokyo

Approaches to the Hydrogen Society

outline of gas industry in japan · the japan gas association (jga) has a membership of 206 city...

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