overall project midterm progress report

“Demonstration Project for

Power Supply to Telecom Stations

through FC technology”

Overall Project Midterm Progress Report

Version 1.0 Report submission date: 20130831 Dissemination level: RE MID TERM REPORT Coordinator: ERICSSON Contributors: All the Partners

This project is co-financed by funds from the 7th EU Framework programme on Research, technological Development and Demonstration activities through the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking

Application Area: SP1-JTI-FCH.4: Early Markets

Call topic: SP1-JTI-FCH.2010.4.2 Demonstration of industrial application readiness of fuel cell generators for power supply to off-grid stations, including the hydrogen supply solution

FCH-JU-2010-1 Grant Agreement number 278921.

Dissemination Level

PU Public

PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services)

RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) X

CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)

http://webtemp.ccd.uniroma2.it/fcpoweredrbs.eu/


Power Supply to Telecom Stations through FC technology”

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Contact Details:

Project coordinator: GIANCARLO TOMARCHIO - ERICSSON Telecomunicazioni S.p.A.

Document prepared and contributed by

[Giancarlo Tomarchio, Ericsson]

e-mail: [email protected]

Document Log:

Version

Date

Summary of changes Author

1.0 First revision Giancarlo Tomarchio

mailto:[email protected]



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Table of Contents

1. Project context and main objectives ......................................................................... 4

2. Work performed the main results achieved ........................................................... 4

3. Expected final results ...................................................................................................... 6

4. Project management during the period ................................................................... 7

Project progress overview ............................................................................................................ 8

Project planning ........................................................................................................................... 8

Milestones .................................................................................................................................... 9

5. Detailed Mid Term reports: .......................................................................................... 9



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1. Project context and main objectives

The main project FCpoweredRBS objective is to conduct a set of field trials to demonstrate the

industrial readiness and market appeal of power generation systems for off-grid Radio Base

Station based on Fuel Cell technology. The trials is involving 18 live Radio stations in Italy,

configured to simulate off-grid conditions and 2 fully operating Lab test environments in the

research centres of UniRoma2 and JRC.

The scope is to assess the market readiness of FC and the relative H2 infrastructure for the

Telecommunication market. The challenge is to demonstrate that fuel cell technology can be a

real alternative to standard power sources (batteries and diesel generators) for Telecom

applications and also to highlight all the advantages in using this technology to potential

customers in different industrial sectors.

The proposed solution aims to demonstrate to the TelCo operators a possible advantage, in term

of Total Cost of Ownership to power off-grid Radio Base Stations, in substituting the Diesel

generator with a new system combining renewable and PEM Fuel Cell energy fuelled with pure

hydrogen (either locally produced and stored or transported) or with Methanol.

Furthermore with respect to the market readiness of the proposed solutions, the objectives of the

project for the RBS power units using fuel cell have to match with the TelCo demanding

requirements as reliability greater than 95% and durability of more than 2 years (under real-time

conditions). The Project consortium integrates different EU FC and H2 related technology maker

with a market leader for Telecom Systems and with R&D institution. This peculiar opportunity is

also fundamental to pursue a bottom-up approach which it allows to modify the energy

requirements and the load profile of the energy utilization to fit in an optimum way the

performances expected for the Fuel Cell system.

The demonstration project involves the benchmarking of different technical configurations for fuel

cells integrated with a renewable energy source (mainly PV).

2. Work performed the main results achieved

The activities executed so far include system design, with special regard to power splitting logic,

and related control issues, as well as lab experimental testing.

Battery bank sizing has been particularly critical in the design phase, and to that aim design tools

specifically developed in the Consortium have been used to understand the link between system

efficiency and battery bank sizing. System testing activities in the lab are aimed at both verifying

design assumptions and understanding the impact of design parameters on system performance.

Special attention has been focused on the development of a benchmark cycle, to fully

characterize system performance with relatively affordable and repeatable experimental testing,



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and have reliable input data to estimate the Total Cost of Ownership. A Hardware In the Loop

(HIL) lab, simulating the PV with power supply units and the RBS with electronic load, and having

physically installed all other system components, has been used to achieve the mentioned target.

Several simulation activities were necessary for the development of the specifications. The

simulations are based on a system modelled with MATLAB/Simulink routines and on developed

SW to perform a sensitive analysis to evaluate the impact of the battery pack sizing, of the PV

panel sizing and of the variable weather on the chosen outputs (number of refills, days of

autonomy, RBS efficiency). In addition and in order to be more compliant to the project objectives

(improving the TCO of the system) and to the telecom requirements, additional design efforts

were needed. Improvements on efficiency and robustness have been achieved and the system

architecture is now simplified and based on a unique photovoltaic system directly connected to

the Energy Box, potential sources of instability avoided. All details in WP2 – Midterm Progress

Report

UniRoma2 has setup a complete laboratory for FC-powered-RBS benchmarking. The first system

installed in the lab was the one with Dantherm FC and it was used during the optimization

activities. The GH2 electrolyser was delivered and the second configuration type also tested. The

deliverable D3.1 has been completed with the MES FC equipment delivered to Uniroma2 labs at

end of M20 (instead of the planned M9). The two main reasons of delay are: the change of the

Nitidor embedded electrolyser to fulfil the certification requirements and the realization of a brand

new FC system. All details in WP3 – Midterm Progress Report

The test architecture and protocols have been defined as far as the lab trial section is concerned

and included respectively in the deliverable D7.1 and D7.2. The test strategy includes a

benchmarking test session based on 3 day radiation profile defined to be representative of the

system behaviour over all the seasons (winter first day, summer second day, intermediate

seasons third day). The data acquired during the tests show that efficiencies of the sub-systems

are in line with the declared nominal values and no problems have been met during the tests. All

details in WP7 – Midterm Progress Report.

Optimization tests have been performed in the UniRoma2 lab to verify system behaviour under

real radiation profile. One of the main scopes was to verify the impacts of sudden variation of

radiation on the different sub-system. The control logic performance was analysed with regards of

the influence of the operating voltage on the system efficiency and FC lifetime and the three

voltage thresholds determined (for FC turn-on, operating voltage and turn-off). The Optimization

activities include also all the benchmarking tests performed in the UniRoma2 lab with the

Dantherm system with or without GH2 electrolyser. All details in WP4 – Midterm Progress

Report and in Milestone MS4, First System Test Results.

On the field activities side, the project engaged two TLC operators in Italy (Telecom Italia and 3)

to have the possibility to use some live radio sites for the trial. Their participation has been

formalized in legal contracts which were signed after a negotiation longer than expected. Only



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after the (late) agreements we had the opportunity to work officially on the layout of the sites

selected and start the authorization process. At this point 13 sites have been identified, the new

layout designed to be ready for customer approval and authorization requests. All details in WP5

– Midterm Progress Report.

Certification activities have been performed by FC suppliers. The set of relevant European

standards has been identified and they are mainly based on international standards adapted in

Europe under CEN and CENELEC. Some of the certification aspects still need to be finalized

upon commissioning. This process is part of the project workflow and additional information will

be gathered from all the partners about specific regulation demands and constraints. All details in

WP9 – Midterm Progress Report.

A dissemination plan has been developed with the objectives to publicize project contents, raise

awareness of potential final customers and create a network of interested stakeholders. In order

to share the findings with the scientific community; the project has submitted two abstracts for the

participation to the 2013 European FC Conference and the FC Seminar 2013, to present the

project, and more specifically the method and measurements applied in the Uniroma2 labs. The

project website is http://www.fcpoweredrbs.eu/. Additional details in WP10 – Midterm

Progress Report.

A first introductive course has been developed (WP6) and will be deployed in the middle of

October 2013 at the Ericsson training centre in Rome. An “advanced” training course will follow to

address the O&M contents for support and operators people.

3. Expected final results

The expected final results of the project are in line with the initial targets in terms of number of

installations and quality of the solution:

The total number of installations is confirmed to be 20. 18 on live radio sites in Italy to

represent a statistically significant number of units undergoing field trials meeting

commercialisation criteria;

A benchmark protocol for the FC technology for the reference application has been

developed by UniRoma2 and JRC providing a point of reference for final users, who now

know how their units perform in relation to the benchmark data;

A parametric Business Case including the Total Cost of Ownership calculation for the a

FC-based system and a comparison with the technology in use (diesel generator) for off-

grid radio base stations;

We will raise the awareness of FC technology and usage in the TLC market by

addressing the dissemination efforts in informing the potential customers about the

technical performance achieved;

http://www.fcpoweredrbs.eu/



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We will implement new process and procedures to deploy and maintain in operation the

FC system fulfilling the demanding requirements of TLC operators. A long with the

economic advantages can be part of the arguments for a commercial proposition in other

markets;

At this stage we are confident that the solution developed is meeting the requested

reliability targets and we hope to be in the condition to be asked by the operators to keep

the trial equipment into operation after the project conclusion;

At the end of the projects the FC suppliers will have some useful feedbacks on TLC

market to be used for further product developments and/or commercial engagements.

4. Project management during the period

Management activities have been held by each of the consortium partners. Each ones have been

giving its contribution to achieve the project results. All the management activities have been

handled according to the project structure described in the DoW (ANNEX I B2). A Consortium

agreement has been approved and signed by all the partners where we agreed on the project

roles and the project governance.

Regarding the decision process, there were not deviations on what we established at the

beginning of the project during the project execution: project steering meetings have been held

with at the frequency needed. Additional meetings have been called and organized to discuss

specific topics, both involving all the partners or part of them; for instance for test strategy

definition only the research centres have been involved; for H2 storage solution definition only FC

producers etc…We wanted to be cost effective always guaranteeing the right level of information

sharing. For this reason most of the meetings were in teleconference (either video or only audio)

with few exemptions necessary to avoid misunderstandings and create a team feeling.

Here below the list of the Steering meetings held, the related MoM are stored in the project

repository:

Project Steering 20 Jan 2012

Project Steering 13 Feb 2012

Project Steering 20 Feb 2012

Kick off Feb 2012

Project Steering 16 Mar 2012

Project Steering 05 April 2012

Project Steering 12 June 2012

Meeting for Requirement Definition DT and GH2 06 June 2012

Meeting for Requirement Definition MES 20 June 2012

Project Steering 15 Nov 2012

Project Steering 25 Jan 2013

Project Steering 04 Mar 2013

Project Steering 14 Jun 2013

Project Steering 26 Jul 2013

Project Steering for Mid-Term review 28 Aug 2013



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A project web page is available for all the partners including a structured repository for the

documentation with revision control capability. This shared platform has been giving a precious

contribution in facilitating the information sharing and the document agreements.

As the project is characterized by a good level of collaboration with good relationship among

partners, most of the management efforts were dedicated to face issues related to the complexity

of the activities to be executed. We all have been paying attention to communications issues in

order to overcome the diversity mainly due to the technology background and organization size;

the results were more than positive.

An Amendment has been requested on August 2013 to change the project coordinator contact.

Another Amendment is in advanced negotiation stage among partners regarding the substitution

of the two Natural Gas Fuel Cell with two H2 ones always provided by Dantherm. The reason of

this change is due to the TLC operators preference in the early phase of the project, and even if

we have new arguments that may change this preference, we internally evaluated that we have

not the possibility to include back in the scope this technology within the timeframe of the project.

Project progress overview

Project planning

As mentioned in the work-package reports and highlighted in table above, the project is late and

some of the WP’s schedule has been modified.

To summarize, the main reasons of this delay are:

1. The negotiation with TelCo operators (in charge to Ericsson) took longer than expected,

the process to let them accept the FC technology in their sensitive live network, is full of

obstacles. The signatures came late and we had to accept a large rework in the site

selection process (see WP5 Mid Term Report);

2. The solution definition was late as well. More RTD efforts than initially foreseen were

needed to define the specifications with simulation campaigns and to meet the operators’

requirements(see WP2 Mid Term Report);

3. Two of the technology suppliers, MES and GH2, faced unexpected issues before

releasing their equipment (see WP3 Mid Term Report).

A new schedule of the activities was needed in order to achieve the final project goals within the

36 months of the committed timeframe. Here below an overview of the new project plan:

WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 WP8 WP9 WP10

PM Solution Production Optimization Installation Training Test Analysis Certification Dissemination

OLD Start date M1 M1 M3 M8 M3 M6 M6 M24 M4 M1

OLD End date M36 M12 M16 M20 M22 M22 M36 M36 M36 M36

Actual Value TOTAL Project 50% 90% 45% 75% 29% 20% 31% not started 65% 50%

Planned Value 50% 100% 100% 100% 80% 85% 60% 0% 50% 50%

SPI 1,00 0,90 0,45 0,75 0,36 0,24 0,52 N/A 1,30 1,00

NEW Start date M1 M1 M3 M8 M3 M12 M6 M24 M4 M1

NEW End date M36 M24 M26 M24 M27 M26 M36 M36 M36 M36

Responsability ERICSSON ERICSSON UNIROMA UNIROMA ERICSSON ERICSSON UNIROMA UNIROMA DT UNIROMA

Project Value and Schedule Analysis



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Milestones

MS1 and MS4 are passed, MS2 re-planned from M16 to M24.

5. Detailed Mid Term reports:

WP 2 Mid Term Report



WP 4 Milestone MS4

WP5 Mid Term Report







WP 2 Fuel Cell Production

Midterm Progress Report

Version 1.0 Report submission date: Dissemination level: RE Work Package 2 - Site Power Solution Engineering Work Package Leader: ERICSSON Contributors: ERICSSON, DANTHERM, GH, MES, UNIROMA2

This project is co-financed by funds from the 7th EU Frameworkl programme on Research, technological Development and Demonstration activities through the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking




Dissemination Level

PU Public







Page 2 of 19

Contact Details:



[Andrea Giordani]


[Massimo Costa, Ericsson]


[Mario Rovati, Ericsson]


[Sandra Melone, Ericsson]


[Marco Bo, Ericsson]


Document approved by

…, …

E-mail: …@..

Document Log:

Version

Date


1.0 First revision Andrea Giordani

Massimo Costa

2.0 Final Giancarlo Tomarchio

Stefano Cordiner








Page 3 of 19

Table of Contents

1. Expected vs Accomplished Tasks ............................................................................... 4

2. Status of deliverables .................................................................................................... 19



Page 4 of 19

1. Expected vs Accomplished Tasks WP2 Site Power Solution Engineering is led by ERICSSON, with contributions of UNIROMA2, DANTHERM, GH and MES..

The list of expected tasks, according to the DOW document, is given in the following lines. Expected Tasks, as reported in the DOW, are written in Italics.

Task 2.1 Target Definitions, Simulation and specifications definition Following a bottom-up approach the systems that will undergo to the demonstration test will be designed starting from the optimization of the energy and the power requirements of the RBS. This is a fundamental step for an optimum matching of all the technologies involved. Based on the detailed know-how of ERICSSON in the Telecom sector the average power requirement for this station has been evaluated to be in the range of 1 to 2kWe whereas the required cooling power is on average in the range of 1 kWth (subjected to further development). Detailed load profiles are also known and represent another input data. By using both system and component level simulation as well as experimentally available data in this task the detailed specification for the systems both in terms of performances and target will be defined also addressing the integration issues. ERICSSON and UNIROMA2 will be concerned with the simulation and the modeling of the overall system necessary for development of these specifications. The fuel cell suppliers as well as the engineering partners will participate with the specifications of their components. Local RES production will also be simulated with respect to the location of the test sites. Each manufacturer will receive the specifications for the desired operating conditions and will communicate data on the expected performances and the integration requirements for all the components (ALL).

A bottom up approach has been followed to analyze for each equipment the technical features considered relevant for the system integration. Thanks to the collaboration of all the partners, in particular the FC and electrolyser manufacturers, the most important changes have been studied and successfully implemented ensuring a correct interoperability among all equipment.

In the table below a summary of all Relevant Specifications analyzed for the different equipment is reported together with the related changes that have been agreed and implemented by the suppliers.

Equipment Relevant Equipment Specs Changes required/implem

ented

Note

Dantherm Battery eXtender DBX2000

Fuel Cell

Operating range temperature Vdc Range Valtage Output Vdc output programmable

setpoint Hydrogen consumption Remote control Communications protocols External alarms

ON/OFF Dry Contact

Vdc output programmable setpoint

Series product

MES Fuel Cell with integrated electrolyzer


setpoint Remote control

ON/OFF Dry contact

Range Valtage Output Vdc

Customized system for the project



Page 5 of 19

Communications protocols External alarms Hydrogen production capacity Vdc Range Valtage Input Hydrogen consumption

Vdc output programmable setpoint

Green Hydrogen electrolyzer

Operating range temperature Vdc Range Valtage Input Hydrogen production capacity Remote control Communications protocols External alarms

ON/OFF Dry contact


Ericsson

Energy Box

Operating range temperature Vdc Range Valtage Input FP Input MPPT Function Vdc Range Valtage Output Maximum Power Output System efficiency Remote control Communications protocols External alarms

Battery charger regulator

iDC Bus control (intelligent DC Bus control)


Ericsson Control System

CPU Capability Memory Capability Modem GSM/GPRS Serial port RS485 isolated CAN BUS port LAN Ethernet10/100 Mbit

RJ45 and protocol supported Integrated temperature sensor Remote firmware upgrade Digital input Analogic input Relay output NO/NC Power consumption Vdc power supply Operating range temperature

Customized firmware:

Dantherm &Green Hydrogen interface

MES system interface

Idatech Electragen ME interface


Ericsson Idatech Electragen ME


setpoint HydroPlus consumption Remote control Communications protocols External alarms Capacity tank

Series product

Battery MES system

(FIAMM SGM 600)

Gel Electrolyte Nominal Voltage : 2 V Nominal Capacity 600A

Battery DT system

(Marathon M12V155FT)

VRLA battery, AGM Nominal Voltage 12 V Nominal Capacity 155A



Page 6 of 19

On top of equipment specifications further constraints have been considered:

The average power requirement for the Radio Base Station has been evaluated to be in the range of 1 kWe. The following picture, based on field data, represents a typical trend of the Power Consumption (kW) of the RBS.

In the table below a summary of typical and maximum power consumption for Indoor and Outdoor Ericsson RBS.

RBS Type Radio Configuration

Power Supply Typical Values

Max Values

3206 Indoor 3x2 20 W -48 V 700 W 1000 W

6201 Indoor 3x2 20 W -48 V 733 W 1026 W

6102 Outdoor 3x2 20 W -48 V 804 W 1119 W

The conclusion is that average power requirement normally never exceeds 90% of the max Power required (Pmax), so the RBS should never get to the max values. All the details of energy and power requirements for the RBS are reported in the Deliverable 2.1 “Report on Energy Profile for Radio Base Stations”;

To simplify the authorization process, the volumetric capacity of the hydrogen tanks was limited to 0.75 m³ as this allow to avoid the request for a specific Fire Prevention Certificate according to Italian regulation (law: DPR 151/2001);

Another constrain considered was about the available area for the photovoltaic system. Considering the usual dimensions of a radio sites, a good compromise was to consider 30-35 m2 as maximum dimension possible. It means a limitation of 5kw power of the PV system.

Simulations Based on the above inputs and constraints, UNIROMA2 and ERICSSON have worked out the simulation and the modeling of the overall system necessary for development of the specifications.



Page 7 of 19

The RBS power system has been modeled through MATLAB/Simulink routines and code developed by UNIROMA2, whose schematic, including the different modeled sub-systems (PV modules, batteries, Fuel Cell and electrolyzer), is provided in the Figure.

Fig.1

One year simulations have been performed with different configurations:

DANTHERM and MES SA fuel cells

with and without electrolyser

1 to 2 kW power consumption, assumed constant over time

4 kWp, 5 kWp,6 kWp – 10 kWp PV modules

different sizes for H2 storage

different geographic locations: northern Italy, central Italy and southern Italy

different battery pack sizes (160 Ah, 320 Ah, 480 Ah and 640 Ah).

Ideal radiation profiles, i.e. no cloud (shade) effects are taken into account. System control has been assumed to act on a priority order basis, to have maximum exploitation of the renewable source (through the PV panels), and using the H2 only when strictly needed. Assumptions can thus be synthesized as follows:

Order of priority: PV->Batteries->H2 (Figure 2)

Only component losses have been considered

Batteries are charged by PV panels

No transient phenomena have been taken into account

Minimum power requirements for electrolysers has been assumed equal to 25% of rated power



Page 8 of 19

Fig.2

A sensitivity analysis has been performed to evaluate the impact of the battery pack sizing and the site location on the system performances.

A RBS efficiency has been defined as follows to evaluate simulation results:

Further simulation outputs as:

number of H2 refills

minimum autonomy [days]

maximum autonomy [months]

number of FC working hours

have been calculated to evaluate system performances.

The number of FC starts and stops per day has also been evaluated to understand the system behavior under variable and average weather conditions.

Effect of battery sizing The first set of simulations has been performed to understand the impact of battery sizing on system performance, by also varying location (northern, central and southern Italy). The baseline 5kWp have been selected to that aim, and the studied cases are reported synthetically in the following Table.

Ppv>=Pload

SOCbatt<SOCmax

YES

Ppv, Pload, SOC, SOCh2

SOCh2<SOCh2max

NO

Pbatt=Ppv-PloadPelec=0

Pexcess=0Pfc=0

YES

Pbatt=0Pelec=Ppv-Pload

Pexcess=0Pfc=0

YES

Pbatt=0Pelec=0

Pexcess=Ppv-PloadPfc=0

NO

SOCbatt>SOCmin

NO

Pbatt=Pload-PpvPelec=0

Pfc=0Pexcess=0

YES

SOCh2>SOCh2min

NO

Pfc=Pload-PpvPelec=0Pbatt=0

Pexcess=0

YES

System failure

NO



Page 9 of 19

Battery pack

Northern Italy Central Italy Southern Italy

160 Ah Dantherm FC

MES SA FC

Dantherm FC MES SA FC

Dantherm FC

MES SA FC

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

320 Ah Dantherm FC

MES SA FC


Dantherm FC

MES SA FC

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

480 Ah Dantherm FC

MES SA FC


Dantherm FC

MES SA FC

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

640 Ah Dantherm FC

MES SA FC


Dantherm FC

MES SA FC

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

Dantherm FC + EL

MES SA FC + EL

Results are reported in the following figures for the Dantherm system w/o electrolyzer, where it is evident that beyond 320Ah a saturation behavior is presented by increasing the battery pack size, in terms of all the reported parameters. Saturation is more evident for northern sites, where the lower energy from radiation reduces the benefits of larger battery size.

Fig.3



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Fig.4

Fig.5



Page 11 of 19

Fig.6

Similar trends have been obtained for the MES system, here omitted for the sake of brevity. Results obtained with the electrolyzer, by keeping the 5kWp PV panel, clearly indicate a negligible advantage in terms of efficiency, that is due to the minimum benefit given by the extra power available during the summer that is counter-balanced by the power requirement of the electrolyzer. A larger size (e.g. 10 kWp) is thus required to have an advantage with the electrolyzer system configuration.

Fig.7



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Effect of PV panel sizing

Battery pack


160 Ah 4/5/6 kW PV panels 4/5/6 kW PV panels 4/5/6 kW PV panels




Results, provided in the figure in terms of efficiency, clearly indicate that the saturation effect observed for the 5 kWp panel, is less evident for larger PV sizing, especially for southern Italy sites, where a more favorable matching can be obtained between the energy required by the RBS load and the PV panel power production.

Fig.8

Effect of RBS load average power The effect of RBS load power has also been studied by keeping the PV panel size equal to 5 kWp, according to the case reported in the Table.



Page 13 of 19

Battery

pack


160 Ah 1.0 kw load 1.5 kw load 2.0 kw load 1.0 kw load 1.5 kw load 2.0 kw load 1.0 kw load 1.5 kw load 2.0 kw load




A more evident saturation can be observed due to the mismatch between the energy available from radiation and energy required from the load. This effect causes a much higher number of FC working hours, and then a RBS efficiency much closer to the FC efficiency, that in turn significantly affects the number of H2 refills per year (see figure).

Fig.9: efficiency of the Dantherm system: load=1.5 kW (left) and 2 kW (right).

Fig.10: number of refills of the Dantherm system: load=1.5 kW (left) and 2 kW

(right).



Page 14 of 19

Effect of variable weather Finally the effect of variable weather has been observed over the year, to have an idea about the impact on the number of starts/stops per day, that is increased especially during the winter/fall (see figure where the power and number of starts stops over the year is reported).

Fig.11

A highlight of the worst week can be observed in the figure (April/May), where it is evident that under repeated fall/spring cloudy days the FC may be turned on repeatedly during the day. This requires a deeper analysis of control system strategy under similar circumstances.

Fig.12

FC turn on during summer repeated cloudy days may be partially mitigated by increasing the battery size pack: this is one of the reasons why a 640 Ah battery capacity has been finally selected.



Page 15 of 19

The conclusions of the simulation activities can be summarized as follows:

640 Ah battery package is enough to optimize system efficiency (larger sizing does not provide further advantage), also giving some advantages under real weather conditions.

5 kWp PV power is not enough to assure the self-sustainability of the configured system (H2 produced by the electrolyser). 10 kWp PV are instead enough to produce some extra power during highly sunned days in summer time, to be provided to the electrolyser.

Number of refills can vary from about 1 per month in Southern Italy to up to 2 per month in Northern Italy (minimum autonomy in the range 10-15 days) with 5 kWp PV

FC working hours, affecting the FC lifetime, is in the range of 2000-4000h/year.

Increasing the power consumption from 1 kW to 2 kW the system efficiency drops about 15 percentage points, number of refills dramatically increase 4-5 times and minimum autonomy drops to 4-5 days. Also number of FC working hours is more than doubled. Such results shows that 2 kW power consumption can hardly be handled with 5 kWp PV

All details are reported in the document “Modeling and simulation activity” (assumptions and Control Strategy) and in different results presentations discussed during “WP2” activities

Task 2.2 Evaluation and selection of systems layouts based on the specifications and simulation results In this phase the available technology from the Fuel Cell project partners will be integrated with hydrogen production/storage component and the rest of the BOP according to the integration specification and the measurement requirements. Three different layouts are foreseen addressing different potential applications. For each layout, specific design will be made to specifically fit to the Fuel Cells and H2 systems requirements. In particular: Type A:In this layout the FC system will use methanol, NG (natural gas) or stored hydrogen as fuel. Integration with RES (mainly PV) will be instrumental to face with the durability issue of the PEM stacks. Although all the technologies which will be used may guarantee an operational life of at least 5000 hours, a proper integration with other energy sources is needed allowing a limitation of FC operation hours to specific periods. Local energy storage will also be integrated which, under this configuration can be easily downsized and conveniently operated to not require deep discharge. (ERICSSON, UNIROMA2) Type B will make a further step in the demonstration of Fuel Cell advantage with respect to other available technology using the storage potential of H2 produced by RES in extra production hours (e.g. when production is higher than the request). A possible configuration of the system would be designed around a DC BUS which is used to both interface the Renewable Energy Production and the FC system. All the components will require some specific design to maximize the overall efficiency of the H2 production path (e.g. the matching between PV energy production and the electrolyzer) or the characteristics of the current delivered to the IT hardware. Furthermore, operation with O2 enriched cathode air will be evaluated to increase the Fuel Cell efficiency under these operating conditions recovering some of the efficiency losses of the local production technologies. From a technology point of view both MES and Dantherm systems are integrated with a H2 electrolyzer operating in the range of the requested power. No specific issues are expected for the H2 storage as the electrolyzers will be operated at the required pressure (30 bar) and the hydrogen will be stored in standard composite material bottles available on the market (e.g. Air Products). (ERICSSON, MES, DANTHERM, GEN) Type C: configuration will examine a possible integration of the Type B design with another H2 source using compressed hydrogen stored and transported in bottles. The main feature of this



Page 16 of 19

configuration is the additional degree of freedom in the design and operation of the energy generations system for the off-grid site.

In order to proper and efficiently integrate the hydrogen production and storage components with the RES system the system architecture initially prosed was modified. In the initial phase of the project two photovoltaic strings of the same power were included in the system and supposed to work independently. During normal daytime operation and with a suitable solar radiation, the first string, connected to the Energy Box (EB) was only dedicated to fulfill the power needs of the Radio Base Station. The other, instead connected to a MPPT Battery Charger (BC), was dedicated, to charge the batteries and to compensate an eventual lack of the energy coming from the photovoltaic system. At night as the discharge of the batteries up to a default value was expected, the system had to properly manage the energy contribution of the fuel cells (FC). With the aim to isolate the batteries bank and the related Battery Charger while the FC was running, the scheme had to be complicated by the introduction of a series of switches. See Fig 13.

Fig.13

In order to make the system more compliant to the project objectives and to the telecom requirements, additional design efforts were needed to achieve improvements on efficiency and robustness. A reduction of potential sources of energy inefficiency and on the other side a reduction of potential sources of instability as redundant component and switches has led to a simplification of system design which is based on a unique photovoltaic system directly connected to the Energy Box. For this component an upgrade in hardware and firmware was required increasing the power output apparatus to 5Kw, implementing the



Page 17 of 19

functionality of Battery Charger and finally introducing the functionality of the 'BUS iDC (Intelligent DC BUS). These changes allowed us to connect in parallel all the sources of energy, getting all the energy coming from the PV constantly available and injected in the system. As second step, a specific priority was assigned to each energy sources, in order PV, batteries and finally FC, which was activated only if, in a low solar radiation condition, the batteries reach a specific level of discharge. Fig 14. All the energy fluxes are managed by the output voltage of the individual components connected in the bus (iDC-BUS) and following the algorithm described in TASK 2.3. The idea, confirmed by the first lab test, was to let the load to use any of the Watts produced by RES, keeping all the other sources ready to compensate in case of need. This allowed us to get the maximum benefit of the use of the FC so improving the overall TCO of the system.

Fig.14

The energy management of the system was modified to introduce the electrolyzer. The hydrogen storage was divided in primary (produced locally) and secondary (manually refilled) and the control algorithm changed according to the electrolyzer characteristics.

Being connected in parallel with the other components in the iDC-BUS, a specific algorithm has been implemented to determine accurately and timely the proper amount of production of hydrogen considering the available RES energy, without compromising the system stability and energy priorities. This is done by analyzing the measurements



Page 18 of 19

of: the voltage-current values to the batteries, the solar irradiation, the temperature of the photovoltaic panel and also the battery charge.

Natural Gas was also supposed to a test fuel for the FCpoweredRBS project. Unfortunately this technology was not considered mature from Telecom operators and has been withdrawn from the test plan. Together with other partners we have been negotiating an Amendment in order to change the DoW in order to replace the technology in use for the two sites where the NG were foreseen with two additional H2 fuelled sites. Task 2.3 Energy management and Control strategy Development of proper energy management and control strategies for the integrated system will be performed starting from the single configurations and optimizing the use of energy.

The overall system management is controlled by the Control Board where all the algorithms have been implemented as well as all the data collected from the probes and the single elements connected. Three points of measurements (voltage and current) have been identified: current OUT of PV-BC & iDC-CS, current OUT and IN of battery bank and current OUT of Fuel Cells. The main control algorithm is shown in the picture below Fig15.

Fig.15

As said the algorithm will give higher priority to the photovoltaic source and it is based on two main principles depending if the amount of renewable energy exceeds or not the power need of the load.

In the first case, the solar irradiation is enough to power the DC load, the PV-BC & iDC-CS will first inject energy to charge the batteries. If still additional energy will be



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available, the CB activates the Electrolyzer to the maximum level of H2 production possible.

However, when the photovoltaic energy is not enough for the load, the batteries will complete the energy supply. When the 50% of DoD is reached, the algorithm will activate the FC to provide the energy towards the load and minimize the charging of the batteries in this solar condition. First the H2 produced by the Electrolyzer at low pressure supplies the FC until it is available. Second the higher pressure backup H2 storage will provide the FC with the needed fuel.

The system peculiarity is that the injection of the energy from the different sources in the iDC-Bus is made only by changing the DC voltage level always giving the highest priority to the photovoltaic. The aim is to not use the H2 to charge the batteries but let the renewable energy to do that.

2. Status of deliverables WP2 foresaw two deliverables

D2.1 Report on Energy Profile for Radio Base Stations D2.2 Target specifications The two deliverables has been prepared and submitted.






Version 1.0 Report submission date: Dissemination level: RE Work Package 3 - Fuel Cell Production Work Package Leader: Uniroma2 Contributors: Uniroma2, ERICSSON, DANTHERM, GH, MES





Dissemination Level

PU Public







Page 2 of 13

Contact Details:

Project coordinator: Dr. Giancarlo Tomarchio - ERICSSON Telecomunicazioni S.p.A.


Vincenzo Mulone, University of Rome Tor Vergata

E-mail: [email protected]

Document Log:

Version

Date


1.0 First revision Vincenzo Mulone

2.0 Final Giancarlo Tomarchio

Stefano Cordiner




Page 3 of 13

Table of Contents


Dantherm and GreenHydrogen System ........................................................................................... 5

MES System ...................................................................................................................................... 6

Control System and Remote Monitoring ............................................................................... 111110

2. Status of deliverables ......................................................................................... 131312



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1. Expected vs Accomplished Tasks WP3 Fuel Cell Production is led by UNIROMA2, with contributions of ERICSSON and JRC.


Task 3.1: Production of fuel cell systems for benchmark by research centres

Each EU supplier will produce one fuel cell systems for benchmarking, while the rest will go towards field demonstrations. The systems from both suppliers will be mounted in a cabinet and can be remotely monitored. This remote monitoring capability will be integrated with the data acquisition and analysis equipment provided by the system integrator and the FC manufacturer. ERICSSON experience on remote site monitoring will be integrated with the manufacture know-how in packaging fuel cells and with specific reference to telecommunication applications. Data acquisition and data transfer equipment specifications will be defined in conjunction with the research centres that will in charge of the monitoring.

Uniroma2 has setup a complete laboratory for FC-powered-RBS benchmarking, capable of data acquisition with regard to all charge and H2 fluxes, including 2 electric loads (EL) (12 kW total) , 4 DC Power Supplies (16 kW total), with the following characteristics:

device Pn [kW] Un [V] In [A] function

PS 8200-70 3U 5 200 70 power supply

PSI 8160-60 2U 3 160 60 power supply

PS 8080-170 3U 5 80 170 power supply

PSI 8080-120 2U 3 80 120 power supply

EL 9080-600 7.2 80 600 electronic load

EL 9080-400 4.8 80 400 electronic load

The system is capable of delivering any radiation profile to the battery charger, and thus it is able of reproducing any system operating conditions. Data acquired on the weather station during the last year allow for system testing with real world Rome latitude radiation data.

The testing system schematic, along with pictures of weather station, PSUs and ELs is given in Figure 1



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Figure 1 Uniroma2 FC-Powered RBS testing setup: weather station, Power Supplies and

Electronic Loads

Dantherm and GreenHydrogen System

Dantherm system has been delivered and installed in the Uniroma2 lab in week 38 (2012), composed by 3 DBX Fuel Cells and 640 Ah@48V battery pack. ERICSSON integrated the system in week 11 (2013) with a battery charger (Figure 2) also capable of system controlling capabilities.

Figure 2 ERICSSON 5 kW battery charger

The 5000 Watt MPPT Charge Controller that operates at DC level to inject the available power, coming from a solar panel array source, to a medium power generic 48V DC supplied application.

Using a proprietary MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithm, assure a real-time renewable power availability close to 100%, according to the performance profile of the solar panel array, also in presence of panel shading or dirt.



Page 6 of 13

Depending on external DC supply system configuration, the “renewable source” power available at the output can be used both for a main load supply up to 2000W, as well as for the contemporary recharge of a battery cell back-up block up to 650A/h.

The renewable energy available at the output is automatically adjusted on a wide voltage range, between 42Vdc and 55Vdc, assuring an high level of capability with many kind of DC applications.

Can operate in parallel with any kind of conventional AC/DC equipment or fuel-cell generators, both for “in-grid” and “off-grid” applications, and it represent a real “plug and play” smart solution for an effective reduction of conventional energy employ.

The system is designed to provide hybrid power supply inside telecom transmitting sites at DC level.

Working in parallel with any kind of general purpose rectifier as hybrid power system, provides load supply and battery recharge.

When the battery charge is completed, always keeping the priority on load (TLC), the exceeding energy can be automatically used by electrolyzer for hydrogen production.

Green hydrogen installed their 5 kW electrolyzer in week 17 (2013), thus making the Dantherm configurations ready for benchmarking activities (see Figure 3).

Figure 3 Dantherm system: PEM Fuel Cell (left) and Green Hydrogen electrolyzer (right)

GreenHydrogen Electrolyser is customised for this application based on their standard

product. The following part has been changed

Cabinet: There has been designed a new cabinet for outdoor use in stainless steel.

The cabinet has a box on the side. The cabinet contain all the process parts, stack,

BOP and water reservoir. The box on the side of the cabinet contain the DC/DC

converter and the control unit. The cabinet for the process part will have two types of

ventilations.

Dantherm & Green Hydrogen Solution

Dantherm Battery eXtender

Nominal Total Power: around 1.7 kW

Voltage Range: 45V – 57V

Electrical Efficiency (LHV): 45% @full load.

Pressurized Water Green Hydrogen Electrolyzer

H₂ Production: 0.2 Nm³/h @ 20%load

H₂ Pressure: 30 bar

H₂ Purity: 99.95%

Power Consumption: 0.906 kW @ 20%load

(Full load: 1.0 Nm³/h of H₂ with 5.3 kW)

Formatted: List Paragraph, Indent:Left: 0 cm, Bulleted + Level: 1 +Aligned at: 0,63 cm + Indent at: 1,27cm



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Normal natural ventilation: This will be the case when the system is in standby

mode

Forced ventilation: This will be the case when the system is in normal operations

or detection of hydrogen in the cabinet. In this way we can reduce the energy for

ventilation.

Stack: The unit is equipped with two stacks on 0.5 Nm3h each

Power supply and Control unit: For the stack we need 0 - 48V DC for this we use

a DC/DC converter one for each stack. The efficiency on this inverter is low 85%

and for the next delivery we will look for a more efficienct converter. The control

unit is a standard PLC from Beckhoff.

CE-Marking: We have got CE-approval on stack and BOP

Modification for next unit based on the test result from UNIROMA and our own

recommendation

o Water filling system without 220V supply

o Modbus protocol for external communications

Technical specifications:

Hydrogen production capacity: 1Nm3/h (two stack with 0,5Nm3/h each)

Oxygen production: 0,5Nm3/h (two stack with 0,25Nm3/h each)

Outlet pressure H2: 30bar

Water consumption: 1l/Nm3 hydrogen produced

Internal water capacity: 35 liter (manual filling when empty)

Power consumption: o Standby(control-unit and safety): 70 - 90W o 100% load, H2 production 1Nm3/h 5,333 kW o Forced ventilation only at high temp or too high detection of hydrogen in

the cabinet. This will add 50W to the power consumption

Ambient temp: +0° to +35°

Storage temp: +0° to +50°

MES System

MES system design has been changed to fulfill project requirements and this process has been completed with the delivery of the system to Uniroma2 labs at end of August 2013

After the development and production of the new 45 cells stack, MES work was focused on FC performance, efficiency and stability test on our specific test bench ( test bench 3 description in Tab. 1 ). The second part of this task was devoted to the power conditioning of the FC power output by means of the proper DC/DC converter. This FC/DC converter system was tested at different power output and review to meet as much as possible the main installation requirements on site. The last part of this task was spent for the proper integration of the FC system in the supplier electrolyser cabinet.

Formatted: Font: 10 pt

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Also in this activity many FC module testing was done to check the behaviour of the all system. The all system is currently ready ( since end of April 2013 ), but other delays not dependent on MES cause other two months delay and it will be sent within beginning of September 2013 to Uniroma for the first benchmark testing.

Tab.1

This project task should have completed, as expected, within M9 at the latest. The reasons of around 7 months MES delay are mainly two:

- the constrained change of the electrolyser supplier, in the early beginning of the project, forced MES to upset all the project organization, as it was planned in the project proposal and considered valid until the project starting phase. The main reason of this change was due to certification problems/complications which would have then come out using the original electrolyser planned at the beginning of the project. This sudden plan change forced us to review a series of details both in design, technical details, and logistic.

- realization of a new (not standard) FC system suitable for the project application which is completely new forced us to change our standard 1 kW stack and this caused delay for the testing of the 1 kW FC stack prototype.

From the initial idea to merge the electrolyser supplier and MES FC technology the final ( first version ) apparatus was realised ( see photo below ).

The main apparatus components are:

- 720 Ah battery pack 48 V ( already delivered to Uniroma in 4th January 2013 )

- Voltiana pressurized electrolyser ( 0.2 m3/h )

- 2 MES Fuel cells DEA 1.1 modules 1.1 kW ( mounted inside the cabinet )

- step up DC/DC converter ( Vout=48 V )

MES test bench 3 based on H&H PL1506

electronic load and LabView measurement

system for single LTPEM fuel cell system

from 0.25kW up to 1kW

PicoScope 3425/probe 250 Mhz tuned

Thermal imaging camera



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- Electrolyser cabinet -

- FC and electrolyser stacks -

The System 2 setup delivered for testing at Tor Vergata is configured as follows, according to the design constraints defined in deliverable D2.2:



Page 10 of 13

- Two MES FC DEA1.1 with 1.1 kWe power each ( Output voltage range: 42 V- 27 V ). The two independent FC modules are mounted inside the proper metal case inside the electrolyser cabinet. The two ECUs ( FC control electronic ) are completely integrated and interfaced with the electrolyser electronic control unit. All the FC ECU port ( RS232, CAN-BUS ), the FC power cables and Hydrogen purge piping are installed on the outer part of the cabinet. The proper step up DC/DC converter after FC power output is also installed in the cabinet to have the constant and stable 48 V output voltage requested ( 1 kW output power to the load ).

- 1 Voltiana electrolyser cabinet is capable of the following performance data:

Capacity, as hydrogen ( ref. dry gas) 0.20 Nm3 / h

Stack rated capacity, as hydrogen (with pury) 0.30 Nm3 / h

Controllable range 25 to 100 %

Hydrogen purity, by volume ( ref.dry gas) Stack 99,80 %

Hydrogen purity, by volume ( ref.dry gas) 99,95 %

Operating pressure 30 bar

Hydrogen humidity saturated

Power source electric 1.5 KW

(Power Aux 500W)

Voltage Power supply by DC bus , with MPPT 36Vdc (minim.)

Demineralised water (<5 μS /cm) consumption 0.3 L/h

Also all the Hydrogen pipeline ( valves and pressure reducers ) and storage ( 55 L bar @

30 bar ) are present inside the cabinet.

- FIAMM SMG 720 HP battery pack 48 VDC composed by 24 elements. The battery

elements are mounted inside the proper cabinet ready for the installation.



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Control System and Remote Monitoring

Figure 5 Control System

The equipment for the control system and the remote monitoring is based on the system designed and built by Algorab (unit AL/RES2).

It was chosen for its high flexibility in handling different external sensors, managing algorithms, acquiring and elaborating large amounts of data, handling several protocols and interfaces towards all the devices of the system.

The unit was customized in order to fit the requirements of the three different system configuration implemented in the trial according of the FC technology to be integrated ( Dantherm, GreenHydrogen, MES and IdaTech). Having a unique hardware and only customizing the firmware to interface with all the equipments, we were able to simplify the system making it adaptable and flexible for all the configurations to be implemented.

In general the control unit AL/RES2 is born to be the heart of the modern remote control systems and automation, in particular with regard to the acquisition and the transmission of data of measurements from probes of energy, PLC or transducers able to provide the values acquired through serial interfaces. It has been designed to support any links with other PLC, temperature controllers and other intelligent devices, implementing ad hoc communication drivers. The unit has local and remote connectivity and is also updatable remotely.

As said, in order to fulfill the requirements of this project some customizations and

additional features were designed and developed in the software of the AL/RES2:

Implementation of the control algorithm as described in Chapter 5 Deliverable 2.2

Target specifications;

Management of the analogic and digital probes for temperature, solar irradiation,

voltage, current;

Communication protocols with all the equipment of the system MOD BUS, CAN

BUS, TCP / IP (SNMP) and RS485.



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Hosting Telemetry Data for the physical and electrical values acquired by the

connected probes;

Hosting Telemetry Data for the physical and electrical values equipment acquired

by the individual system.

Fault Management Alarm Handling

Remote Control of the individual equipment by setting ON/OFF status of some

selected objects

Task 3.2 Production of systems for site installation in the field at end user sites according to the identified demands of each system group. To make the demonstration program broader the fuel cell systems for this project will be manufactured by two European fuel cell system manufacturers directly participating the consortium as well as a USA manufacturer which will act as a supplier to the Coordinator:

- Dantherm Power, Denmark

- MES, Switzerland

- Idatech, USA

The systems from both suppliers will be mounted in a cabinet and can be remotely monitored. This remote monitoring capability will be integrated with the data acquisition and analysis equipment provided by the R&D centres in charge of monitoring. Their respective products are deemed ready for commercialisation and therefore are suitable for demonstration under the scope of this project.

In particular, Dantherm will demonstrate the following CE certified products:

• DC output power of 1,7 kW properly integrated with local RES and H2 storage.

- FC NG (natural gas) system using 98% methane gas - Power: 900 W, Output voltage is 48Vdc

GreenHydrogen will demonstrate the following product:

• 1 Nm3/h electrolyser module that produces and stores hydrogen when the fuel cell is not in use

MES will demonstrate fuel cell systems from the DEA family, (CE certified ):

• Taking advantage from the modularity of the technology, will be used more 1kW DEA system connected in

parallel. In this way they will be able to work independently of each other ensuring greater system reliability.

•0.1 Nm3/h electrolyser module that produces and stores hydrogen when the fuel cell is not in use

The IDATECH fuel cell will be taken from the series ElectraGen™ ME with a Power Rating of 2.5 kW or 5 kW

This task has been postponed due to delay on the site preparation and rescheduled according to the new project time schedule



Page 13 of 13


3.1 Fuel Cell System for testing (M6). This deliverable has been completed in

M20. The Dantherm system has been installed for testing in the Uniroma2 lab

(M9, completed in M16 with the Green Hydrogen Electrolyzer). The MES system,

that has been delivered at the end of M20 and has yet to be installed in the

Uniroma2 lab.

3.2 Fuel Cell System for demonstration (M16). This deliverable has been

postponed




WP 4 System Optimization


Version 2.0 Report submission date: Dissemination level: RE Work Package 4 System Optimization Work Package Leader: Uniroma2 Contributors: Uniroma2, ERICSSON, JRC





Dissemination Level

PU Public







Page 2 of 8

Contact Details:






…, …

E-mail: …@...

Document Log:

Version

Date



2.0 Final Stefano Cordiner




Page 3 of 8

Table of Contents


2. Explanation of Resource Usage ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3. Status of deliverables ...................................................................................................... 8



Page 4 of 8

1. Expected vs Accomplished Tasks WP4 System Optimization is led by Uniroma2, with contributions of ERICSSON and JRC.

The single task, according to the DOW document, is given in the following lines. Expected Tasks are written in Italics.

This WP aims to identify critical issues and in case make further optimizations to the suggested system configurations to make the use of FC and H2 more effective with respect to actual solutions (mainly based on fossil fuels and traditional energy production technologies). The proper integration of FC and H2 characteristics in the RBS power generation system design as the critical key to the demonstration project success. Basic

targets of this preliminary experimental validation are:

- system availability which for the RBS station have to guarantee targets of more than 99%;

- total costs of ownership (TCO) which for the off grid stations are the result of a complex equilibrium between CAPex and OPex.

In this WP full tests will be performed on the systems installed in the R&D partner(s) labs. Results will be used in conjunction with the simulation tools to confirm and in case improve the system configurations. This task is considered separate from any maintenance work that may be needed while installation and preliminary testing are ongoing and it is seen as RTD effort. According to this it has been extracted from the WP 3 as in the original proposal and given a specific WP.

The Dantherm system, as installed in the Uniroma2 lab, has been tested with regard to its behavior under real radiation profile. In fact, as the design of the system (see WP2) was done with modeling tools based on simple and smooth radiation input data, the effects of real world radiation were neglected. With that regard, the most critical issues are related primarily to the impact of sudden variation of radiation, for example due to mildly cloudy weather, that may give unexpected/unstable behavior of the system. To verify the behavior of the system in such circumstances, the radiation profile measured on September 21st 2012 at the meteo station located in Uniroma2 lab has been chosen, that may be assumed as representative of an intermediate season mildly cloudy day. The general behavior of the system in configuration A, under a real world radiation profile, at Rome’s latitude, has been done in week 12 (2013). A daily profile registered on 2012/11/21 by the weather station installed at Uniroma2 (see plots of total/diffuse radiation and temperature) has been used (see Figure 1). The daily profile may be considered representative for an intermediate season (spring-fall), having a peak power of 500 W/m2 per unit kWp PV panel, and some intermittency due to cloud presence, especially around noon.



Page 5 of 8

Figure 1 Total/diffuse radiation over the day of September 21st 2012 (left) and measured temperature (right) in the Uniroma2 weather station.

A constant RBS load has been imposed to the system, equal to 1 kW. Tests have been started at 6 am with a battery SOC=50%. Fuel cell operating voltage, under forced conditions, has been set equal to 47.5 V. Tests have been stopped at 19:30, once steady conditions have been reached in terms of current delivered by the FC (see figure 2).

Power delivered by the PV panel, according to a 5 kWp PV size, is represented in the next figure, along with the steady power required by the RBS load.

Figure 2 Power output of the PV panel and required by the RBS load.

Bus voltage profile is characterized by the value of 47.5, as imposed by the FC while operating, and by a higher value as long as the PV panel is capable of delivering power (after 7 am), see Figure 3.



Page 6 of 8

Figure 3. Bus voltage measured over time during a test done with regard to radiation

data of September 21st 2012.

Current plot describes the power splitting during the day (Figure 4): it appears that the

fuel cell takes immediately the load, recharging the battery after the FC purge operation

(every minute), and then once power enough is available from the PV, the three sources

operate simultaneously. During the day time batteries are recharged once the radiation

power is enough (higher than the 1 kW required by the load), and the FC contribute is

given seldom during the day. Conditions, in terms of power and battery SOC, are such

that the FC is never turned into stand-by during the day. At night the prevailing FC power

delivery operating conditions are recovered about 1 h after the sunset (at 5:30 pm).

Figure 4 Current measured over time during a test done with regard to radiation data

of September 21st 2012. Current has been measured: downstream of the battery charger (E-box), upstream of the batteries (Batt), downstream of the Fuel Cell (FC) and at the load (Load).

Measured energy fluxes, expressed in kWh, during the 13:30 h operation are the

following:

Energy upstream of the PV panel (net from radiation): 62.63

Energy upstream of the battery charge10.33

Energy downstream of the battery charger: 9.65

Recharging battery energy (negative): 3.13

Discharging battery energy (positive): 0.81

Energy delivered by the FC: 6.42

A study on the influence of operating voltage has also been done. In fact, all the components are connected to a common bus, and then the operation of each component is decided depending on the setting of voltage thresholds. The PV panel voltage is the highest, so that the radiation power is exploited at the utmost, also thanks



Page 7 of 8

to a DC-DC converter that equips the battery charger. FC voltage thresholds are thus the most important to control the system as they are instrumental to have an influence on:

Fuel cell lifetime by means of the number of starts/stops

System efficiency by means of FC hydrogen consumption

The FC has three voltage thresholds: Setpoint1, 2 and 3, respectively controlling FC turn-on, FC operating voltage, and FC turn-off.

To that aim a model of the overall system has been implemented into Matlab-Simulink. Each submodel is based on the use of experimentally gathered characteristic curves of each component. The model has been validated via comparison with experimental data gathered at the Uniroma2 test-bench over a 6 hour accelerated test to have an evolution of the system similar to a regular 24h day. The evolution of the experimental and numerical bus voltage over the day is given in Figure 5: a satisfactory agreement between the experimental and numerical data has been achieved.

Figure 5. System Voltage Comparison Between Experimental Test and Simulation

The validated model has been therefore used to simulate the system behaviour over the year, according to the variation of the three voltage thresholds. A synthesis of the obtained results is given in Figure 6 where the number of FC starts and stops over the year is given. To that aim, setpoint1 has been set equal to 45V that is approximately corresponding to a battery DoD=50%, thus having an ideal compromise between hydrogen economy and battery life in terms of number of cycles.



Page 8 of 8

Figure 6. Number of starts and stops over the year as a function of FC voltage

thresholds with assigned setpoint1=45V.

2. Status of deliverables WP4 foresaw a Milestone MS4 which has been passed and is described in the

document FCpoweredRBS_MS4.docx






Version 1.0 Report submission date: Dissemination level: RE

Work Package 5 - Installation

Work Package Leader: ERICSSON Contributors: ERICSSON





Dissemination Level

PU Public X


RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services)





Page 2 of 13

Contact Details:



[Mario Savino]


[Federico Casaccia, Ericsson]


[Angela La Spisa, Ericsson]



…, …

E-mail: …@..

Document Log:

Version

Date


1.0 First revision Mario Savino






Page 3 of 13

Table of Contents


Task 5.1: Site preparation ................................................................................................................ 4

Preparation .................................................................................................................................. 4

Engagement ................................................................................................................................. 4

Site Selection ................................................................................................................................ 5

Task 5.2: Installation of fuel infrastructure that complies with local regulations. .......................... 7

Task 5.3: Installation of fuel cell systems ......................................................................................... 8

Example of site realization 1 Labbro ............................................................................................ 8

Example of site realization 2 - Sonnino ...................................................................................... 10

Task 5.4: Installation of testing and data acquisition equipment .................................................. 12

2. Status of deliverables .................................................................................................... 13



Page 4 of 13

1. Expected vs Accomplished Tasks WP5 Installation is led by ERICSSON, with contributions of ALL other partners.


Task 5.1: Site preparation

This task will deal with the specification of individual site requirements (indoor/outdoor, piping, cooling, hydrogen placement and transport, alarms to end-user control centres, etc….). It will also deal with the preparation of an installation layout for each site and the construction work necessary, if any, to accommodate the site for the installation of the complete system. A fundamental issue of this activity is represented by the permitting phase which may be demanding and time consuming. To fulfil the overall time schedule for the project this preliminary phase will start as soon the overall specification for each system will be designed. We anticipate that the kickoff meeting will also include an in-depth discussion of the site preparation issues that each site in which field trials are to be conducted.

Preparation

Before moving on to the actual plant design, a crucial phase was the study and preparation for the correct choice of the sites candidates. The initial sites based on a preliminary analysis was reviewed and updated along with the progress in the system architecture definition. The relevant findings were documented in the deliverable D5.1 Installation and permitting procedure on which we started working since the beginning of the project. The project is based on the following main assumptions / key constraints:

• The knowledge of the equipment and the operating logic of the station telephony;

• Availability of Italian operators; • System power 48V DC;

Impact on existing Warranty contracts on Radio equipment;

Italian regulation on legal Authorizations.

The selection was limited to the sites of the Italian Operators were Ericsson technology is in use in order to simplify the integration activities and the site maintenance.

Engagement

The engagement of the TelCO Operators (Telecom Italia, Wing and H3g) was longer than expected as we needed to assure their availability to use Radio Site in their live network. It was necessary to define a legal framework to work within defining, and afterwards proposing, a written contract to be approved by Operators management and Legal department. The negotiation was led by the Sales Office of the related Customer Unit of Ericsson and supported by the Project team and the Ericsson Legal Office.



Page 5 of 13

The contracts were signed with Telecom Italia and H3g. Unfortunately Wind took a late decision to not take part to the trial as they had a deep company re-organization which led to a cancellation of several not-core business projects. Consequently some of the negotiation and site selection work was wasted. The contract signed with TI and H3g stated the different aspects of the agreement, together to the standard Term and Condition in use for site handling:

• The collaboration requested to the Operators was free of charge for them; • No impact on normal operation of the chosen sites; • At the end of the trial the trial equipment would be removed if requested; • Full responsibility of Ericsson and partners in case of damage; • Open access to the trial results; • Maintenance process ad hoc for the sites under trial.

The topic about the protection of the parties required the longest negotiation as they found difficult to understand the advantages in being part of the trial. In the meantime we took the risk to start the site selection process. The contracts were signed with small differences between them. Telecom Italia signed on 24/01/2013 for usage of 8 sites with the gentleman agreement for other additional 5. H3G signed for 5 sites on 27/03/2013. In addition, we tried to get also Vodafone involved in the trial but the attempt was unsuccessful.

Site Selection

The architecture of system design consists of a photovoltaic structure, a battery pack, an equipment management and control, of a tank of hydrogen or methanol, of a Fuel Cell with eventual electrolyzer. The capacity of the photovoltaic average is about 5 kW, only one will have a capacity of 10 KW. The Fuel Cell for some plant is connected to an electrolyzer capable of producing hydrogen in an autonomous way by distilled water. Site selection criteria: • Depending on the characteristics of the equipment it was chosen to consider only

Indoor Radio Station avoiding the Outdoor ones in order to to maintain the integrity of certification of the radio apparatus. The outdoor Radio setup requires a some adaptation on the machine in order to use an external source of DC 48V with the risk to affect the normal site behaviour.

• The selected sites are equipped with a shelter (prefabricated metal for storage of

equipment); they are rural sites to be easier install the photovoltaic system. The condition of rural site also matches with the volatility characteristic of the hydrogen giving advantage in term of safety (in case of a gas leak). On the other side a better preventive protection system against vandalism is needed in most of the cases.

• The site needs around 35-40 square meters inside the fence of the site of the Radio

Site



Page 6 of 13

• The sites must have a correct solar radiation exposure and absence of shadow in order to optimize the functionality of the photovoltaic system.

• The existing site architecture should let place the new equipment in a way to not

interfere with the normal operation and maintenance activities. The realization of the project involved multiple items and more actors using the technical information as soon as available. Nevertheless some rework was needed as the needed technical specifications were not available fully on time. To consolidate the site section and so to start with the executive projects for the sites we needed to wait for the official contract signatures. When obtained a new site survey campaign started following as much as we can the operator’s suggestions. It was a joined work that took some time also to get the operator people better involved. The main idea was to operate in all the Italian territory in order to mediate the two concurrent requirements: having the widest distribution in latitude possible and having limited number of customer interfaces/departments to engage. In contact with Operators Headquarter and peripheral Units the sites selected at the beginning of the project had to be changed: More or less the same method was followed with both the Operators: a shortlist of new candidates were proposed by Ericsson according to the information we had from previous projects, this list was jointly evaluated and filtered based on the official Database (only in the Operators availability) when available. Finally a quite large amount of site surveys were done for the ultimate filtering. 13 Radio Base Station sites have been identified in the Telecom Italia network in the center of Italy area; instead 5 sites in the H3G network have been selected including in the south of Italy (region Calabria) and in the Center and North-East (regions Emilia, Marche, Umbria). The selection process was carried out with considerable difficulties due to lack of information about the sites. Neither Ericsson nor the customer people involved in our project have initially access to the right Database of sites. The initial selection was based on interviews with technical people, research on tools out of date and old documentation. However analyzing information from different sources we were been able to build a database with the needed details to have a suitable selection. The first evaluation was done based on the pre-existing architectural designs and analyzing satellite images (when available) to map the size, the orientation and the accessibility. In term of numbers, from the sites inserted in the first shortlist to the ones ultimately selected for the visit on site, the mortality of the candidates exceeded 60 - 70%. We found that the sites that best fitted to at least the size requirements, were the oldest ones, unfortunately for those it was more difficult to find the updated documentation. Only after the inspection it was possible to verify the correct exposure, shading effect, consumption and state of the radio equipment in operation as well as issues of access, ownership and boundary that can’t be evaluated otherwise. Finally, among the suitable candidates evaluated, they were selected were those with less complications of obtaining permission to construct, avoiding the sites with landscape constraints and with contractual problems between manager (TelCo Operators) and property.



Page 7 of 13

The site surveys were done jointly with Telecom Italia people to achieve a list of potential candidates 13 sites. The sites were divided into groups depending on the system configuration to be installed: • 5 sites with FC DANTHERM 3X1, 7 KWh (DBX2000 FC); • 2 sites with FC IdaTech 2.5 / 5 KWh methanol; • 2 sites with FC DANTHERM 3X1, 7 KWh (DBX2000 FC) + GREEN HYDROGEN

electrolyzer • 2 sites with MES FC 2x1.1 KWh + Voltiana NITIDOR electrolyzer • For 2 other sites the technology to be used has to be confirmed and will be based on

the project decision about the NG Fuel Cells initially part of the project. For the operator H3G: • 3 sites with FC DANTHERM 3X1, 7 KWh (DBX2000 FC) (12x50 x50 lt lt +2 H2 200

bar). • 2 sites with MES FC 2x1.1 KWh (16x40 x50 lt lt +1 200 bar H2) + Voltiana NITIDOR

electrolyzer (1x50 lt) 30 bar

Task 5.2: Installation of fuel infrastructure that complies with local regulations.

Either Hydrogen or Methanol or NG (natural gas) will be used as the fuel of choice in the different sites. The majority of sites will use compressed hydrogen cylinders or bundles. It is expected that the installation procedure will start earlier than the following tasks contained in this work package due to the added time it takes to put together the infrastructure and obtain required permits. The amount of hydrogen will depend on the result of the WP 2 activities and the autonomy demanded at each site. Drawing from the experience of all partners we expect that in this phase extensive educative efforts will be necessary both towards the owners of the site and the respective local authorities who will need to accept the system design and its safety.

The different technologies of FC are integrated with the photovoltaic plant to ensure the right amount of electrical energy in the absence of the solar contribution (nights or cloudt days). The distribution of the different technologies in the Radio sites selected is based both on the characteristics of the location and the equipment itself. It was decide to install the methanol FC by IdaTech in the few off-grid sites where, at the moment, the power supply is provided by a diesel generator. The other sites have been chosen and modified to host hydrogen technology FC. Some of them provided by Dantherm (two also with the Green Hydrogen electrolysers), the remaining ones equipped by MES (with the Nitidor electrolysers embedded). The executive projects along with the cabling options have been led by the need to minimize the impacts on the authorization request process toward local Administrations. In fact the existing law allows you the creation of small systems without specific controls by authorities (Fire Prevention Dpt, Firemen and other offices dealing with environment security INAIL (former ISPESL), ARPA etc.). On the other side in those systems, considered as small, it is in charge of the designer to adopt the best technical solutions in order to minimize the risks of damages. That’s why none of the sites will exceed the limit on the Geometric Capacity of the hydrogen tanks of 0.75 m3, which is the threshold in the Italian regulation to avoid the time consuming presentation of the Fire Prevention Certificate. Regarding the methanol instead the regulation is different and the limit is 1 cubic meter.



Page 8 of 13

Task 5.3: Installation of fuel cell systems

Fuel cells will be installed at each site and integrated with the necessary equipment, including existing network equipment, data acquisition components and hydrogen supply. Each unit will undergo a start-up procedure to ensure proper performance. ERICSSON will carry out these tasks in collaboration with final users and the R&D partners.

At the moment the architectural projects for 13 radio sites have been prepared and submitted to Telecom Italia pre-approval. After the feedback of the operator the same project will be presented to the related Local Administration. The normal lead-time to actually start civil works on site is 30 days. The actual list of the Radio sites is:

Site 1 Sonnino (LT) – LTT03D Idatech - Methanol

Site 2 Sant’Oreste (Rignano Flaminio, RM) – RMT746 Idatech - Methanol

Site 3 Sasso (Bracciano, RM) – RMT818 Dantherm

Site 4 Colle Turchina (Tarquinia, VT) – VTT063 Dantherm

Site 5 Bagni di Viterbo (Viterbo, VT) – VTT035 MES-DEA

Site 6 Fiano Romano (RM) – RMT813 MES-DEA

Site 7 Baschi 2 (Orvieto, TR) – VTT018 Dantherm

Site 8 Sassofreddo (Narni, TR) (10kw) – VTT007 Dantherm and Greenhydrogen

Site 9 Pofi (FR) – FRT007 Dantherm and Greenhydrogen

Site 10 Cervaro (FR) – FRT033 Dantherm

Site 11 Campoleone Scalo (Aprilia, LT) – LTT803 Dantherm

Site 12 Pescia Romana (Montalto di Castro , VT) - VTT049 Dantherm

Site 13 Monterosi (Sutri, VT) – VTT032 Dantherm

Example of site realization 1 Labbro



Page 9 of 13



Page 10 of 13

Example of site realization 2 - Sonnino

Actual:



Page 11 of 13



Page 12 of 13

Task 5.4: Installation of testing and data acquisition equipment

Data acquisition will be installed at each site, with remote monitoring and data logging capabilities included. Trial runs during start-up will be conducted to ensure that the equipment works properly. In many cases this data acquisition equipment will already be integrated into the fuel cell unit itself. We next present a table summarising the characteristics at the site already available for the test, including load, location, autonomy and partners in charge of each component.

The controls on the functionality of the system as well as the fault management of the plant are operated by the logic Control System Unit. All the measurements (from PV system, DC bus and single equipment) will be hosted in a server with also post-elaboration capability for graphs and consolidated reports. Several levels of access permission will be setup in the server in order to have differentiated account for Operators (read-only), Front Office O&M people and upper levels of support (Ericsson and partners). A specific trial phase was conducted to define and test the functionalities of all the elements one by one and then of the whole system. System tests will be conducted before putting the system into operation.



Page 13 of 13

2. Status of deliverables WP5 foresaw one deliverable D5.1 Installation and permitting procedure which has

been released.




WP 7 Testing


Version 1.0 Report submission date: Dissemination level: RE Work Package 7 - Testing Work Package Leader: Uniroma2 Contributors: Uniroma2





Dissemination Level

PU Public







Page 2 of 9

Contact Details:

Project coordinator: Dr. Rossella CARDONE - ERICSSON Telecomunicazioni S.p.A.





…, …

E-mail: …@...

Document Log:

Version

Date






Page 3 of 9

Table of Contents


2. Explanation of Resource Usage ................................................................................... 8

3. Status of deliverables ...................................................................................................... 8



Page 4 of 9

1. Expected vs Accomplished Tasks WP7 Testing is led by UNIROMA2, with contributions of ERICSSON and JRC.

The list of expected tasks, according to the DOW document, is given in the following lines in Italics.

Task 7.1 Definition of test architecture

This definition of the testing architecture will take into account issues such as:

• whether testing is to be carried out with an external device or integrated in the system

• necessary hardware components (PLC, modem, switches,...)

• data communications to send and store data on a remote server (GSM, other?)

• exact configuration of Radio Base system integration with testing equipment

Task 7.1 has been done completely as far as the laboratory trial section is concerned. To that aim a complete test bench has been realized in Uniroma2, and described in deliverable 7.1. The layout of the laboratory testing equipment is given in Figure 1. The PV generator simulates a PV panel through a DC power supply, that thus can be operated with whatsoever radiation profile, allowing for measurement of system overall performance and of the behavior of the sub-system (e.g. Fuel Cell sub-system, Electrolyzer sub-system, Battery bank, etc).

Figure 1 block diagram of laboratory test setup

Details of the testing implementation on the field during the actual on-site demonstration have still to be definitely assessed (ADD COMMENTS ERICSSON).

Task 7.2 Development of test protocol

This task entails the development of a testing protocol for each application to be valid as a benchmark protocol concerning basic requirements of the customers, possible extreme values and possible risks. The definition of the test protocol will be based on existent testing procedure (e.g. FCTESTNET/FCTESQA). The main purpose of the test standard is to confirm that these systems reach the objectives stated earlier. Thus, the test procedure will accurately estimate:

PV generator

DC bus (UDC)

RBS

Load

Electrolyzer Battery H2 storage

(PH2) Fuel cell

I,Up

v

Iel I

bat

ILoad

IFC

H

2f1 H

2f2

MPPT &

FCCS

Impp



Page 5 of 9

• The life of a backup device: the degradation of stack and cell voltages will be evaluated to determine lifetime.

• The reliability of the device

• Develop and evaluate an aging test of the system

• Quality of power output

• Stability of the device

• Analyse uncertainty boundaries of these evaluations

Field tests of the power generation units include the following phases:

• Start-up and Shut-down

• Load tests

Each field-trial will last at least six months, also depending on testing results. The overall testing phase covering all test-trials and field-trials will last totally no more than 18 months. Given that real field conditions in the telecommunications sector imply long term usage the test protocol will include a continuous monitoring of system performances to identify potential degradation. The work flow of the test routine will be part of the test protocol.

Task 7.2 has been done completely as far as the laboratory trial section is concerned. The complete description can be found in deliverable 7.2. The benchmark has been defined according to a 72h radiation profile, reported in Figure 2, that is representative of the FC-RBS system behavior over different seasons (winter first day, summer second day, intermediate seasons third day).

Figure 2 Simulated DC power input profiles of the PV panels (UPV (t) applied in the system performance characterisation test corresponding to bad weather, Spring equinox, variable

conditions

Radiation data have been generated assuming a latitude representative of Europe (47°), better described in deliverable 7.2. The RBS load has been assumed equal to 1 kW and constant over time, as this power value is representative on average of the behaviour of a RBS system. The variation of the load over time, that is also foreseen as depending on both traffic and weather conditions (for example due to the activation of free cooling or air conditioning systems) has been considered at this stage a second order effect.

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 720

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

time [h]

radi

atio

n [W

/mq]



Page 6 of 9

The benchmark would allow for the estimation of system and sub-system components performance in terms of efficiency and life consumption.

The aspects related to the benchmarking of units during on-site demonstration, and/or the definition/assessment of relations between laboratory and on-site tests have still not been assessed. (ADD COMMENTS ERICSSON)

Task 7.3 Benchmarking

The 2 units will be tested at research facilities for the purpose of benchmarking their performance using the

developed test protocol. This task is expected to provide a reference against which the data acquired from field

tests can be measured.

Benchmarking will start in month 6 and last for at least 6 months.

The R&D partners will be fully in charge of the benchmarking procedure.

Task 7.3 has been realized in Uniroma2 for the Dantherm system according to the benchmark reported in Figure 2.

Dantherm system configuration with electrolyzer is currently under testing1. The Dantherm system will thus be shipped to JRC lab for further benchmark testing. The MES system is currently under delivery, and thus additional time is required for installation, preliminary testing and benchmarking (ADD COMMENTS WHOEVER IF NEEDED).

Task 7.4 Data acquisition

The system will be tested according to the test protocol developed in 5.2.

These tests will include logging of physical operating variables (temperature, humidity, pressure,..) measurement technology and uncertainty. Parameters, i.e. performance (voltage-current, temperatures, reliability, response time, environmental factors and life-time) and other devices (battery, converter, coolant), will be stored into a commonly agreed –data reporting format (DRF). This will ease data presentation in tabulated and graphical form and enhances data comparison.

The acquisition of fuel cell system performance data at the end users’ sites will be done remotely with a standardised test routine for each group of end user. The method of logging and transferring data will be decided within task 4.1. All systems to be deployed already have integrated the capability of storing data, although in some cases, it is likely this will be done externally and the data transferred to a common server via an adequate communications protocol. To make best use of the Data Acquisition system the developers will also develop a training manual and hold training sessions with users, RTD Centres and manufacturers.

Data have been acquired during the benchmark testing at the lab of Uniroma2. Results tell that efficiencies of the sub-systems are perfectly in line with the declared nominal performance parameters (efficiency, H2 consumption, etc), and no problems have been met during the tests. Voltage evolution over the 72h is reported in Figure Current evolution during time, as measured in

1 Uniroma2 will probably add the results before the upload of the Midterm document.



Page 7 of 9

Figure 3 Bus voltage over time during the benchmark testing of Dantherm system.

Figure 3 Current measured over time during the benchmark testing of Dantherm system. Current has been measured: downstream of the battery charger (E-box), upstream of the

batteries (Batt), downstream of the Fuel Cell (FC) and at the load (Load).

Integral results are also reported in the following list, for the sake of completeness, as well as the sub-system efficiencies.

•Hydrogen used: 1.599 kg, corresponding to a chemical primary content of 53.299kWh

•Energy from radiation: 348.626 kWh

•Energy delivered by the PV panels: 54.555 kWh

•Energy delivered downstream of the battery charger: 51.352 kWh

•Battery negative (recharging) energy flux: 28.366 kWh

•Battery positive (discharging) energy flux: 21.806 kWh

•FC delivered energy: 29.182 kWh



Page 8 of 9

•Energy requested by the electronic load: 71.795 kWh

•Charge delivered by the battery charger: 1009 Ah

•Battery charge (charging): 556.03 Ah

•Battery charge (discharging): 453.23 Ah

•Charge delivered by the FC: 613 Ah

•Charge passed through the electronic: 1477.3 Ah

•Energy unbalance: 2.16 ± 5 kWh

•Charge unbalance: 42.6±100Ah

Performance indexes have also been calculated, based on the listed energy fluxes:

•FC Efficiency: 0.548

•PV Efficiency: 0.157

•Battery Charger Efficiency: 0.941

Dantherm system configuration with electrolyzer is currently under testing2. The Dantherm system will thus be shipped to JRC lab for further benchmark testing. The MES system is currently under delivery, and thus additional time is required for installation, preliminary testing and benchmarking.

Task 7.5 Field testing at end-user sites

The ERICSSON monitoring capability of remote sites will be the basis of the gathering on remote sites, The operation monitoring network for advanced RBS will be integrated with the measurement systems that will be mounted on the power generation section. The results of these measurements will then be made available to the data analysis toward a web base application. The main body of the test is nevertheless the use of the equipment in normal operations by the end user. Thus it will be necessary to train the users extensively in the use of the equipment and as is to expected that there is a change of personnel responsible for the on-site work on the user side, develop corresponding training materials so that a efficient re-training of new staff is possible

ADD COMMENTS (ERICSSON)

2. Explanation of Resource Usage TO BE DONE ONCE THE RESOURCE FORM IS COMPLETED


2 Uniroma2 will probably add the results before the upload of the Midterm document.



Page 9 of 9

7.1 Definition of test protocols (M12). This deliverable has been done, with a

slight delay (M15) with regard to the expected due date.

7.2 Results of Benchmarking (M32). This deliverable has been done partially, for

the sections concerning the laboratory tests performed at Uniroma2 on the

Dantherm system.




WP 9 Certification Midterm Progress Report

[systematic certification procedure for Fuel Cell] Version 1.1 Report submission date: 02/09/2013 Dissemination level: RE Work Package 9 [Certification] Work Package Leader: Dantherm Power A/S Contributors: Dantherm Power A/S

This project is co-financed by funds from the European Commission under Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking

Application Area SP1-JTI-FCH.4: Early Markets

Topic: SP1-JTI-FCH.2010.4.2 Demonstration of industrial application readiness of fuel cell generators for power supply to off-grid stations, including the hydrogen supply

solution

FCH-JU-2010-1 Grant Agreement Number 278921.

Dissemination Level

PU Public







FCpoweredRBS D 9 1_2013_09_02 2 of 12 Publicity Information (restricted)




Contact Details:

Coordinator: Giancarlo Tomarchio- ERICSSON Telecomunicazioni S.p.A

Document prepared by

[Jens Hovgaard, dantherm Power]


Document Log:

Version

Date


1 02-09-2013 Initial JHO





Table of Contents

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Work package description.................................................................................................... 5

Task 9.1 ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Task 9.2 ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Task 9.3 ...................................................................................................................................... 5

2. Specific to Deliverable 9.1 to 9.3 ................................................................................. 6

2.1 Specific to Deliverable 9. To 9.3) .......................................................................................... 6

Regulatory requirements ............................................................................................................. 6

Design of the system .................................................................................................................... 8

Certification path beyond the EEA ............................................................................................. 10

IEC 62282-3-100 and IEC 62282-3-300 TC 105 ............................................................................... 11

3. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 12




1. Introduction

1.1 Work package description

The WP leader is DANTHERM. They will be supported by the R&D partners and ERICSSON.

The final content of this WP is to prepare a proposal for a uniform systematic certification

procedure for Fuel Cell Systems for Off Grid RBS systems for the following countries: Italy,

Greece, Germany, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Austria.

To reach this goal the following steps are necessary:

Task 9.1: Analysis of existing requirements for the different system components which will be

used in test with specific reference to the Fuel Cell systems, the Electrolyzes and the gas supply

devices. As most of the components are already CE marked this phase will mainly highlight the

required step for a system level certification.

Task 9.2: Comparison of existing requirements for installation and use of Fuel Cell Systems.

This task will require a strong interaction with the final user and with the Site Engineering as it

will interact with the permitting phase. ERICSSON will be the major actor on this task

Task 9.3: Proposal for a uniform systematic certification procedure for Fuel Cell based power

generation system for off-grid Radio Base Systems Standardizations issues will be addressed

working with the industrial knowledge of the partners,. The WP leader Dantherm foresees to use

his expertise in this process. If support by expert consultants in the safety and certification and

standardization field would being required, consultants will be selected via competitive bid from qualified organizations such as KIWA Gastec, TUEV Sued Industrieservice GmbH,

Germanischer LLoyd, etc..




2. Specific to Deliverable 9.1 to 9.3

2.1 Specific to Deliverable 9. To 9.3)

Below is a description of the identified requirements for a telecom UPS system such the FCRBS telecom cabinet build by Dantherm Power. The requirements presented are the generic requirements from within the European Economic Area (EEA), thus being the requirements set forth by the European Union in the form of the mandatory EU directives. Following this a short design description will be presented to show how the systems has been designed to pass the required and identified regulatory demands.

Regulatory requirements

For the type of systems planned for FC Powered RBS a set of European standards has been identified. The standards are based on international standards, which in turn have been adapted to European standards under CEN1 and CENELEC2. The matrix below shows a selection of the relevant codes that will be used to show compliance to the AHJ for a typical FC Powered RBS site.

1 CEN: European Committee for Standardization

2 CENELEC: European Committee for Electro technical Standardization




Certification Path based on the current EEA Regulatory SituationSy

stem

EN

62

28

2-3

-10

0EU

-Dir

ecti

ves

Inst

alla

tio

nSu

b-S

yste

m

(pip

ing,

val

ves

pu

mp

s)O

ther

Fase 2

IEC/EN 62282-3-300

Controller/ElectricsEN 60950-1EN 60204-1EN 60335-1 EN 60730-1

StackIEC/EN 62282-2

&ANSI/CSA America

FC1

EMC EN 61000-6-2

Immunity IndustrialEN 61000-6-3

Emission residential

Valves EN 161 (or IEC 60730-2-17)

Risk AssessmentFTA IEC/EN 61025HAZOP IEC 61882

MD ISO 12100

Compressors & pumps in Fuel Supply System.

(Various)

PipingISO 15649

Piping (Hydrogen side)ISO/TR 15916

Annex C

Explosive gas atmospheresIEC 60079-10

EMC EN 61000-3-2

Harmonic current emissions

EN 61000-3-3Voltage changem

flicker….

FPS (electrolysis)ISO 16110-1

GAD/MD

LVD

EMC-D

Mix

Gastechnical, Thermal and Mechanical

Upper level electrical safety, (some control strategy)

Covering one or more directive/area

Emission, Immunity, Surge, Burst, ESD ...

Once the upper level design of the sites and the location of these have been specified

attention to regional and national approvals must be taken. These requirements are

requirements that will affect each site and must be followed in order to obtain the

approval of commissioning and use of systems. The amount of local requirements varies

much from country to country and can only be identified after site selection. Usually the

process will be finalized with the AHJ3 upon commissioning. This process must be

expected as part of the workflow for the broader FC Powered RBS project.

3 Authority Having Jurisdiction




Design of the system

There are a wide range of designs governed by specific codes and standards. Below

follows just a short example of the regulatory driven design of the FC Powered RBS

cabinet. The main drivers for the design of the fuel cell systems are:

1. EN 62282-3-1 Stationary fuel cell power systems – Safety 2. EN 62282-3-300 Stationary fuel cell power systems - Installation 3. EN 60079-10 Classification of areas – Explosive gas atmospheres 4. EN 12100 (risk assessment) or HAZOP risk assessments 5. EN 61439-1 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies

Fuel cell systems have been designed and approved to EN 62282-3-1. The systems will

be re-certified for the new European standard EN 62282-3-100 during the first months

of 2014.

A) The gas cylinder cabinet is placed in an open and well ventilated environment. This design input is based on both 1, 2 and 3). It is seen that the entire exterior of the cabinet is perforated by holes ensuring adequate ventilation as described in 3)4 B) The valve block is placed in the environment of the bottle cabinet. The justification for this is based on CFD and engineering reports showing compliance to EN 60079-10 C) Exhaust from the fuel cells (one pr. system) Based on regulatory requirements from 1 & 3) the exhaust from the fuel cell is divided into process exhaust and pruge5 from the fuel cells. The purge is

not directed into the bottle cabinet.

4 To show compliance to EN 60079-10 CFD analysis and engineering reports have been made.

5 Purge: The fuel cell stacks are purged by 100% hydrogen periodically for no more than 200 msec.




D) An example of a feature based on the risk assessment. There is a bracket and a metal bar ensuring that the gas cylinders wont tumble or be dislocated. Furthermore its design is meant to ensure that the door can’t be closed without this safety precaution being utilized.

E) The intake of process air to the fuel cell systems have been designed to be placed at a certain distance from the exhaust of the purge. This distance are based on regulatory requirements from 1, 2 & 3).

An equal process must be applied onto the architecture of the entire sites and

installations once specified trough the FC Powered RBS project. The work is best

performed by a structural analysis once specific sites and architectural requirements

have been determined.




Certification path beyond the EEA

Below is a graphical illustration of how the regulatory driven design can be used in other areas outside of Europe. Below is a simple graphical illustration of the path that can be taken to further mark/certify and gain approvals for other markets.

EEC The Americas Pacific Rim

EN 62282-3-100European standard

that have to be adopted by all EEC

countries

USAANSI/CSA AMERICA

FC 1Also a UL path based on this

standard.

China has specific standards. But has recently adopted

IEC 62282-3-1

Japan has specific standards and are also adopting IEC

62282-3-1 to JIS C.

Korea has specific standards and are also adopting IEC 62282-3-1 to KS C

IEC.

CanadaANSI/CSA AMERICA

FC 1

Canada is also working on

adopting IEC 62282-3-1 as a national

standard

CSA & KIWA

It is seen that IEC 62282-3-100 is the most common fuel cell standard used. Therefore

building according to this would give some benefits on a later stage if moving into other

markets. Apart from the countries described here, a list of countries participating or

observing the work done on IEC 62822-3-100 can be found on the next page.

There is an orange arrow to indicate the collaboration that CSA International and KIWA

Gastec has. They have made collaboration where they accept each other’s test results,

which is very unheard of in his world. Of course IEC 62282-3-1 and ANSI/CSA America

FC 1 are different, but collaboration between certification agencies can help the

transition from one market into another.




IEC 62282-3-100 and IEC 62282-3-300 TC 105

In the table below it is seen which countries are involved in the development of the

international standards and thus also in which countries our chosen path towards

commissioning of a FC Powered RBS site can be expected to follow the same path in

these areas.

Country Country Code P/O Status IEC Membership

Austria AT O-Member Full Member

Australia AU O-Member Full Member

Belgium BE O-Member Full Member

Brazil BR O-Member Full Member

Canada CA P-Member Full Member

Switzerland CH O-Member Full Member

China CN P-Member Full Member

Czech Republic CZ P-Member Full Member

Germany DE P-Member Full Member

Denmark (Dantherm Power

represented in this group) DK P-Member Full Member

Egypt EG P-Member Full Member

Spain ES P-Member Full Member

Finland FI P-Member Full Member

France FR P-Member Full Member

United Kingdom GB P-Member Full Member

Israel IL P-Member Full Member

Iran IR O-Member Full Member

Italy IT P-Member Full Member

Japan JP P-Member Full Member

Korea, Republic of KR P-Member Full Member

Netherlands NL P-Member Full Member

Norway NO O-Member Full Member

Poland PL O-Member Full Member

Portugal PT O-Member Full Member

Romania RO O-Member Full Member

Serbia RS O-Member Full Member

Sweden SE O-Member Full Member

Thailand TH O-Member Full Member

Turkey TR O-Member Full Member

United States of America US P-Member Full Member

South Africa ZA O-Member Full Member




3. Conclusion The work done to date has been related to summarizing the demands across the EU to integrate fuel cells into real life sites. It has been made by using the highest level of regulation demands into the products for this project. This should ensure that future installations should be simpler. During the next period Dantherm power will gather more info from the rest of the projects participants to follow up on regulation demands and participants desires.




Workpackage 10 Dissemination Plan Proposal

Version 1.1 Dissemination level: CO Work Package 10 [Dissemination] Work Package Leader: Università di Roma Tor Vergata

This project is co-financed by funds from the European Commission under

Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking

Application Area SP1-JTI-FCH.4: Early Markets

Topic: SP1-JTI-FCH.2010.4.2 Demonstration of industrial application readiness of fuel cell generators for power supply to off-grid stations, including the hydrogen supply

solution

FCH-JU-2010-1 Grant Agreement Number 278921.

Dissemination Level

PU Public

PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) PP






FCpoweredRBS 2 of 12 Restricted

Contact Details:

Coordinator: Dr. Giancarlo Tomarchio - ERICSSON Telecomunicazioni S.p.A

Document prepared by

[Stefano Cordiner, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”]


Document Log:

Version

Date


1.1 13/11/2012 First Draft Cordiner

2 30/08/2013 Final Cordiner





1. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Objectives of the Dissemination plan .................................................................................. 4 1.2. Dissemination Strategy ........................................................................................................ 4

1.3. Main dissemination action lines ....................................................................................... 5

2. Dissemination Methodology ......................................................................................... 5 2.1 Raising Awareness ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 The FCPoweredRBS Dissemination Team ............................................................................ 6 2.3 Dissemination Success Indicators ........................................................................................ 7 2.4 Disseminating Project Results .............................................................................................. 7

3. Dissemination Tools ........................................................................................................ 8 3.1 The FCPoweredRBS Website ................................................................................................ 8 3.2 Project identification: The FCPoweredRBS logo .................................................................. 9 3.3 Brochure ............................................................................................................................... 9

4. Strategy for Scientific Dissemination ........................................................................ 9 4.1 Journals and Magazines ..................................................................................................... 10 4.2 Conferences and Workshops ............................................................................................. 10

5. Synergistic action with other FCH-JU projects ..................................................... 10

6. Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 11 6.2 Abstracts ............................................................................................................................ 11




1. Introduction

1.1. Objectives of the Dissemination plan The objective of the Dissemination Plan is to identify and organise the activities to be performed in order to promote the commercial exploitation of the project’s results and the widest dissemination of knowledge from the project. The plan is expanded in two directions: towards the marketing activities in order to enhance the commercial potential of the system and towards the notification of project’s results in the scientific, EC and general RTD sector. Dissemination is a horizontal activity and concentrates on disseminating the results of FCPoweredRBS project itself to a wide range of existing or potential stakeholders.

The FCPoweredRBS project aims to demonstrate the advantages of hydrogen and fuel cells with the supporting hydrogen refuelling infrastructure for delivering the expected power supply service in remotely located Radio Base Station, compared to the solutions used today. Off-grid sites power generation is often limited by energy availability for remote site. Whereas the integrate use of PV with batteries may allow for prolonged operations. FC based solution may both increase the hours of unattended operation due to the higher efficiency and to the storage potential of H2 or Methanol.

The Project furthermore aims to test a significant number of real sites representing a very significant large scale demonstration which will allow a complete assessment of the technology to this specific application and to this very interesting early market.

The Dissemination Plan would then represent the fundamental tool to disseminate the new information which will be gathered during the research and demonstration phases of the Project. The aim of this activity is then to assure that the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technology will be appropriately considered for use in reaching decisions, making changes, or taking other specific actions in the specific Telecom Market as well as in other similar application. According to that, the general goal of dissemination is foster the new technology utilization

To fulfil these aims, the FCPoweredRBS project will work through various carefully focused groups and committees through formal and informal mechanisms. Clear channels of communications between the project partners themselves as well as with the wider community will play a crucial role in the success of the project.

1.2. Dissemination Strategy Dissemination activities will be carried out with the objective of publicizing FCPoweredRBS into relevant domains and specifically disseminating project results to targeted audiences. Thus, the approach for dissemination is addressed to fulfil these expectations which are considered crucial for further commercial exploitation of FCPoweredRBS solutions, as well as to establish a critical mass around the proposed technology by increasing the number of final customers directly or indirectly involved in the project development.




1.3. Main dissemination action lines The dissemination strategy defines an agenda to promote the widespread adoption of FCPoweredRBS technologies, which includes the definition of the essential marketing characteristics and the elaboration of an effective action for the wide dissemination of project results. Activities to ensure wide visibility and identification of the project have been planned as part of a marketing driven dissemination campaign. These actions include:

• Design of the FCPoweredRBS brand (logo, colour scheme, style sheets) • Production and distribution of promotional materials such as: flyers, posters,

brochures, booklets, bookmarks, etc.. • Participation in relevant events, exhibitions, workshops, specialised international

meetings, etc. • Systematic targeting and recruitment of potential customers (e.g. the Telecom

Operators) to build consensus around project initiatives and valorise project results

• Establishing synergies with relevant projects to help extend the scope of dissemination results to new fields in both national and international domains

Once final results will be available and the technology will be definitively assessed,

the launch of a media campaign existing of public relations, featured articles in magazines, ejournals, forums, mailing lists, press releases, will be evaluated.

2. Dissemination Methodology For the FCPoweredRBS project to effectively communicate with the external world, a defined dissemination methodology is needed. The FCPoweredRBS dissemination methodology is sustained by the following key points which define the dissemination plan:

• Raising Awareness • Engaging the entire consortium; The Dissemination Team • Map and timetable to reach the targeted dissemination phases; Dissemination

Effectiveness Indicators • Effectively disseminating project results to target audiences

2.1 Raising Awareness In order to effectively raise awareness and target appropriate audiences, the following questions must be analysed:

• Who can benefit from the results of this project and how? • Why this project is important for the target audience? • When can significant results of the project be demonstrated? • How can the Dissemination Team efficiently contact potential end users?

FCPoweredRBS is addressing these challenges by employing established

dissemination techniques through various communication channels. These techniques will include the professional design, production, and distribution of FCPoweredRBS




dissemination material (booklets, brochures, posters, etc..). This material will be distributed at designated conferences, workshops, or EC events attended by FCPoweredRBS partners. The dissemination material is distributed in electronic format by email to interested parties and will be accessible on the project website in a specific section. The dissemination strategy is contingent on the introduction of FCPoweredRBS into new settings within the audiovisual domain. Consortium partners will serve an expedient role in the diffusion of project results. Project results are demonstrated in a variety of ways, including the presentation of FCPoweredRBS at relevant events such as: conferences, exhibitions, poster sessions, workshops, communication material distribution opportunities, etc.. These events are researched and posted on the project communication website in order to promote an active participation by Partners.

Training also constitutes a pragmatic extension of the dissemination strategy. Training offers direct results to the dissemination effort, and is instrumental in establishing and aggregating a critical mass around FCPoweredRBS initiatives. The training programme contributes to disseminating and valorizing project results and techniques. Training will catalyze the widespread diffusion of project solutions and help further establish FCPoweredRBS in the Telecom domain by boosting the overall visibility of the project. The results from the training modules will be beneficial to the project in several distinct ways. Trainees will become a body that will be instrumental in disseminating project results in their own companies. This group will be able to explain project methodologies and provide new users with a background knowledge in complex system services and functionalities. This dissemination of technological proficiency will ideally have a domino effect on the further adoption of FCPoweredRBS services to new genres of users in diverse professional settings.

In the interest of extending the scope of dissemination efforts, FCPoweredRBS

intends to establish synergies with other projects in the field of Telecommunications and is interested in improving coordination in specific areas. The planning of joint events, the sharing and integration of information provided on the web, and the preparation of common dissemination material are among the actions that may be undertaken to foster collaboration among the projects. Also, significant in terms of dissemination may be joint initiatives and the exchange of information resources with other major international players in the field.

Planning the effective dissemination of the project progress and results requires that the partners share the same guidelines and planning strategy. The dissemination activities may be carried out at the level of partners’ own organisations at the consortium level, regionally or nationally, across the EU, and globally. For potential target audiences, the dissemination strategy defines:

• The objective of the dissemination • What will be transmitted (flyer, communication papers and booklets,

questionnaires, brochures, deliverables, etc.) • When this dissemination will take place and how it will be performed • What specific services can be offered • How to properly sustain members

2.2 The FCPoweredRBS Dissemination Team




The Consortium will designate a team of members dedicated to the implementation of established dissemination models and guidelines. This team will consists of one representative from each partner organization and is responsible to effectively disseminate project results to the widest possible audience, in order to generate a critical mass around the project, demonstrate FCPoweredRBS project results and initiatives, and establish the project as a well-known player in the audiovisual research field. The Dissemination Team will also help foster a community spirit among the consortium, and be instrumental in increasing the circulation of information among partners. A balanced approach throughout the entire consortium will help extend dissemination activities into local, national, and international levels. The following functions of the Dissemination Team have been defined:

• Help contact and refer potentially new interested customers • Communicate with partner responsible for dissemination with

requests/suggestions for new dissemination materials and/or needs. (New material can be produced on request)

• Contribute to the population of the project website (new content, relevant events, news, links, etc..)

• Produce and distribute press releases • Organise opportunities for the involvement of external actors in the project’s

activities • Promote the organisation of focused events by publicizing them on the project

website • Moderate online discussions, mailing lists, and/or newsgroups • Assist in the timely and detailed response to technical inquiries

2.3 Dissemination Effectiveness Indicators In the table below, several Dissemination Effectiveness Indicators have been defined in order to precisely track the progress of dissemination efforts in terms of tangible results. If Indicators are being fulfilled according to the quotas below, dissemination activities can be regarded as successful. DEI will be analysed on a periodic basis to track success, and pinpoint areas for improvement.

Dissemination Effectiveness Indicators (DEI) Indication M24 M36 Relevant events, conferences, expositions, platforms, etc. attended where FCpoweredRBS was represented

Number of event

Communication Website Impact Number of contacts

Synergies established with external projects and initiatives

Common meetings

Specific final users involvement Specific presentations

Training projects Number

2.4 Disseminating Project Results The scheduled completion of specific research and demonstration activities outlined in the DoW will present the consortium with new opportunities to demonstrate project results. FCPoweredRBS results are directly presented to potential end users through the




demonstration activities. Further potential users will also be involved by means of presentations, and also by exploiting the contact bases of the partners in the consortium.

In order to integrate FCPoweredRBS results into new multi-industry scenarios, technical demonstrations of FCPoweredRBS will be produced to present project solutions and outcomes, and how end-users can benefit from them. The consortium as a whole is requested to pro-actively collaborate to provide information in order to find new venues and contacts to disseminate specific project results and aggregate a Federation of interested stakeholders. This task is being achieved by pooling resources and contact bases among the consortium, publishing quality content on the communication website, sharing information concerning relevant events, and utilizing communication material provided by the partner responsible for dissemination.

3. Dissemination Tools Different dissemination materials have been produced or will be produced throughout the entire course of the project. More specifically, in addition to the materials described in the following chapters, the dissemination materials will be designed and studied according to different communication needs, to various event typologies and being tailored to closely follow the evolution of the project. All the materials with a text describing the project to a significant length appear with the official disclaimer: “FCpoweredRBS is co-financed by European funds from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking under FCH-JU-2010-1 Grant Agreement Number 278921. The author is solely responsible for the content of this paper. It does not represent the opinion of the European Community, and the European Community is not responsible for any use that might be made of data appearing therein.”

3.1 The FCPoweredRBS Website The FCPoweredRBS website: http://www.fcpoweredrbs.eu/ serves an essential role in the overall project because it functions as the principle communication tool to disseminate project results. It provides a wide array of functionalities including: document uploading/downloading, FCPoweredRBS events registration, news, and more importantly serves as the communication hub of the FCPoweredRBS Consortium. The website will be the main source of information on the project, on its initiatives such as events and training modules. It provides several services to Consortium partners and members of the FCPoweredRBS The website has been designed also to collect user statistics in order to support its management




Specific characteristics of the Website are illustrated in the relative Deliverable D10.1

3.2 Project identification: The FCPoweredRBS logo The dissemination of the project starts with the project visibility. The project identity is linked with a graphically coherent and consistent representation of the FCPoweredRBS logo on project results and documentation. This will appear at every event, presentation, newsletter, deliverable (both public and restricted), leaflet, sticker, etc. and will be consistent with its style. An attractive graphical representation helps provide interested parties with the message that the project conveys.

Figure 1 Project Logo

3.3 Brochure A brochure dedicated to the Project will been designed and printed in order to summarize the project methods, objectives, and benefits available both on paper and on-line on the FCPoweredRBS communication website

4. Strategy for Scientific Dissemination The considerations made above for general dissemination should be considered also for the specific scientific strategy. In this case the preferred media for the Dissemination process are represented by Scientific Journals and selected Conference and workshops.





4.1 Journals and Magazines The journal publications are planned for the later phase of project when the results and findings of the project research will be available. The FCPoweredRBS project consortium will target the following scientific journals and magazines to disseminate its research results and findings. - Journal of Hydrogen Energy - Applied Energy - Energy

4.2 Conferences and Workshops The list of conferences and workshops relevant to the project will also be defined in a later phase and will be kept updated in the web site and project repository. Each partner detecting a new opportunity is expected to circulate the information to the consortium, update the List of Conferences Table and, if possible, upload to the repository the relevant Call For Papers. The objective is to be present – through the submission of papers and posters – in the most relevant conferences. Two abstracts have been submitted for the participation to the 2013 European Fuel Cell Conference and the Fuel Cell Seminar 2013, to present updated results gathered in the project, and more specifically regarding the benchmark cycle and measurements obtained until now in the Uniroma2 labs. The participation to these conferences will then be a way to share the knowledge developed by the research group during the first half of the project, and having at the same time a feedback on the validity of made assumptions. Other Conference with more Telecom specific target will be identified in a later phase according to their timing with respect to Project significant results.

5. Synergistic action with other FCH-JU projects

The FCpoweredRBS project has a specific action aiming to maximize the interaction with other project supported by the FCH-JU in similar fields by means of a proper synchronization of dissemination and diffusion activities. Part of this task has been subcontracted. A significant result of this action has been the strong connection with the FITUP project (FCH-JU Grant Agreement No. 256.766) which is also a Demonstration project in the Early Market field and which has leaded to two significant acheivements:

- A strong relationship with respect to the LCA analysis, which will be conducted for both projects by UNIROMA2. This would significantly help in the development of a common framework of evaluation for the FC application in the Telecom sector;

- A preliminary agreement on common presentation activities of projects results and the opportunity of discussing and presenting in a unique event the




achievements of the proposed solutions in order to focus the potential customer attention without dispersing information.

6. Appendices

6.2 Abstracts European Fuel Cells Conference

FCPowered RBS: a demonstration project to supply Telecom Stations through FC technology

Giacomo Bruni, Stefano Cordiner, Vincenzo Mulone

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma Italy

Andrea Giordani, Mario Savino, Giancarlo Tomarchio


ERICSSON Italy, via Anagnina 203 00118 Roma, Italy

Thomas Malkow, Georgios Tsotridis

[email protected], [email protected]

EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy

and Transport, PO Box 2, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands

Soren Bodker

[email protected]

DANTHERM POWER A/S, Majsmarken 1, DK-9500 Hobro, Denmark

Jorgen Jensen

[email protected]

GREENHYDROGEN.DK, Platinvej 29B, DK-6000 Kolding, Denmark

Roberto Bianchi, Gianmario Picciotti,


MES S.A. R&D Fuel Cell, Via Cantonale 5 - CH 6855 Stabio, Switzerland

FC and H2 may represent a valid solution to foster the use of renewable sources to power Radio

Base Stations (RBS) for telecom applications. The solution here described involves the use of PV

panels coupled to batteries, by using H2 bottles to feed FCs as “range extenders”. The solution is

thus ideal for off-grid site management, and in that context a demonstration project has been

funded in the FCH-JU European project named “FCpoweredRBS: Demonstration Project for

Power Supply to Telecom Stations through FC technology”, which has been kicked-off in

January 2012. Activities of that project are described in this paper.

Activities done so far include system design, with special regard to power splitting logic, and

related control issues, as well as lab experimental testing. Battery bank sizing has been

particularly critical in the design phase, and to that aim design tools specifically developed in the

Consortium have been used to understand the link between system efficiency and battery bank

sizing.

System testing activities in the lab are aimed at both verifying design assumptions and

understanding the impact of design parameters on system performance. Special attention has been

focused on the development of a benchmark cycle, to fully characterize system performance with

relatively affordable and repeatable experimental testing, and have reliable input data to estimate

the Total Cost of Ownership. A Hardware In the Loop (HIL) lab, simulating the PV with power

supply units and the RBS with electronic load, and having physically installed all other system

components, has been used to achieve the mentioned target.
















The demonstration project will eventually foresee the installation of several configurations of the

system in several “really operating” sites in Italy, to measure real world performance and

reliability indicators over significant time periods.

Fuel Cell Seminar 2013

FCPowered RBS: a demonstration project to supply Telecom Stations through FC technology

Giacomo Bruni, Stefano Cordiner, Vincenzo Mulone


Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma Italy

Andrea Giordani, Mario Savino, Giancarlo Tomarchio


ERICSSON Italy, via Anagnina 203 00118 Roma, Italy

Thomas Malkow, Georgios Tsotridis


EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy

and Transport, PO Box 2, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands

Soren Bodker

[email protected]

DANTHERM POWER A/S, Majsmarken 1, DK-9500 Hobro, Denmark

Jorgen Jensen

[email protected]

GREENHYDROGEN.DK, Platinvej 29B, DK-6000 Kolding, Denmark

Roberto Bianchi, Gianmario Picciotti,


MES S.A. R&D Fuel Cell, Via Cantonale 5 - CH 6855 Stabio, Switzerland

FC and H2 may represent a valid solution to foster the use of renewable sources for Radio Base

Stations (RBS) operation for telecom applications. The solution here described involves the use

of PV panels with batteries, by using H2 bottles to feed FCs as range extenders during winter

days, and electrolyzers to increase the storage capacity of batteries during summer days. The

solution is thus ideal for off-grid site management, and in that context a demonstration project has

been funded in the FCH-JU European project named “FCpoweredRBS: Demonstration Project

for Power Supply to Telecom Stations through FC technology”, which has been kicked-off in

January 2012. Activities of that project are described in this submission.

Activities done so far include system design, with special regard to power splitting logic, and

related control issues, as well as lab experimental testing. Battery bank sizing has been

particularly critical in the design phase, and to that aim design tools specifically developed in the

Consortium have been used to understand the link between system efficiency and battery bank

sizing.

System testing activities in the lab are aimed at both verifying design assumptions and

understanding the impact of design parameters on system performance. Special attention has been

focused on the development of a benchmark cycle, to fully characterize system performance with

relatively affordable and repeatable experimental testing, and have reliable input data to estimate

the Total Cost of Ownership. A Hardware In Loop (HIL) lab, simulating the PV with power

supply units and the RBS with electronic load, and having physically installed all other system

components, has been used to achieve the mentioned target.

The demonstration project will eventually foresee the installation of several configurations of the

system in several “really operating” sites in Italy, to measure real world performance and

reliability indicators over significant time periods.
















WP 4 Optimization of System Design Milestone MS4, First System Test Results

Version 1.0 Report submission date: Dissemination level: RE Work Package 4 – Optimization of system design Work Package Leader: Uniroma2 Contributors: Uniroma2





Dissemination Level

PU Public



CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) X




Page 2 of 12

Contact Details:





Document Log:

Version

Date



2.0 Final




Page 3 of 12

Table of Contents

1. System preliminary tests under real radiation profiles ..................................... 4

2. Benchmark preliminary tests: Dantherm configuration A (w/o

electrolyzer) ............................................................................................................................... 7

3. Benchmark preliminary tests: Dantherm configuration B (with

electrolyzer) ............................................................................................................................. 10



Page 4 of 12

1. System preliminary tests under real radiation profiles

The Dantherm system, as installed in the Uniroma2 lab, has been tested with regard to its behavior under a real radiation profile, as acquired in the weather station installed at Uniroma2. In fact, as the design of the system (see WP2) was done with modeling tools based on simple and smooth radiation input data, the effects of real world radiation were neglected. With that regard, the main issues are related primarily to the impact of sudden variation of radiation, for example due to mildly cloudy weather, that may give unexpected/unstable behavior of the system. To verify the behavior of the system in such circumstances, the radiation profile measured on September 21st 2012, that is representative of an intermediate season mildly cloudy day, has been chosen. The general behavior of the system in configuration A, under a real world radiation

profile, at Rome’s latitude, has been done in week 12 (2013). A daily profile registered

on 2012/11/21 by the weather station installed at Uniroma2 (see plots of total/diffuse

radiation and temperature) has been used (see Figure 1). The daily profile may be

considered representative for an intermediate season (spring-fall), having a peak power

of 500 W/m2 per unit kWp PV panel, and some intermittency due to cloud presence,

especially around noon.

Figure 1 Total/diffuse radiation over the day of September 21st 2012 (left) and measured temperature (right) in the Uniroma2 weather station.

A constant RBS load has been imposed to the system, equal to 1 kW. Tests have been

started at 6 am with a battery SOC=50%. Fuel cell operating voltage, under forced

conditions, has been set equal to 47.5 V. Tests have been stopped at 19:30, once

steady conditions have been reached in terms of current delivered by the FC (see figure

2).

Power delivered by the PV panel, according to a 5 kWp PV size, is represented in the

next figure, along with the steady power required by the RBS load.



Page 5 of 12

Figure 2 Power output of the PV panel and required by the RBS load.

Bus voltage profile is characterized by the value of 47.5, as imposed by the FC while

operating, and by a higher value as long as the PV panel is capable of delivering power

(after 7 am), see Figure 3.

Figure 3. Bus voltage measured over time during a test done with regard to radiation

data of September 21st 2012.

Current plot describes the power splitting during the day (Figure 4): it appears that the

fuel cell takes immediately the load, recharging the battery after the FC purge operation

(every minute), and then once power enough is available from the PV, the three sources

operate simultaneously. During the day time batteries are recharged once the radiation

power is enough (higher than the 1 kW required by the load), and the FC contribute is

given seldom during the day. Conditions, in terms of power and battery SOC, are such

that the FC is never turned into stand-by during the day. At night the prevailing FC power

delivery operating conditions are recovered about 1 h after the sunset (at 5:30 pm).



Page 6 of 12

Figure 4 Current measured over time during a test done with regard to radiation data of September 21st 2012. Current has been measured: downstream of the battery charger (E-

box), upstream of the batteries (Batt), downstream of the Fuel Cell (FC) and at the load (Load).

Measured energy fluxes, expressed in kWh, during the 13:30 h operation are the

following:

Energy upstream of the PV panel (net from radiation): 62.63

Energy upstream of the battery charge10.33

Energy downstream of the battery charger: 9.65

Recharging battery energy (negative): 3.13

Discharging battery energy (positive): 0.81

Energy delivered by the FC: 6.42

A study on the influence of operating voltage has also been done. In fact, all the components are connected to a common bus, and then the operation of each component is decided depending on the setting of voltage thresholds. The PV panel voltage is the highest, so that the radiation power is exploited at the utmost, also thanks to a DC-DC converter that equips the battery charger. FC voltage thresholds are thus the most important to control the system as they are instrumental to have an influence on:

Fuel cell lifetime by means of the number of starts/stops

System efficiency by means of FC hydrogen consumption

The FC has three voltage thresholds: Setpoint1, 2 and 3, respectively controlling FC turn-on, FC operating voltage, and FC turn-off.

To that aim a model of the overall system has been implemented into Matlab-Simulink. Each submodel is based on the use of experimentally gathered characteristic curves of each component. The model has been validated via comparison with experimental data gathered at the Uniroma2 test-bench over a 6 hour accelerated test to have an evolution of the system similar to a regular 24h day. The evolution of the experimental and numerical bus voltage over the day is given in Figure 5: a satisfactory agreement between the experimental and numerical data has been achieved.

Figure 5. System Voltage Comparison Between Experimental Test and Simulation

The validated model has been therefore used to simulate the system behaviour over the

year, according to the variation of the three voltage thresholds. A synthesis of the



Page 7 of 12

obtained results is given in Figure 6 where the number of FC starts and stops over the

year is given. To that aim, setpoint1 has been set equal to 45V that is approximately

corresponding to a battery DoD=50%, thus having an ideal compromise between

hydrogen economy and battery life in terms of number of cycles.

Figure 6. Number of starts and stops over the year as a function of FC voltage

thresholds with assigned setpoint1=45V.

2. Benchmark preliminary tests: Dantherm configuration A (w/o electrolyzer)

Preliminary benchmark testing activities have been done at the lab of Uniroma2 according to the 72h test protocol developed in WP7. The benchmark radiation profile over the 72h is given in Figure 7.



Page 8 of 12

Figure 7 Simulated DC power input profiles of the PV panels (UPV (t) applied in the system performance characterisation test corresponding to bad weather, Spring equinox, variable

conditions

Results tell that efficiencies of the sub-systems are perfectly in line with the declared nominal performance parameters (efficiency, H2 consumption, etc), and no availability issues have been met during the tests. Voltage evolution over the 72h is reported in Figure 8, where it is evident that during daytime the bus voltage is imposed by the PV module, while during the night it tends to have a lower value due to battery or FC operation.


Current evolution during time, as given in Figure 9, tells that FC operates during the first day that represents a winter day, while a limited power loss from the PV module is observed during the second day, confirming that sizing is proper for configuration A (w/o electrolyzer).

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 720

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

time [h]

radi

atio

n [W

/mq]



Page 9 of 12




•Hydrogen used: 1.599 kg, corresponding to a chemical primary content of 53.299kWh

•Energy from radiation: 348.626 kWh

•Energy delivered by the PV panels: 54.555 kWh

•Energy delivered downstream of the battery charger: 51.352 kWh

•Battery negative (recharging) energy flux: 28.366 kWh

•Battery positive (discharging) energy flux: 21.806 kWh

•FC delivered energy: 29.182 kWh

•Energy requested by the electronic load: 71.795 kWh

•Charge delivered by the battery charger: 1009 Ah

•Battery charge (charging): 556.03 Ah

•Battery charge (discharging): 453.23 Ah

•Charge delivered by the FC: 613 Ah

•Charge passed through the electronic: 1477.3 Ah

•Energy unbalance: 2.16 ± 5 kWh

•Charge unbalance: 42.6±100Ah

Performance indexes have also been calculated, based on the listed energy fluxes:

•FC Efficiency: 0.548

•PV Efficiency: 0.157



Page 10 of 12

•Battery Charger Efficiency: 0.941

3. Benchmark preliminary tests: Dantherm configuration B (with electrolyzer)

System configuration B has also been tested according to the 72h benchmark test. In this case, testing activities have been done by scaling the system power size by a factor equal to 0.5 for the sake of convenience, not affecting the measurement of system and single component efficiencies. Power profiles (PV output and RBS requirement) are given in Figure 10.

Figure 10 Power given from the PV module and required by the RBS load for the benchmark

testing of system configuration B

The DC bus voltage profile over the 72h is given in Figure 11. By comparing Figure 11 (system B) and Figure 8 (system A) it clearly appears that the electrolyzer presence allows for a longer operation at the maximum allowed voltage (floating battery value) in both second day and third day during daytime.



Page 11 of 12


Current evolution during the 72h is finally given in Figure 12. The behaviour is almost

similar to system A during the first day, but during the second and third day the extra

power produced by the PV module, highlighted by a decrease of current input to the

battery (in green), triggers electrolyzer start-up and operation (in purple).




Hydrogen used: 0.729 kg, corresponding to a chemical primary content of 24.33

kWh

Energy from radiation: 348.63 kWh

Energy delivered by the PV panels: 34.05 kWh

Energy delivered downstream of the battery charger: 33.03 kWh

Battery negative (recharging) energy flux: 16.39 kWh

Battery positive (discharging) energy flux: 10.13 kWh

Energy delivered by the FC: 10.28 kWh

Energy delivered to the electrolyzer: 16.67 kWh

Energy requested by the electronic load: 35.90 kWh



Page 12 of 12

Energy unbalance: -1.88 ± 5 kWh / 1.15 kWh

Charge delivered by the battery charger: 635 Ah

Battery charge (charging): 338 Ah

Battery charge (discharging): 171 Ah

Charge delivered by the FC: 214 Ah

Charge passed through the electronic load: 722 Ah

Charge unbalance: -40 ± 100 Ah

Charge delivered to the electrolyzer: 309 Ah

Hydrogen produced: 0.349 kg, corresponding to a chemical primary content of

11.64 kWh

Performance indexes have also been calculated based on the listed energy fluxes:

FC Efficiency: 0.422

PV Efficiency: 0.097

Battery Charger Efficiency: 0.970

Efficiency Electrolyzer: 0.698

RBS Efficiency: 0.960

The presented data allow for the calculation of TCO (Total Cost of Ownership), via CAPEX and OPEX, as they are representative of system operation during the different seasons of the year. To that aim, a proportional projection to a full year of obtained results would be required, along with correction coefficients which will be assessed by comparing results obtained in the lab with data gathered on the field in the next months.

overall project midterm progress report

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