Overview of Health PromotionJanuary, 2012

Joan Kub

Objectives Objectives

To define the concept of health Describe three levels of prevention To differentiate health education

from health promotion Differentiate primary care from

primary health care Discuss the historical development

of health promotionDescribe the spectrum of

prevention

What is health?What is health?

Clinical DimensioClinical DimensionnAbsence of signs or

symptoms of disease or disability

Illness extremePresence of signs

and symptomsPhysiologic

systems with interrelated functions

Role performance Role performance dimensiondimension

Performance of social roles

Failure in performance of roles

Adds social and psychological standards

Adaptive dimensionAdaptive dimension

Flexible adaptation to the environment

Alienation of the person from environment

Ability to adjust and cope

Eudaimonistic Eudaimonistic dimensiondimension

Exuberant well-being

Health is condition of actualization and realization of potential

Goals, positive self-concept, body image, involvement, harmony

What is Health Promotion What is Health Promotion and Disease Prevention?and Disease Prevention?

Levels of Prevention Levels of Prevention

PrimarySecondaryTertiary

Primary Prevention Primary Prevention Interventions

carried out before a response or disease occurs; avoidance of an illness through health promotion activities and specific protective actions( nutrition, hygiene, immunizations)

Secondary & Tertiary Secondary & Tertiary PreventionPrevention

Secondary Focuses on the detection of

symptoms and support of a positive reaction to an illness

Early treatment

TertiaryInvolved with an illness and

assisting an individual to achieve some stability.

Purpose is to limit disability and to rehabilitate

Health Promotion Health Promotion

Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health

Umbrella term that includes disease prevention, improvement of health, and enhancing well-being

Focus: Protection and Promotion

Historical Aspects of Historical Aspects of Health Promotion Health Promotion Term was coined

in mid-1970’s in Canada

WHO Health for All strategy- Alma Ata Declaration, 1978

1986- Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

WHO-2004– Promoting Mental Health

Principles of Health Principles of Health PromotionPromotion

Focus on health not illnessEmpowering clientsRecognizing that health is

multidimensional Acknowledging that health is

influenced by factors outside individual control

Consider Consider

Diseases and conditionsLifestyles (smoking, unhealthy

eating, drug use)Wider social issues (poverty,

housing, pollution)Professional practice issues

(evaluation, funding, shortages)

Other aspects of Health Other aspects of Health Promotion Promotion

Socioenvironmental Approach-interconnectedness of individual and environments

Societal/Policy Approach—equity, power, and scope

Primary Health carePrimary Health care

Is essential health care;Based on practical, scientifically

sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology;

Universally accessible to all in the community through their full participation;

At an affordable cost; and Geared toward self reliance and

self-determination (WHO, 1978)

Eight Essential Elements Eight Essential Elements of PHC of PHC Education for the

identification and prevention/control of prevailing health problems

Proper food supplies and nutrition

Safe water and sanitation

Maternal child health including family planning

Immunizations against major infectious diseases; prevention and control of endemic diseases

Appropriate treatment of common diseases

Promotion of mental health

Provision of essential drugs

Where does social justice Where does social justice fit into the equation? fit into the equation?

Adams and Armstrong (1996) see that the concept of health promotion needs constantly to be contrasted against a medical reductionist model towards a more appropriate model of health integral to and a result of social justice. Whitehead, 2009

Health for All (1978) was based on the principles of equity and social justice

Spectrum of Spectrum of Prevention?Prevention?

The Spectrum of PreventionThe Spectrum of Prevention

Influencing policy and legislation

Changing organizational practices

Fostering coalitions and networks

Educating providers

Promoting community educationStrengthening individual knowledge and

skills

Integrative Nursing Integrative Nursing http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=h9vE6tAtPVI

Self Study of Healthy Self Study of Healthy People 2020People 2020 What are the

four foundation health measures that will be used to monitor progress?

What is new for Healthy People 2020?

Find your area of particular interest –look at overview and objectives.

References References Declaration of

Alma–Ata-http://www.who.int/publications/almaata_declaration_en.pdf

Healthy People 2020 http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/default.aspx

Naidoo, J. & Wills, J. (2005) Public health and health promotion. Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall

Whitehead, D. (2009). Reconciling the differences between health promotion in nursing and ‘general’ health promotion: A discussion paper. International Journal of Nursing Studies, doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.12.014.