Overview of U.S. Prototype BuildingsMark Halverson and Meredydd EvansPacific Northwest National Laboratory

Background on Prototype Buildings

Prototype buildings are “typical” buildings that represent the building stock in a country. Prototype buildings can be used to estimate the impact of changes in building codes, appliance and equipment standards, above code programs, and even operating strategies. The U.S. developed a comprehensive suite of prototype buildings representing about 80% of the new commercial buildings constructed every year.

The remaining 20% of buildings constructed each year are so varied that making prototypes for them would be expensive.

Two Sets of U.S. Prototype

U.S. DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) maintains a set of prototypes at http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/commercial-reference-buildings.

These prototypes are focused primarily on the building stock in the U.S. including current buildings and older buildings.

U.S. DOE’s Building Energy Codes Program (BECP) maintains a set of prototypes used for energy code development at https://www.energycodes.gov/development/commercial/90.1_models.

These prototypes are an enhanced set of prototypes focused on addressing all possible aspects of Standard 90.1. The remainder of this presentation will focus on the BECP prototypes.

Understanding the Building Stock

In order to develop prototypes to analyze the impacts of an energy code, you must have some idea of the building stock.

The impacts of an energy code on a collection of large warehouses would be significantly different from the impacts on a group of office buildings.

Not only do the office buildings use more energy than warehouses, they also use it for different purposes.

Impact may be different for new construction and for existing buildings as well.

Developing Prototypes is Not a Short Term Activity

Characterizing the building stock is a long-term activity. In the US, efforts to develop prototypes started in the 1980s and continue today. Even so, only about 80% of the commercial buildings in the US are included in prototype buildings used by the US energy codes program. In Vietnam, MOC could consider funding a similar activity.In Vietnam, it is possible that others besides MOC would fund development of prototype buildings.

International development institutions may be able to partially fund this work. An enthusiastic graduate student could write a thesis that would help. The amount of work might be a bit less than in the U.S. in that Vietnam is smaller, fewer different climate zone.

Good Sources of Building Stock Information

Surveys conducted by the government, universities, or the private sector

Could be paper-based, phone-based, or even satellite imagery based

Interviews with architects and engineers involved in building constructionUtility or tax informationPurchase of information from building construction sector sources

For example, architectural plans for “typical” buildingsReview and modification of US prototypes

Questions for Audience

What sources of building stock information are available in Vietnam?

What organizations might be appropriate to assemble and maintain this information?

Example - What Buildings Does the VBEEC Cover?

Building Type Section 1.1.1 Table 2.1.2 Table 2.1.8Office X X X

Hotel X X X

Hospital X X X

School X X X

Retail X X X

Service X ? X

Public Service ? ? X

Residential X X ?

Upscale Residential ? ? X

Car Park ? X ?

Public Use ? ? X

Commercial ? ? X

Question for Audience

Of the building types listed on the previous slide, which ones can be easily described by a prototype building?

PNNL believes “Service”, “Public Service”, “Public Use”, and “Commercial” may be too broad of categories for prototyping, but the other buildings may be suitable for prototypes.

Creating and Using Prototypes – Technical Steps

Define the buildings types to be prototyped and the climate zones to be usedVisualize a “typical” building including geometry, systems, and occupancy characteristicsDefine the building in a chosen whole building simulation toolDevelop “code compliant” models of the building in each climate zoneConduct thorough review of the modelsDevelop weighting factors for the modelsUtilize the models to compare code versions or analyze code changesUpdate the models as needed over the years

Creating and Using Prototypes – Special Cases

Prototypes may be developed for building stock built “before codes” using estimates of accepted practice. See DOE’s historical reference buildings at http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/commercial-reference-buildings.

New constructionExisting buildings constructed after 1980Existing buildings constructed before 1980

Creating Prototypes - Effort

In the U.S., this was a multi-year effort between several national laboratories, culminating with technical review by ASHRAE.

In Vietnam, this could be done by institutes and/or academia over time.

Perfection is not necessary – the models will change over time.

U.S. Prototype Building ModelsSmallOffice MediumOffice

StripMallRetail

Quick-serviceRestaurant Full-serviceRestaurant

Hospital

StandaloneRetail

Mid-riseApartment

SmallHotel

PrimarySchool

Warehouse

SecondarySchool

LargeHotel

LargeOffice

13

High-riseApartment

OutpatientHealthcare

Green highlight indicates building greater than 2,500 m2

U.S. 90.1 Prototype BuildingsPrincipalBuildingActivity

BuildingPrototype ApproximateFloorarea(m²)

NumberofFloors Heating Cooling Primary

SystemSecondarySystem

Office

Smalloffice 550 1 HeatPump UnitaryDX CAV No

Mediumoffice 5,360 3 Gasfurnace UnitaryDX VAVw/elect.reheat No

Largeoffice 49,860 12 Boiler Chiller,coolingtower VAVw/reheat No

Mercantile Standaloneretail 2,470 1 Gasfurnace UnitaryDX CAV NoStripmall 2,250 1 Gasfurnace UnitaryDX CAV No

EducationPrimaryschool 7,400 1 Boiler/Gas

furnace UnitaryDX VAVw/reheat CAV

Secondaryschool 21,090 2 Boiler Aircooledchiller VAVw/reheat CAV

HealthCare

Outpatienthealthcare 4,095 3 Boiler UnitaryDX VAVw/reheat No

Hospital 24,141 5 Boiler Chiller,coolingtower VAVw/reheat CentralCAV

LodgingSmallhotel/motel 4,320 4 Electricity DX PTAC No

Largehotel 12,213 6 Boiler Aircooledchiller Fan-coilunits VAVw/reheat

Warehouse Non-refrigeratedwarehouse 4,950 1 Gasfurnace UnitaryDX Unitheater CAV

FoodService

Quick-servicerestaurant 250 1 Gasfurnace UnitaryDX CAV No

Full-servicerestaurant 550 1 Gasfurnace UnitaryDX CAV No

Apartment

Mid-riseapartment 3,370 4 Gas SplitDX CAV No

High-riseapartment 8,436 10 Boiler FluidCooler Water-source

heatpump No14

Green highlight indicates building greater than 2,500 m2

https://www.energycodes.gov/development/commercial/90.1_models

Questions

How similar are these building prototypes to buildings being built in Vietnam?How many prototypes would MOC want?How would MOC go about creating its own set of prototypes? Who in Vietnam is capable of creating these prototypes?How might this effort be financially supported?

US Climate Zones and Locations

16

ClimateZone ClimateZoneType RepresentativeCity

1A VeryHot-Humid Miami,FL

1B VeryHot-Dry Riyadh,SaudiArabia

2A Hot-Humid Houston,TX

2B Hot-Dry PhoenixAZ

3A Warm-Humid Memphis,TN

3B Warm-Dry ElPaso,TX

3C Warm-Marine SanFrancisco,CA

4A Mixed-Humid Baltimore,MD

4B Mixed-Dry AlbuquerqueNM

4C Mixed-Marine SalemOR

5A Cool-Humid ChicagoIL

5B Cool-Dry BoiseID

5C Cool-Marine Vancouver,BC

6A Cool-Humid BurlingtonVT

6B Cool-Dry HelenaMT

7 VeryCold Duluth,MN

8 Subarctic Fairbanks,AK

Green highlight indicates climate zone for Vietnam

Vietnam Climate Map

Köppen climate classification

Warm humid subtropical climate in North

Monsson tropical climate in Central

Savanna tropical climate in South and Central Highlands

Question for Audience

Is a single climate zone appropriate for Vietnam?It would be possible to use multiple climate locations in Vietnam if weather data is available. Hanoi EnergyPlus weather file is available at http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/cfm/weather_data3.cfm/region=2_asia_wmo_region_2/country=VNM/cname=Viet%20Nam.

US New Construction Weighting Factors

SerialNo 90.1 PrototypeTotalFloor Area

(x1000ft²)ConstructionWeights

1 LargeOffice 220,134 2.66%

2 MediumOffice 400,091 4.84%

3 SmallOffice 371,009 4.49%

4 StandaloneRetail 1,009,246 12.21%

5 StripMall 375,093 4.54%

6 PrimarySchool 330,418 4.00%

7 SecondarySchool 685,508 8.29%

8 Hospital 228,131 2.76%

9 OutpatientHealthCare 289,171 3.50%

10 Full-serviceRestaurant 43,650 0.53%

11 Quick -serviceRestaurant 38,809 0.47%

12 LargeHotel 327,562 3.96%

13 Smallhotel/motel 113,837 1.38%

14 Non-refrigeratedwarehouse 1,105,951 13.38%

15 High-riseapartment 593,241 7.18%

16 Mid-riseapartment 484,343 5.86%

CoveredbyPrototypes 6,616,193 80.0%

17 NoPrototype 1,649,785 20.0%

18 Total 8,265,977 100.0%

CBECS Type

TotalFloorArea

(x1000ft²) Weights17A PubicAssembly 414,953 5.02%17B FoodSales 96,990 1.17%17C Other 769,423 9.31%17D PublicOrderandSafety 121,907 1.47%17E ReligiousWorship 184,143 2.23%17F Service 62,369 0.75%

McGraw-HillNewConstructionDatabyBuildingType

Download PNNL report on construction weights:

http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19116.pdf

19

20

US McGraw-Hill New Construction Data by Building Type

1 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8

weightsbybldgtype

Largeoffice 0.102 0.326 0.061 0.445 0.285 0.117 1.132 0.000 0.154 0.442 0.121 0.133 0.000 0.011 0.000 3.33Mediumoffice 0.129 0.813 0.292 0.766 0.715 0.136 1.190 0.036 0.196 1.060 0.342 0.298 0.035 0.033 0.007 6.05Smalloffice 0.084 1.064 0.289 0.963 0.475 0.078 0.936 0.047 0.123 0.920 0.322 0.241 0.030 0.032 0.005 5.61Standaloneretail 0.224 2.220 0.507 2.386 1.250 0.191 2.545 0.119 0.428 3.429 0.792 0.948 0.091 0.109 0.014 15.25Stripmallretail 0.137 0.991 0.254 1.021 0.626 0.103 1.008 0.023 0.107 1.023 0.201 0.153 0.016 0.007 0.001 5.67Primaryschool 0.064 0.933 0.164 0.944 0.446 0.048 0.895 0.030 0.094 0.920 0.224 0.168 0.037 0.023 0.003 4.99Secondaryschool 0.160 1.523 0.230 1.893 0.819 0.109 2.013 0.063 0.243 2.282 0.438 0.415 0.086 0.075 0.012 10.36Hospital 0.040 0.479 0.096 0.468 0.273 0.039 0.615 0.022 0.106 0.812 0.218 0.221 0.024 0.034 0.001 3.45Outpatienthealthcare 0.037 0.567 0.134 0.581 0.275 0.061 0.818 0.023 0.181 1.058 0.218 0.342 0.033 0.039 0.002 4.37Full-servicerestaurant 0.009 0.106 0.025 0.111 0.047 0.006 0.127 0.006 0.010 0.143 0.031 0.031 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.66Quick-servicerestaurant 0.008 0.092 0.020 0.102 0.063 0.007 0.089 0.005 0.014 0.128 0.026 0.025 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.59Largehotel 0.109 0.621 0.125 0.635 0.793 0.106 0.958 0.037 0.123 0.919 0.200 0.227 0.058 0.038 0.004 4.95Smallhotel 0.010 0.288 0.030 0.268 0.114 0.022 0.315 0.020 0.039 0.365 0.089 0.107 0.031 0.020 0.004 1.72Warehouse 0.349 2.590 0.580 2.966 2.298 0.154 2.446 0.068 0.435 3.580 0.688 0.466 0.049 0.043 0.002 16.72High-riseapartment 1.521 1.512 0.076 0.652 0.741 0.173 2.506 0.000 0.358 1.163 0.115 0.125 0.016 0.008 0.000 8.97Mid-riseapartment 0.257 1.094 0.093 0.825 0.862 0.260 1.694 0.022 0.371 1.122 0.318 0.313 0.056 0.032 0.000 7.32

weightsbyzone 3.24 15.22 2.98 15.03 10.08 1.61 19.29 0.52 2.98 19.37 4.34 4.21 0.57 0.51 0.06 100.00

Download PNNL report on new construction weights at:http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19116.pdf

Question for Audience

Is there any source of information in Vietnam comparable to the two previous slides which show distribution of building area by building type and location?

Questions and Discussion