Overview of World Aquaculture Production-- development in the first 15 years

in the new millennium

Xiaowei Zhou (xiaowei.zhou@fao.org)Fisheries and Aquaculture Department

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)of the United Nations

Strandbúnaður 2017 / Aquaculture Iceland 2017Reykjavík, Iceland13-14 March 2017

1

Latest available FAO world aquaculture data

Newly released world aquaculture statistics (Friday, 10th March 2017)

Quantity (live weight) Value (first sale)Food fish* 76.6 million tonnes US$157.9 billionAquatic plants (algae) 29.4 million tonnes US$4.8 billionNon-food products 41.1 thousand tonnes US$208.2 millionTOTAL 106 million tonnes US$163 billion.

* Farmed food fish includes finfish, crustaceans, molluscs, other aquatic animals sea urchins and sea cucumbers, frogs and aquatic turtles, etc.

2

Growth in aquaculture in the new millennium

• A fast growing animal protein food production sector, but growth slowed down in the last decade.

• APR at world level during 2000-2015 was 5.9%.

It was only 4% in 2015, the lowest in more than a decades.

• Regional difference in growth.

3

Continent 2000-2015 Annual Grow Rate (%)

Africa 10.4

Americas 5.7

Asia 6.0

Europe 2.5

Oceania 2.9

WORLD 5.9

Growth in aquaculture in the new millennium

• Aquaculture was a “poor cousin” of capture. Now comparable to capture, especially in the supply of fish for human consumption.

• Two mile stones in the recent past• 2013: When seaweeds included, total aquaculture production surpassed capture• 2014: More farmed fish was eaten in the world than fish caught from the wild

• World aquaculture is greatly diverse, in terms of• Farmed species, • Technologies and facilities• Land/water, geographic and climatic conditions• Market• From small scale livelihood operation to vs to large commercial scale business

operation

• Legal status and regulations

4

Growth in aquaculture in the new millennium

• Aquaculture development status highly uneven and the production distribution disturbingly imbalanced across the world

• Many developing countries count on aquaculture for social and economic development and for national food security and nutrition into the future

• Along with the development, aquaculture is increasingly facing challenges from several directions, such as conflict with other natural resource users, environment and associated problems in loosely regulated areas and market/marketing problems, etc.

• Intensification is the general trend• Species diversification, including indigenous species and niche species

development• Promotion of non-fed aquaculture production. Reducing dependence on

fishmeal and fish oil5

More farmed fish is eaten in the world than wild fish since 2014.

• With negligible exceptions, almost all farmed fish are produced for human consumption.

• For the first time, more farmed fish than wild fish were consumed in the world in 2014.

• At world level, per capita farmed fish consumption reached 10.42 kg in 2015, up by 0.28 kg from 10.14 kg in 2014.

6

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2014

AQUACULTURE (for human food)

CAPTURE (for human food use)

CAPTURE (for non-food uses)

Aquaculture share in consumption (%)

World food fish aquaculture production by continent during 2000-2015 (live weight in thousand tonnes)

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2015 2015 share

Africa 400 453 559 755 942 1 286 1 484 1 711 1 772 2.3%

Americas 1 423 1 801 2 143 2 369 2 470 2 514 2 990 3 347 3 273 4.3%

Asia 28 422 32 361 36 895 41 780 47 001 52 452 58 956 65 506 68 393 89.3%

Europe 2 051 2 043 2 173 2 193 2 327 2 523 2 827 2 929 2 975 3.9%

Oceania 121 128 139 161 175 190 186 189 186 0.2%

WORLD 32 418 36 786 41 909 47 257 52 915 58 964 66 443 73 681 76 600 100%

7

2015 world aquaculture production by continent by main species group(thousand tonnes in live weight)

8

Finfish Molluscs Crustaceans Other aquatic animals TOTAL

Africa 1 764.9 3.8 3.7 0.0 1 772.4

Americas 2 020.7 465.3 786.8 0.5 3 273.4

Asia 45 705.8 15 230.4 6 553.6 902.9 68 392.7

Europe 2 338.3 636.5 0.3 0.0 2 975.2

Oceania 77.8 96.0 6.9 5.6 186.3

WORLD 51 907.5 16 432.0 7 351.4 909.1 76 599.9

Comparison of 2015 inland aquaculture with mariculture and coastal aquaculture by main species group (thousand tonnes in live weight)

Inland aquaculture Mariculture & coastal aquaculture TOTAL

Finfish 45 097 6 810 51 907

Molluscs 284 16 148 16 432

Crustaceans 2 857 4 495 7 351

Others animals 522 387 909

TOTAL 48 759 27 841 76 600

9

Total production (capture + aquaculture):Aquaculture share from 25.7% in 2000 to 45.3% in 2015

10

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2000 2005 2010 2015

Mill

ions

tonn

es

World Capture and Aquaculture Production (excluding algae)

Aquaculture Capture Aquaculture share (%)

Marine and coastal production (capture + aquaculture):Aquaculture share from 13.8% in 2000 to 25.5% in 2015

11

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2000 2005 2010 2015

Mill

ions

tonn

es

World Marine Capture Fishery vs Mariculture and coastal aquaculture (excluding algae)

Marine Capture Mariculture & Coastal Aquaculture Aquaculture share (%)

Inland production (capture + aquaculture):Aquaculture share from 68.6% in 2000 to 81% in 2015

12

62%

64%

66%

68%

70%

72%

74%

76%

78%

80%

82%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2000 2005 2010 2015

Mill

ions

tonn

es

World Inland Capture Fishery vs Inland Aquaculture (excluding algae)

Inland Capture Inland Aquaculture Aquaculture share (%)

Inland aquaculture: Food fish top producers (tonnes in live wt)

13

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015China 24 709 751 26 434 895 28 014 177 29 347 059 30 612 014India 3 355 060 3 847 909 4 155 507 4 399 760 4 631 659Indonesia 1 720 389 2 101 874 2 576 172 2 872 834 2 961 106Viet Nam 2 137 413 2 386 821 2 399 251 2 290 728 2 431 234Bangladesh 1 378 688 1 575 306 1 697 983 1 782 575 1 879 752Egypt 986 820 1 017 738 1 097 544 1 137 091 1 174 831Myanmar 760 939 826 944 870 256 902 706 944 106Brazil 347 829 381 648 392 993 476 341 483 606Thailand 384 351 454 254 435 765 415 124 390 941Iran 239 236 286 362 312 627 297 576 325 858Nigeria 221 128 253 898 278 706 313 231 316 727Philippines 306 932 310 054 318 810 299 274 303 200United States 241 334 229 185 245 663 237 297 243 462Pakistan 141 830 142 724 148 008 148 266 151 055Cambodia 69 380 71 030 86 590 115 535 139 630Others 1 566 347 1 726 404 1 750 885 1 858 427 1 770 175Totals 38 567 427 42 047 045 44 780 938 46 893 824 48 759 355

Mariculture and coastal aquaculture is dominated by molluscs farming (c.a. 60% by quantity)

14

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014

Mill

ion

Tonn

es

Other invetebrates

Crustaceans

Finfish

Molluscs

Mariculture & coastal aquaculture:Food fish top producers (tonnes in live wt)

15

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015China 13 911 518 14 673 411 15 535 561 16 121 901 16 998 026Indonesia 998 032 965 786 1 397 671 1 381 063 1 381 359Norway 1 143 820 1 321 034 1 247 762 1 332 422 1 380 753Chile 913 642 1 011 894 988 838 1 145 859 1 045 142Viet Nam 708 149 697 986 807 259 1 049 287 1 007 144Japan 518 963 598 730 578 710 613 702 667 500India 318 022 361 569 395 200 481 259 603 358Thailand 817 104 817 846 561 750 482 739 506 155Philippines 460 355 480 840 496 198 488 755 478 598Korea, RO 485 264 466 623 383 905 459 633 455 437Ecuador 260 000 281 100 304 000 340 005 403 008Spain 254 846 247 385 207 408 266 702 273 178Taiwan POC 172 752 194 157 192 926 190 913 209 679United Kingdom 187 109 192 250 192 104 203 239 196 001United States 155 958 191 201 183 348 183 892 182 511Others 1 923 594 1 893 911 1 960 125 2 046 278 2 052 697Totals 23 229 129 24 395 723 25 432 765 26 787 647 27 840 547

Mariculture & coastal aquaculture:Finfish top producers (tonnes in live wt)

16

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015China 964 189 1 028 399 1 123 576 1 189 667 1 638 534Norway 1 141 894 1 319 033 1 245 399 1 330 406 1 377 980Chile 608 518 758 587 736 310 899 438 829 634Indonesia 589 889 582 077 761 299 782 316 777 209Philippines 346 310 361 722 375 735 373 021 365 305Japan 231 606 250 472 243 671 237 963 245 000Viet Nam 228 393 222 021 179 361 208 445 196 400United Kingdom 160 052 164 890 165 786 181 620 174 356Canada 124 864 133 275 119 991 92 577 141 874Turkey 88 439 101 248 110 845 126 063 137 506Taiwan POC 72 551 94 566 100 730 97 759 117 303Bangladesh 60 290 63 220 71 720 93 657 96 632India 52 808 84 164 90 900 90 000 90 000Korea, RO 72 450 76 307 73 109 83 438 85 449Greece 91 208 91 851 92 967 85 889 85 171Others 355 399 385 368 405 884 449 681 451 768Totals 5 188 859 5 717 200 5 897 283 6 321 939 6 810 121

Mariculture & coastal aquaculture:Molluscs top producers (tonnes in live wt)

17

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015China 11 543 636 12 084 403 12 728 046 13 165 515 13 583 820Japan 284 949 345 934 332 460 368 732 412 820Korea, RO 390 979 370 074 291 024 355 982 334 077Spain 212 558 206 763 164 976 222 543 227 805Chile 305 124 253 307 252 528 246 421 215 508Viet Nam 114 800 134 031 181 470 188 881 205 620Thailand 186 734 185 865 216 839 183 569 191 526United States 133 877 168 329 160 458 160 464 159 487France 146 432 159 563 154 517 154 470 154 470Italy 111 838 84 070 88 897 100 374 100 345Taiwan POC 94 792 90 281 84 973 85 781 86 366New Zealand 103 229 87 764 85 135 99 034 78 801Korea, DPR 60 200 60 200 60 250 60 250 60 250Netherlands 39 380 42 539 40 070 57 364 57 250Indonesia 48 449 17 251 29 091 44 394 37 503Others 366 789 316 291 353 631 340 091 281 922Totals 14 143 765 14 606 665 15 224 365 15 833 865 16 187 570

Mariculture & coastal aquaculture:Crustaceans top producers (tonnes in live wt)

18

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015China 1 127 189 1 249 554 1 340 218 1 433 763 1 434 917Viet Nam 364 856 341 834 446 328 651 861 605 024Indonesia 407 925 383 234 636 167 598 609 602 121India 251 200 264 500 290 200 377 059 500 758Ecuador 260 000 281 100 304 000 340 000 403 000Thailand 611 244 609 652 325 495 280 007 294 996Mexico 109 816 100 320 120 585 86 973 130 361Bangladesh 84 781 87 540 90 105 80 693 84 024Philippines 70 140 72 810 75 499 74 617 77 083Brazil 69 266 75 000 64 669 65 028 69 860Myanmar 52 707 54 626 53 950 42 000 52 726Malaysia 67 492 55 611 49 971 61 433 52 641Honduras 30 295 31 936 30 500 32 000 25 000Nicaragua 15 740 24 344 26 368 30 528 24 530Peru 16 379 17 801 17 883 21 484 22 183Others 107 345 107 137 102 863 129 879 115 500Totals 3 646 374 3 756 999 3 974 800 4 305 933 4 494 725

Mariculture & coastal aquaculture:Crustaceans top producers (tonnes in live wt)

19

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015China 276 514 311 065 343 730 332 960 340 759Korea, Republic of 18 975 17 423 15 945 15 712 30 383Japan 830 748 1 003 5 444 8 400Australia 3 149 2 841 3 645 1 354 5 593Indonesia 219 475 206 138 2 029Viet Nam 100 100 100 100 100Korea, Dem. People' 100 100 100 100 100Malaysia 0 0 55 63 56Madagascar 1 1 1 1 25Ireland 2 0 0 4 4Russian Federation 145 219 245 820 3Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 3Spain 0 0 0 0 1Myanmar 1 438 1 731 3 005 15 605 0Saudi Arabia 5 10 12 10 0Others 0 0 0 0 0Totals 301 477 334 713 368 047 372 312 387 456

Mariculture & coastal aquaculture:Seaweeds top producers (tonnes in live wt)

20

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015China 11 476 535 12 751 810 13 479 355 13 240 585 13 835 085Indonesia 5 170 201 6 514 854 9 298 474 10 076 992 11 269 341Philippines 1 840 833 1 751 071 1 558 378 1 549 576 1 566 361Korea, Republic of 992 283 1 022 326 1 131 305 1 087 048 1 197 129Korea, Dem. People' 444 300 444 300 444 300 489 000 489 000Japan 349 737 440 754 418 365 373 908 399 300Malaysia 239 450 331 490 269 431 245 332 260 760Zanzibar 130 400 150 876 110 438 133 020 172 490Madagascar 1 699 1 400 3 575 6 970 15 377Solomon Islands 7 218 6 990 11 812 12 162 12 200Chile 14 469 4 111 12 460 12 808 11 952Viet Nam 14 019 18 544 13 561 14 327 11 822Tanzania, United Re 6 601 6 510 6 689 6 705 6 750Sri Lanka 1 22 25 9 4 760Papua New Guinea 250 1 400 2 500 3 000 4 000Others 23 620 28 359 19 683 17 465 17 064Totals 20 711 616 23 474 818 26 780 352 27 268 907 29 273 392

Farmed Arctic charr producers (tonnes)

21

2011 2012 2013 2014 20152015 shareIceland 3021 3089 3215 3411 3937 85.1%Norway 276 309 280 285 259 5.6%Austria 140 120 142 328 208 4.5%Canada 200 200 200 200 200 4.3%Italy 99 148 165 16 15 0.3%United Kingdom 12 11 11 10 10 0.2%Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%France 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%Ireland 40 40 40 0 0 0.0%Denmark 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%United States 0 100 0 0 0 0.0%Totals 3789 4017 4054 4250 4629 100%

Farmed mussel producers (tonnes)

22

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015China 707 401 764 395 747 077 805 583 845 038Spain 208 583 203 664 162 012 220 449 225 308Chile 293 046 246 462 246 166 240 821 211 356Thailand 126 616 103 203 127 919 117 013 118 775New Zealand 101 311 86 447 83 561 97 438 76 811France 65 021 77 139 74 138 75 100 75 100Italy 79 520 63 257 64 235 63 700 63 700Netherlands 36 700 40 000 37 112 54 100 54 100South Korea 70 416 61 310 34 429 51 463 53 536Canada 25 897 29 033 26 119 25 231 22 725United Kingdom 26 158 26 021 22 480 20 023 20 050Greece 17 193 16 612 18 638 16 678 18 628Brazil 15 965 21 027 16 460 19 283 18 364Ireland 22 671 15 188 15 360 11 374 16 015Philippines 22 443 25 660 22 894 18 762 15 949Germany 20 830 6 933 5 036 5 280 10 875India 9 956 8 703 9 450 9 500 8 700Australia 3 115 3 672 3 584 3 237 3 678Bulgaria 642 878 1 827 2 520 3 373Norway 1 742 1 967 2 328 1 983 2 731Others 12 825 13 055 15 333 16 187 13 662TOTAL 1 868 051 1 814 626 1 736 158 1 875 725 1 878 474

Farmed flat fish producers (tonnes)

23

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015China 120 052 123 982 128 216 136 026 140 455South Korea 40 805 39 371 36 944 42 133 47 600Spain 7 486 7 854 7 340 8 572 8 055Japan 3 475 3 125 2 501 2 607 2 500Portugal 3 200 4 451 2 507 3 672 2 432Norway 2 767 1 741 1 385 1 257 1 243France 0 0 0 540 540Iceland 53 41 58 0 290Netherlands 280 200 120 120 120United Kingdom 83 73 56 66 65Romania 0 0 0 16 20Croatia 0 0 0 1 7Italy 0 2 9 7 7Others 262 447 125 19 10TOTAL 178 463 181 287 179 261 195 036 203 344

Farmed Atlantic salmon producers (tonnes)

24

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Norway 1 064 868 1 232 095 1 168 324 1 258 356 1 303 346Chile 264 349 399 678 492 329 644 459 608 546United Kingdo 158 310 162 547 163 518 179 397 172 143Canada 110 328 116 101 97 629 86 347 121 926Faroe Islands 60 473 76 564 75 821 86 454 80 600Australia 36 662 43 982 42 776 41 591 48 330United States 18 595 19 295 18 866 18 719 18 719Ireland 12 196 12 440 9 125 9 368 13 116Russia 8 500 8 754 22 500 18 675 10 834Iceland 1 083 2 923 3 018 3 965 3 260Denmark 10 0 10 405 428France 0 0 0 300 300North Korea 15 15 15 20 20Spain 0 4 0 4 8TOTAL 1 735 389 2 074 398 2 093 931 2 348 060 2 381 576

How many aquatic species are farmed?

• FAO has registered 591 “species items” (species or species group) ever farmed in inland freshwater, inland saline water, coastal brackish water and marine water (from 207 countries and territories)

• Marine and coastal aquaculture: 329 species items• Inland aquaculture: 287 species items• Production is dominated by a relatively small number of “species”

25

Zhongyang Puffer Fish Farm in Jiangsu Province, Eastern China

26

27

Species produced by the puffer fish farm

Mariculture and coastal aquaculture: Total 329 “species” ever farmed; 34 “species” over 100,000t in 2015. Collectively, they count for 85% of total production of 27 million tonnes in 2015.

28

2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 20151 Cupped oysters

neiCrassostrea spp 4 244 496 4 374 238 4 595 244 18 Japanese sea

cucumberApostichopus japonicus

193 941 201 886 205 891

2 Japanese carpet shell

Ruditapes philippinarum

3 887 250 4 014 312 4 049 541 19 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

238 221 235 946 201 318

3 Whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei

2 646 238 2 976 135 3 140 618 20 Blue mussel Mytilus edulis 173 466 184 505 192 272

4 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 2 071 848 2 326 189 2 380 948 21 Freshwater fishes nei

Osteichthyes 132 399 217 171 172 978

5 Scallops nei Pectinidae 1 608 317 1 649 559 1 785 398 22 Groupers nei Epinephelus spp 135 469 138 003 153 942

6 Marine molluscs nei

Mollusca 1 144 301 1 134 569 1 089 185 23 Gilthead seabream

Sparus aurata 143 238 142 852 150 702

7 Sea mussels nei Mytilidae 911 853 1 028 537 1 072 141 24 Large yellow croaker

Larimichthyscroceus

105 230 127 917 148 616

8 Marine fishes nei Osteichthyes 622 079 684 407 1 055 399 25 European seabass

Dicentrarchus labrax

134 443 140 342 148 056

9 Milkfish Chanos chanos 977 214 979 190 992 878 26 Green mussel Perna viridis 163 478 149 458 147 503

10 Constricted tagelus

Sinonovaculaconstricta

720 804 786 828 793 708 27 Coho(=Silver) salmon

Oncorhynchus kisutch

145 287 157 930 140 671

11 Giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon

711 799 705 079 710 763 28 Japanese amberjack

Seriola quinqueradiata

150 532 134 806 140 429

12 Pacific cupped oyster

Crassostrea gigas

553 483 621 766 583 464 29 Abalones nei Haliotis spp 118 941 125 788 139 594

13 Blood cockle Anadara granosa

450 957 449 813 441 303 30 Japanese seabass

Lateolabrax japonicus

129 334 114 807 124 322

14 Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis

169 889 188 194 251 907 31 Portunus swimcrabs nei

Portunus spp 109 596 118 848 117 772

15 Sea snails Rapana spp 212 844 232 849 243 017 32 Penaeus shrimps nei

Penaeus spp 123 838 125 089 111 377

16 Indo-Pacific swamp crab

Scylla serrata 179 531 219 999 223 555 33 Snubnose pompano

Trachinotus blochii 112 499 110 957 111 063

17 Chilean mussel Mytilus chilensis 241 841 238 088 208 707 34 Mediterranean mussel

Mytilus galloprovincialis

103 152 100 981 102 802

Use of interspecific hybrids in aquaculture

• Use in aquaculture of hatchery produced interspecific hybrids with certain desirable traits is rather common and widespread.

• More hybrids have been developed for finfish farming, especially in inland aquaculture. Some hybrids of crustaceans, molluscs and seaweeds are mass produced for aquaculture production.

• With a few finfish hybrids as exceptions, a considerable number of hybrid used in commercial scale aquaculture are not reflected in production statistics.

• Government regulations over the commercial scale hybridization vary from country to country, and may vary within a country.

29

Use of interspecific hybrids in aquaculture

• Examples of hybrids already reflected in production statistics• Thailand: African catfish X bighead catfish (Clarias gariepinus x C. macrocephalus)• USA: Hybrid stripped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis)• …

• Examples of hybrids still invisible in production statistics• Germany: Artic charr X brook trout (Salvelinus alpinus x S. fontinalis) -- c.a.1100t• USA: Channel catfish X blue catfish (Ictalurus punctatus x I. furcatus)• Canada: Weathervane scallop X Yesso scallop (Patinopecten caurinus x P. yessoensis)• ...

30

Note to FAO Global Aquaculture Statistical data users

• FAO members’ obligation/commitment: reporting national statistics• Unique source of global data on aquaculture production with desirable

details in several dimensions of measurement. Widely used.• Aquaculture data collection remains a great challenge

2015 data: - 201 aquaculture producer countries/territories- low report back rate (59%; 118)- over 1/3 of national data reports have problems(incomplete, poor consistency, etc.)

- non-reporting countries include global and regional major producers

- huge task to estimate for non-reporting countries

31

Single species registered in our database not really single

Production of Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) in Japan• Most farmed finfish “species” in Japan (c.a. 150,000t per year)• Production widely regarded by outsiders as one single species• However:

• Real production includes 2-3 other Seriola spp, such as the greater amberjack (S. dumerili)

• Significant quantity of wild seeds of greater amberjack nursed in Southern China and Vietnam are imported into Japan for out growing in marine cages(1600t of >60g fingerlings imported from Chinese Hainan Island in 2014)

• Disaggregation this “species” deems desirable because of different market behaviors

32

Single species registered in our database not really single

Production of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) in China mainland, Korea RO, Japan and Taiwan POC

• Important farmed finfish “species” with relatively high value• From more than two decades ago, European eel (A. anguilla) became

important part in eel farming in East Asia with glass eel imported from Europe, followed by substantive decline in recent years due to European ban on glass eel export after CITES listing

• Unknown but very significant quantities of glass eels of a few other Anguilla spp sourced from N. America, Southeast Asia and East Africa have been cultured in East Asia in recent years

• Disaggregation of this “species” in statistics is necessary for conservation of the concerned Anguilla spp.

33

Missing details in Chinese aquaculture statistics

• Well over 350 aquatic species and hybrids are currently farmed for food

• Less than 100 “species” registered in national statistics, resulting in high degree of aggregation of many species

- “Sea mussels” – includes 3 mussel species- “Gropers nei” – includes 10-15 species and hybrids- “Marine finfish nei” – counting for ~40% of marine finfish production

• Some species invisible in current data would overturn global picture when they become visible if individually listed (soles, barramundi, etc.)

34

Selected images of aquaculture operations

35

Solar panels installed above large fish ponds for clean renewable energy production

36

Shallow sea pen culture of large yellow croaker(135m in diameter)

37

Seaweed (Porphyra sp) culture and windmills

38

39

Cage culture of Seriola sp, Hawaii

40

Land-based seaweed farming, Nova Scotia, Canada

Farmed seaweed not registered in national statistics41

42

One of several marine cage culture sites for high priced sable fish, British Columbia, Canada

About 600t of farmed sable fish aggregated as part of “other fishes” in national statistics

Sturgeon farm – BC, Canada43

Arctic charr hatchery and farm, Yokon, Canada-- supplier of “Yukon Gold” Arctic charr eggs

44

RAS system for growing white leg shrimp (Penaeus

vannamei) –Germany and Italy

45

Sea Grape (Caulerpa lentillifera)

46

Thank you for listening!

47