Introduction of Space Weather

Yihua Zheng

For SW REDI Winter 2014

For  SW  REDI  Winter  2014  

Over    Overview  of  Space  Weather  Effects  on  Satellites  

Outline  

•  Space  Weather  all  in  one  •  Space  Weather  Impacts  on  spacecra=  – Direct  impacts  on  SC  components  

–  Impacts  on  SC  orbit  –  Impacts  on  SC  communica@ons    

Space  Weather  (all  in  one)  

Space  weather  drivers  

Outside  the  solar  system  

GCRs  (Galac@c  Cosmic  Rays)  

Solar  flares  

CMEs  

Coronal  Hole  High  Speed  solar  wind  Streams  (HSS)  

Sun  

Radia8on  storms  

Geomagne@c  storms  Ionospheric  storms  

Radio  blackout  storms  

SPEs    (Solar  energe@c  Par@cle  Events)  

Dynamic  Radia@on  Belts  Environment  

Types  of  Storms  

Drivers  and  Storms  

Radia@on  Storms  

Geomagne@c  Storms  Ionospheric  Storms  

Radio  Blackouts  due  to  flares  

Storms  and  Effects   Radia@on  hazards  to  humans  SEEs  on  spacecra=  components  and  electronics  PCA  on  radio  waves  Event  total  dose  

Energe@c  ions  

Energe@c  electrons   Internal  charging  of  electronics  

Large/rapid  varia@ons/disturbances  in  space  and  @me  (in  fields  and  plasma/neutral  distribu@on)  Enhancement  in  currents  

Affect  communica@on  Naviga@on  Surface  charging  Radio  wave  propaga@on  Satellite  Drag  

Radio  emissions/noise  associated  with  flares  (direct  impacts)  

X-­‐ray/EUV  emission  altering  ionospheric  structure/composi@on  (indirect)  

Radio  wave  blackouts  (dayside  ionosphere)  Satellite  commu.  

SWx  Impacts  on  Satellites  Electronics/Components  

hazards  presented  by  the  radia@on  and  plasma  environment  in  space    •  Single  Event  Effects  (affect  all  SC)  –  caused  by  protons  and  heavy  ions  with  energies  of  10s  of  MeV/amu  

•  Internal  Charging  (those  in  radia@on  belt)  –  caused  by  electrons  with  energies  above  about  100  keV  that  penetrate  inside  a  vehicle  

•  Surface  Charging  (all  in  Earth’s  environment)  –  caused  by  electrons  with  energies  of  10s  of  keV  that  interact  with  spacecra=  surfaces    

•  Event  Total  Dose  (all  SC)  –  caused  primarily  by  solar  protons  and  possibly  also  by  transient  belts  of  trapped  par@cles,  typically  protons  with  energies  near  10  MeV  

Effects  on  Satellite  Orbit  

•  Satellite  drag  (LEO)  •  Orienta@on  effects  (spacecra=  that  use  Earth’s  magne@c  field  for  orienta@on)  

Effects  on  Satellite  Communica@on  

•  During  strong  solar  flares  (strong  radio  noise)  – Directly  cause  interference  via  solar  radio  noise  – Through  modifica@on  of  the  ionosphere  

•  Scin@lla@on  effects  during  geomagne@c  storms  

Environment  Hazards  for  different  orbits  

Anomaly resolution procedure"

•  Where is the satellite?"•  Check if SEPs (solar energetic particles)

play any role"•  Any significant flare at the time?"•  What is the geomagnetic activity?"•  Scintillation effects?"•  If the satellite in the radiation belt? What is

the flux level? Could it be a factor?"

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