OzonOzonee

Skin Skin CancerCancer

CFCCFC

UV-UV-RadiationRadiation

The „bad“ ozone on the ground The „bad“ ozone on the ground is very different from the is very different from the

„good“ ozone up high in the „good“ ozone up high in the Stratosphere !!!!!!!!!Stratosphere !!!!!!!!!

Too much ozone in the Troposphere (on the gournd) has a very different effect and can cause severe ailments:

Respiratory diseases (e.g. asthma); especially endangered are children, the elderly and people under severe physical strain

Inflammation Nausea Changes in blood count Effects on the nervous system (exhaustion,

decline in performance). Damage to forests Corrosion of metallic items Deterioration of buildings (monuments)

1.1. UV - RadiationUV - Radiation

2.2. Skin CancerSkin Cancer

3.3. Skin StructureSkin Structure

4.4. The Ozone LayerThe Ozone Layer

5.5. CFC and AlternativesCFC and Alternatives

ContentsContents

What is UV-Radiation?What is UV-Radiation?Visible light ranges between 390nm - 770nm.

UV – light is located below 390nm.

UV-B and UV-C are more harmful; they do not penetrate the skin very deeply, but rather react in the Epidermis and Dermis.

52% visible light 52% visible light 44% invisible Infrared radiation44% invisible Infrared radiation

4% UV - radiation 4% UV - radiation (These are the most dangerous to skin!)(These are the most dangerous to skin!)

The Spectrum of SunraysThe Spectrum of Sunrays

1.Skin cancer2.Examples of other illnesses

3. Effects on nature

Consequences of Increased Consequences of Increased UV-RadiationUV-Radiation

The major dangers are The major dangers are inflammatory reactions (sunburn) inflammatory reactions (sunburn)

and damages to the DNA of the skin and damages to the DNA of the skin cells, which can lead to skin cancer. cells, which can lead to skin cancer.

Benign melanomata and and malignant melanomata are the two possible types of are the two possible types of skin cancer that can develop. skin cancer that can develop. The malignant melanomata The malignant melanomata are also called black skin are also called black skin cancer.cancer.

                                  

        

Damage caused by Damage caused by radiationradiation

Benign Benign melanomamelanoma

Malignant melanomaMalignant melanoma

Superficial spreading Superficial spreading melanoma (SSM)melanoma (SSM)

Nodular melanoma (NM)Nodular melanoma (NM).

Very harmful tumourVery harmful tumour

Place of development: It Place of development: It develops in the cells that give develops in the cells that give the skin its color (melanocytes)the skin its color (melanocytes)

Development: On normal skin or allready existing cellular Development: On normal skin or allready existing cellular nevus (mole, birthmark)nevus (mole, birthmark) Starting point: Basal cells;Starting point: Basal cells;

At first it usually grows in a At first it usually grows in a horizontal directionhorizontal direction being rather superficial but depending on the type of being rather superficial but depending on the type of melanoma it may start growing rapidly in a melanoma it may start growing rapidly in a vertical vertical directiondirection at an early stage. at an early stage.

The malignant melanomaThe malignant melanoma- black skin cancer -- black skin cancer -

Ca. 20% of all melanomata belong Ca. 20% of all melanomata belong to the so called nodular melanoma to the so called nodular melanoma

(NM). The NM varies in colour from (NM). The NM varies in colour from blue to dark brown. Melanoma is so blue to dark brown. Melanoma is so dangerous, because once it grows dangerous, because once it grows

to a certain thickness, it to a certain thickness, it metastasizes or spreads throughout metastasizes or spreads throughout

the body. After melanoma has the body. After melanoma has spread to the internal organs there spread to the internal organs there is little that can be done and death is little that can be done and death

follows shortly after.follows shortly after.

The superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) The superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) accounts for about 60% of all melanomata and is accounts for about 60% of all melanomata and is

the most common type. SSM undergoes two the most common type. SSM undergoes two growth phases. During the "radial" phase, the growth phases. During the "radial" phase, the

lesion expands through the epidermis (upper skin lesion expands through the epidermis (upper skin layer). In the early radial phase, which may last layer). In the early radial phase, which may last

months or years, the lesion is thin. After the radial months or years, the lesion is thin. After the radial phase, a "vertical" growth phase begins. It may phase, a "vertical" growth phase begins. It may

contain areas of tan, brown/black, red, dark contain areas of tan, brown/black, red, dark blue/purple, or white coloration. This melanoma blue/purple, or white coloration. This melanoma

often appears as a flat „spot“ with regular borders. often appears as a flat „spot“ with regular borders.

The structure of the skinThe structure of the skin

The impact of UV - radiationThe impact of UV - radiation

Because of the advancing loss of Ozone within Because of the advancing loss of Ozone within the stratosphere, the intensity of the UV-the stratosphere, the intensity of the UV-radiation increased noticeably. The sensitivity radiation increased noticeably. The sensitivity towards UV-A-radiation depends on the skin towards UV-A-radiation depends on the skin type.type.

We all react alike towards UV-B and UV-C, We all react alike towards UV-B and UV-C, because those rays were not planned to reach because those rays were not planned to reach the earth at all.the earth at all.

Do we all react alike?Do we all react alike?

The 4 different skin typesThe 4 different skin types

Skin type 2Skin: FairHair: Blond to brownEyes: Grey, blue, greenReaction to sun: Mostly, severeTan : Moderate tanSunburn after: 15 min.

Skin type 1Skin: Strikingly fair, paleHair: Fair blonde to reddishEyes: Green, blueReaction to sun: Always, severe, painfulTan: No tanSunburn after: 10 min.

The 4 different skin The 4 different skin typestypesSkin type 3Skin: Light tan, oliveHair: Deep blonde, brownEyes: Grey, brownReaction to sun: Rarely, moderatelyTan: Good tanSunburn after: 20-30 min.

Skin type 4Skin: BrownHair: Deep brown, blackEyes: BrownReaction to sun: Hardly anyTan : Fast and deep; very good tanSunburn after: 40-60 min.

Examples for other Examples for other illnessesillnesses

Damage to the eyesDamage to the eyes

General weakening of the immune systemGeneral weakening of the immune system

Effects on natureEffects on natureA permanent damage to the environment leaves A permanent damage to the environment leaves broad features on plants:broad features on plants: Retrenchment of the photosynthesisRetrenchment of the photosynthesis Shorter sproutsShorter sprouts Decrease of the average leaf surfaceDecrease of the average leaf surface Alterations within the plant communitiesAlterations within the plant communities

These alterations could lead to extensive crop loss These alterations could lead to extensive crop loss and to changes within the food chain or could and to changes within the food chain or could contribute to forest dieback. contribute to forest dieback.

Effects on natureEffects on natureThe nutrient-rich phytoplankton (e.g. Algaes) The nutrient-rich phytoplankton (e.g. Algaes) decline in the seas. As the process develops the following decline in the seas. As the process develops the following tendencies become apparent:tendencies become apparent: Lack of food for fish and changes in the Lack of food for fish and changes in the composition of species composition of species Loss of the greatest producer of oxygen, as well as less Loss of the greatest producer of oxygen, as well as less conversion of COconversion of CO22 Increase of the greenhouse effectIncrease of the greenhouse effect

Situation and structureSituation and structure

The Ozone LayerThe Ozone Layer

General information General information about the Ozone layerabout the Ozone layer

The Ozone layer is The Ozone layer is located in the located in the stratosphere.stratosphere.

The highest The highest concentration of concentration of Ozone exists at a Ozone exists at a height from 20 to height from 20 to 25km and serves as a 25km and serves as a shield against UV-B shield against UV-B and UV-C radiation. and UV-C radiation.

This is the only way This is the only way life on earth, as we life on earth, as we know it today, is know it today, is possible. possible.

Structure of the Structure of the AtmosphereAtmosphere

Our habitat is situated in the Our habitat is situated in the TroposphereTroposphere

The Arctic Hole in the The Arctic Hole in the Ozone LayerOzone Layer

Why above the Why above the Antarctic?Antarctic?

The graph to the right The graph to the right shows the measured total shows the measured total ozone above the ozone above the Halley Bay Halley Bay stationstation in Antarctica. in Antarctica.

Owing to temperatures of - 80° C water vapour Owing to temperatures of - 80° C water vapour condensates in the stratosphere. PSCs form and condensates in the stratosphere. PSCs form and are made of ice, nitric acid and sulphuric acids.are made of ice, nitric acid and sulphuric acids.

The HCl and ClONOThe HCl and ClONO22 moleculesmolecules are able to are able to react with the ice crystals react with the ice crystals of the PSCs.of the PSCs.

HCl is tied to the surface of the ice crystals and HCl is tied to the surface of the ice crystals and reacts with the ClONOreacts with the ClONO22 molecule. Thereupon, molecule. Thereupon, molecular Chlorine (Clmolecular Chlorine (Cl22) is released.) is released.

(PSC = Polar (PSC = Polar Stratospheric Clouds).Stratospheric Clouds).

Why above the Why above the Antarctic?Antarctic?

The descent of the cooling airmasses causes The descent of the cooling airmasses causes a cyclical, circumpolar votex. It encloses the a cyclical, circumpolar votex. It encloses the cool air above the poles and prevents the cool air above the poles and prevents the warmer, more ozoniferous airmasses from warmer, more ozoniferous airmasses from reaching the lower latitudes. reaching the lower latitudes.

Why above the Why above the Antarctic?Antarctic?

The Future of the The Future of the OzoneholeOzonehole

Due to the long lifespan of CFC it will take Due to the long lifespan of CFC it will take approximately 50 years before the already approximately 50 years before the already released CFCs in the stratosphere are released CFCs in the stratosphere are removed.removed.

Furthermore, Furthermore, the use of the use of CFC did not CFC did not completely completely stop in spite stop in spite of of agreements agreements such as the such as the Montreal Montreal Protocol and Protocol and succeeding succeeding protocols.protocols.

1.1. CFC – Where are they CFC – Where are they found?found?

2.2. Climate friendly Climate friendly alternatives and their alternatives and their

disadvantagesdisadvantages

CFCCFC

What are CFC‘s?What are CFC‘s?

CFC is an abbreviation for CFC is an abbreviation for Chlorofluorocarbons.Chlorofluorocarbons.They were used in fire They were used in fire

extinguishers, aerosol sprays and extinguishers, aerosol sprays and refrigerators.refrigerators.

They can exist in the environment They can exist in the environment for 45-300 years, as they are for 45-300 years, as they are

generally non-reactive. generally non-reactive.

Why does CFC destroy Why does CFC destroy the ozone?the ozone?

UV-radiation breaks off the chlorine atom of the UV-radiation breaks off the chlorine atom of the CFC.CFC.

The chlorine atoms and Ozone react. Ozone is The chlorine atoms and Ozone react. Ozone is destroyeddestroyed

At the same time Chloroxide develops and reacts At the same time Chloroxide develops and reacts with the Ozone.with the Ozone.

Ozone is destroyed, Ozone is destroyed, and the chlorine atomsand the chlorine atoms are are released again.released again.

This continuous chain reaction destroys the Ozone.This continuous chain reaction destroys the Ozone.

Climate friendly Climate friendly alternativesalternatives

Refrigerants (since the 30s) Refrigerants (since the 30s) have been replaced by the have been replaced by the following:following:

Since January 1st, 1995 CFC Since January 1st, 1995 CFC is no longer used in car air is no longer used in car air conditioners and conditioners and refrigerators.refrigerators.

Instead of CFC, Isobutane is Instead of CFC, Isobutane is used in today‘s refrigerators.used in today‘s refrigerators.

Ammonia and Propane are Ammonia and Propane are used in commercial new used in commercial new construction.construction.

Also used, is H-FC, which is Also used, is H-FC, which is harmless to the Ozone.harmless to the Ozone.

Prohibited in foam plastics, Prohibited in foam plastics, pentane or cabondioxide are used pentane or cabondioxide are used instead.instead.

Prohibited in insulation since Prohibited in insulation since 1994 , glas-/ rock wool, animal or 1994 , glas-/ rock wool, animal or herbal fibres are used instead.herbal fibres are used instead.

Prohibited since 1992 in Prohibited since 1992 in detergents and solvents, water-detergents and solvents, water-based detergents are increasingly based detergents are increasingly used.used.

Prohibitied in fire extinguishers Prohibitied in fire extinguishers since 1994 , carbon dioxide , since 1994 , carbon dioxide , water, foam and powder are used water, foam and powder are used instead. instead.

Prohibited early in aerosol sprays, Prohibited early in aerosol sprays, they are still used in special they are still used in special applications (antiasthmatic applications (antiasthmatic sprays).sprays).

Further climate friendly Further climate friendly alternatives and their alternatives and their

disadvantagesdisadvantages Hydrocarbons (propane, isobutane, pentane) Hydrocarbons (propane, isobutane, pentane)

flammable flammable Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide harmful to the harmful to the

environment and climate: greenhouse effect. environment and climate: greenhouse effect. Water Water some substances lose their some substances lose their

attributes by reacting with water. attributes by reacting with water. Ammonia Ammonia could transform into could transform into

ammonium compound, that could lead to an ammonium compound, that could lead to an eutrophication of bodies of water and eutrophication of bodies of water and vegetation. Additionally, ammonia is very vegetation. Additionally, ammonia is very toxic.toxic.

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