Pablo Picasso’s Bull

Energy Energy && Environment Environment

Prof. Rajaratnam Shanthini

Dept of Chemical & Process EngineeringUniversity of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Growing energy Growing energy production / useproduction / use

Degrading environmentDegrading environment

The challenge is to balance The challenge is to balance the the growthgrowth of energy of energy

production / use with the production / use with the stabilitystability of the environment. of the environment.

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

2.63%

Growth rate of global energy consumptionGrowth rate of global energy consumption

Global energy consumptionGlobal energy consumption

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

Predicted at 2.63% growth rate since 1965

(in million tonne oil equivalent)(in million tonne oil equivalent)

Actual consumption

ttdouble = = ln(2)ln(2)

0.02630.0263= 26.6 years= 26.6 years

Global energy consumptionGlobal energy consumption

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

(in million tonne oil equivalent)(in million tonne oil equivalent)

ttdouble = = ln(2)ln(2)

0.02630.0263= 26.6 years= 26.6 years

Global energy consumptionGlobal energy consumption

Have we got enough Have we got enough resourcesresources to to sustain such energy production / use?sustain such energy production / use?

Does the environment have the Does the environment have the capacity to assimilate all the capacity to assimilate all the wasteswastes generated by such generated by such energy productions and uses?energy productions and uses?

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Global energy consumption by resource Global energy consumption by resource

coal

oil

gas

hydro

nuclear

renewables

(in million tonne oil equivalent)(in million tonne oil equivalent)

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011

Fuel Type

Reserves–to–production (R/P) ratio [number of years the reserves would last

if production were to continue at a certain level.]

Coal

Oil

Natural Gas

World proved fossil fuel reserves World proved fossil fuel reserves

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011

Fuel Type

Reserves–to–production (R/P) ratio [number of years the reserves would last

if production were to continue at a certain level.]

at 2007 at 2010 at 2011 level level level

Coal

Oil

Natural Gas

World proved fossil fuel reserves World proved fossil fuel reserves

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011

Fuel Type

Reserves–to–production (R/P) ratio [number of years the reserves would last

if production were to continue at a certain level.]

at 2007 at 2010 at 2011 level level level

Coal 133 118 112

World proved fossil fuel reserves World proved fossil fuel reserves

Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm

Cross-section after mountaintop has been removed

Valley filled with spoil Nine men – that is all it

takes to bring this mountain low

Coal production: Strip miningCoal production: Strip mining

(Mountain top removal mining)

Coal production: Strip miningCoal production: Strip mining

(Mountain top removal mining)

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011

Fuel Type

Reserves–to–production (R/P) ratio [number of years the reserves would last

if production were to continue at a certain level.]

at 2007 at 2010 at 2011 level level level

Coal 133 118 112

Oil

World proved fossil fuel reserves World proved fossil fuel reserves

Fuel Type

Reserves–to–production (R/P) ratio [number of years the reserves would last

if production were to continue at a certain level.]

at 2007 at 2010 at 2011 level level level

Coal 133 118 112

Oil 41.6 46.2 54.2

Pressure is over 500 atm

Depth drilled by British Petroleum

is 5.5 km (3.4 mile) below sea level

Oil production at very deep ocean Oil production at very deep ocean

Ocean is black since no sunlight

penetrates to these depths

4.9 million barrels of oil was spilled on the Gulf of Mexico.

BP was after 50 millions barrel of oil

= 63% of global oil use per day

= 20% of global energy use per day

Oil production at very deep ocean Oil production at very deep ocean

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011

Fuel Type

Reserves–to–production (R/P) ratio [number of years the reserves would last

if production were to continue at a certain level.]

at 2007 at 2010 at 2011 level level level

Coal 133 118 112

Oil 41.6 46.2 54.2

Natural Gas

World proved fossil fuel reserves World proved fossil fuel reserves

Fuel Type

Reserves–to–production (R/P) ratio [number of years the reserves would last

if production were to continue at a certain level.]

at 2007 at 2010 at 2011 level level level

Coal 133 118 112

Oil 41.6 46.2 54.2

Natural Gas 60.3 58.6 63.6

Gas production by fracking Gas production by fracking

• 40,000 gallons of chemicalschemicals is used per fracking

• 8 million gallons of waterwater is used per fracking

• Each well can be fracked 18 times

• 500,000 active gas wells in the United States

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

Global warmingGlobal warming

Climate changeClimate change

Kyoto protocolKyoto protocoletc.etc.

Fossil fuel use Fossil fuel use

Should be watched under parental care

Should be watched under parental care

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Glo

bal

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

Coal

Liquids

Natural gas

Nuclear

Renewableenergy

Global energy consumption Global energy consumption forecast forecast

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2011

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)

richerricher

LessLessGreenerGreener

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)

Source: Ausubel and Waggoner, 2009

USA sulfur dioxide emissions

USA carbon dioxide emissions

2007

1960

1973 1979

1982

1989

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000Real GDP (billions of constant 2005$)

CO

2 e

mis

sio

ns

(T

gC

O2

) Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)

Is the economic growth in Is the economic growth in the United States influenced the United States influenced by its fossil fuel-based by its fossil fuel-based carbon dioxide emissions?carbon dioxide emissions?

Rajaratnam Shanthini

Journal of Sustainable DevelopmentVol. 5, No. 3; March 2012

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) ??? Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) ???

Causal relationshipsCausal relationships

: long-run causality

: short-run causality

Rate of change in GDP

Rate of change in CO2 emissions

Rate of change oil price

1% growth in the GDP is coupled with 3.2% growth in CO2 emissions in the United States.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Glo

bal

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

Coal

Liquids

Natural gas

Nuclear

Renewableenergy

Global energy consumption Global energy consumption forecast forecast

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2011

= 31 – 34%

Energy wasted

= 66 – 69% of heat released by nuclear fuel

for 500 to 1100 MW plant

Thermal efficiency

= Heat input from nuclear fuel

Useful work output

Nuclear power plant Nuclear power plant

According to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

when heat is converted into work, part of the heat energy mustmust be wasted

Power generation

type

Unit size (MW)

Energy Wasted (MW)

Diesel engine 10 - 30 7 – 22

Gas Turbine 50 - 100 36 – 78

Steam Turbine 200 - 800 120 – 560

Combined (ST & GT) 300 - 600 150 – 380

Nuclear (BWR & PWR) 500 - 1100 330 – 760

100 MJ

69 MJ

25 MJ

4 MJ

2 MJ

Engine losses in fuel energy conversion, in engine cooling and with exhaust gases

Energy for accessories

Standby Idle

Fuel Energy

5 MJ

20 MJ

Driveline losses

11 MJ

7 MJ

2 MJ

Aerodynamic drags

Rolling Rolling resistanceresistance

Braking

Source: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml

Highway driving in a typical car Highway driving in a typical car

(= 3 L of petrol)

sugar cane crushed and soluble sugar washed out

sugar cane residue

can’t be used as petrol additive but as petrol

replacement

can be used as petrol additive

CO2

Bioethanol production from sugar Bioethanol production from sugar

distilled to concentrate to 80 – 95% ethanol

5 – 12% ethanol

sugar cane

yeast / bacteria Fermentation of sugar

dehydrate to 100% ethanol

Dehydration in an expensive process

Saccharification with Saccharification with another enzymeanother enzyme

(at 55 (at 55 –– 65 65ooC, pH = 4 - 4.5)C, pH = 4 - 4.5) Cooling (32Cooling (32ooC)C)

Fermentation Fermentation

(40 – 50 hrs)(40 – 50 hrs)

Dehydration Dehydration

80-95% ethanol 80-95% ethanol 100% ethanol 100% ethanol

starch + water + starch + water + enzymeenzyme

Distillation Distillation

Bioethanol production from starch Bioethanol production from starch Liquification Liquification

(at 90 – 95(at 90 – 95ooC; C;

pH = 4 - 4.5; 400 rpm)pH = 4 - 4.5; 400 rpm)

J. Dufour and D. Iribarren in Renewable Energy 38 (2012) 155-162

biodiesel fuels biodiesel fuels

J. Dufour and D. Iribarren in Renewable Energy 38 (2012) 155-162

Global warming potential of biodiesel fuels Global warming potential of biodiesel fuels

J. Dufour and D. Iribarren in Renewable Energy 38 (2012) 155-162

0

20

40

60

80

100

Was

te v

ege

oils

Beef t

allo

w

Poultry

fats

Sewag

e sl

udges

Soybea

n

Rapes

eed

Low-sulp

hur die

sel

Global warming potential of biodiesel fuels Global warming potential of biodiesel fuels

kg CO2 equivalent / GJ of energy supply

J. Dufour and D. Iribarren in Renewable Energy 38 (2012) 155-162

0

20

40

60

80

100

Was

te v

ege

oils

Beef t

allo

w

Poultry

fats

Sewag

e sl

udges

Soybea

n

Rapes

eed

Low-sulp

hur die

sel

Global warming potential of biodiesel fuels Global warming potential of biodiesel fuels

kg CO2 equivalent / GJ of energy supply

J. Dufour and D. Iribarren in Renewable Energy 38 (2012) 155-162

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Was

te v

ege

oils

Beef t

allo

w

Poultry

fats

Sewag

e sl

udges

Soybea

n

Rapes

eed

Low-sulp

hur die

sel

Non-renewable energy demand of biodiesel fuels Non-renewable energy demand of biodiesel fuels

GJ equivalent / GJ of energy supply

J. Dufour and D. Iribarren in Renewable Energy 38 (2012) 155-162

Chemical input in biodiesel production

Waste vege oils

Beef tallow

Poultry fat

Dried sewage sludge

Feedstock 1205 1015 1013 10000

Methanol x x x x

Sulphuric acid x x

Calcium oxide x

Water x x x x

Sodium hydroxide x x x

Sodium methoxide x x

Phosphoric acid x

Hydrogen chloride x x

Hexane x

Biodiesel production Biodiesel production

Process Litre/MWh

corn ethanol irrigation 2,270,000 - 8,670,000

soybean biodiesel irrigation 13,900,000 - 27,900,000

nuclear power plant, open loop cooling 94,600 - 227,100

petroleum extraction + oil refining 90 - 190

Source: Energy Demands on Water Resources; Report to Congress on theInterdependency of Energy and Water; U.S. Department of

Energy: Washington, DC, 2006; p 80.

Water requirement of biofuelsWater requirement of biofuels

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Glo

ba

l G

en

era

tio

n

Coal

Liquids

Natural gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Geothermal

Other

Global electricity generation forecast Global electricity generation forecast

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2011

Inorganic Solar Cells

Bulk

2nd GenerationThin-film

Germanium Silicon

Mono-crystalline

Poly-crystalline

Ribbon

Silicon

AmorphousSilicon

NonocrystallineSilicon

3rd GenerationMaterials

CIS

CIGS

CdTe

GaAs

Light absorbing dyes

Solar Solar Photovoltaic (PV)Photovoltaic (PV)

Inorganic Solar Cells

Bulk

Germanium Silicon

Mono-crystalline

Poly-crystalline

Ribbon

Silicon

AmorphousSilicon

NonocrystallineSilicon

3rd GenerationMaterials

CIS

CIGS

CdTe

GaAs

Light absorbing dyes

2nd GenerationThin-film

Silicon is produced from silica (SiO2) by reacting carbon (charcoal) and silica at very high temperatures.

1.5 tonnes of CO2 is emitted per tonne of silicon (about 98% pure) produced.

Solar Solar Photovoltaic (PV)Photovoltaic (PV)

Inorganic Solar Cells

Bulk

Germanium Silicon

Mono-crystalline

Poly-crystalline

Ribbon

Silicon

AmorphousSilicon

NonocrystallineSilicon

3rd GenerationMaterials

CIS

CIGS

CdTe

GaAs

Light absorbing dyes

2nd GenerationThin-film

Solar Solar Photovoltaic (PV)Photovoltaic (PV)

China’s 2000 MW PV plant will use CdTe (cadmium telluride) .

Cd is however toxic.

2nd GenerationThin-film

Inorganic Solar Cells

Bulk

Germanium Silicon

Mono-crystalline

Poly-crystalline

Ribbon

Silicon

AmorphousSilicon

NonocrystallineSilicon

3rd GenerationMaterials

CIS

CIGS

CdTe

GaAs

Light absorbing dyes

Germanium is an “un-substitutable” industrial mineral.

75% of germanium is used in optical fibre systems, infrared optics, solar electrical applications, and other speciality glass uses.

Solar Solar Photovoltaic (PV)Photovoltaic (PV)

300 kg of Neodymium per 2 GW wind power

Wind turbines Wind turbines

Rare earth elements (REEs) Rare earth elements (REEs)

Light rare earths (LREEs):Light rare earths (LREEs):

Neodymium Neodymium (wind turbines; smart phones (wind turbines; smart phones hard disks; headphones; hard disks; headphones;

electric & hybrid vehicles; electric & hybrid vehicles; speakers)speakers)

Lanthanum Lanthanum (lithium-ion batteries)(lithium-ion batteries)

Cerium; Praseodymium; Cerium; Praseodymium;

Promethium; Samarium; Promethium; Samarium;

Europium; GadoliniumEuropium; Gadolinium

Rare earth elements (REEs) Rare earth elements (REEs)

Heavy rare earths (HREEs):

DysprosiumDysprosium (hybrid/electric cars)

Terbium Terbium (CFL)

Holmium Holmium

Erbium Erbium

Thulium Thulium

YtterbiumYtterbium

Lutetium Lutetium

UNOBTAINIUMUNOBTAINIUM

Rare earth elements (REEs) Rare earth elements (REEs)

Global production of rare earth oxides (in kt)

1950 - 2000

Rare earth elements (REEs) Rare earth elements (REEs)

The lake of toxic waste at Baotou, China, which as been dumped by the rare earth processing plants in the

background

Rare earth elements (REEs) Rare earth elements (REEs)

REEs are found as a group and they must be recovered as group and sequentially separated.

The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus:

“You may give men such gifts as are suitable, but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortals.”

– Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes

Puffin Classics

Eastgate centre, Harare, ZimbabweEastgate centre, Harare, Zimbabwe