316 TOEFL STRATEGIES

Questions 1-10 Free-standing sculpture that is molded or carved is a type familiar to almost everyone.

Although certain free-standing figures or groups of figures can have only a single side intended for viewing, Olhers are completed on all sides. As with all Olher forms of art, the

Line ultimate shape of a sculpture reflects the artist's vision of individuals or experiences repre-(5) sented by the work. Throughout history, people everywhere have discovered a need for

sculpture as a record of events and feelings. Materials w hich can be sculpted do much to contribute to the anist's ~gination.

Wood, stone, metal, and various types of plastic and synthetics are all used as sculpting me-dia. When sculptures are made of stone, wood, ivory, or even ice, the sculptor carves or chips

(10) the substance to reduce it to the neccssary shape. Developing a sculptured image on all sides represents a change from the older approach when anists left the back portion of the figure unfinished and rough. In f.lct, sculpture in relief is completely a02ched to the flat back-ground materi21 and appears to be a part of it. Relief, which is completed only on one side in-tended for viewing, was the first type of sculpture created by man, when ancient sculptors

(15) removed the background material in a side of a tree or a cave to make their drawing appear more realistic.

While creating a statue, the anist depends on the appropriate lighting to develop the fig-ure because the quality of the final product relies on the interplay between light and shade. When the work is finished, the sculprure must be displayed in the same light as it was origi-

(20) nally created. lf a light from a source is too weak or too strong. the effect that the sculptor in tended may be lost. For example, in painting, the light and shade give the image shape and solidity that cannol be altered by an external light in which it is displayed. When a sculp-ture is exhibited, the artist 's work is brought to life by light, and Its character can be altered by the control of the light source. A fundamental difference between a painting and a sculp-

(25) rure is that when viewing a painting, the audience can only see the point of view that the painter had intended. A free-standing sculpture can be seen from practically any angle. The job of the sculptor is then to attain the quality and the volume of the image from any possi-ble point of view.

In addition to carving a work, sculptures can be cast. ln the process of casting, a sculpture (30) can be reproduced in a mold when a liquefied medium is poured into a shape. After the ma-

terial from which the sculpture is made hardens, the mold is removed, and the work is cleaned of the excess and polished. Casting allows the artist to produce as many replicas as needed Most commercially sold sculprures are made in this way. Casting metals requires special care and skill. Bronze is the preferred metal becasc of its versatility and mallcabil-

(35) ity. To make bronze sculpture, the space in a mold is fJled with wax until it is melted by the heated metal. 1llis process, sometimes called lost-wax, was favored by Benvenuto Cclllni and was common among the artists in ancient China.

1. What is the main topic of this passage?

W Differences between painting and sculpture

(B) Sculpting techniques and media (C) Types of commercially produced

sculptures CD) Reasons for enjoying sculpture

2. The word "ultimate in line 4 is closest in meaning to

W ulterior (B) final (C) formal (D)fonnidable

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3. According to the passage, the purpose of sculpture as a form of an is to

(A) Display a group of figures (B) Reflect a human need for freedom (C) Express a.n artistic vision (D)Commemorate individuals and events

4. According to the passage, all of the following are true of sculpture EXCEPT that

(A) it can be found in all pans of the world

(B) it has undergone change since the early times

(C) it can be created from many substances

(D) it is no longer useful for people

5. The author of the passage implies that the most imponam factor in showing a sculpted work is

(A) the strength of the light source (B) the development of the sculpted

figure (C) the shape of the material for

sculpting (D)the effect of light on the sculpted

image

6. The word audience" in line 25 is closest in meaning to

Wlisteners (B) viewers (C)public (D)artists

PRACTICE TOEFL 6 317

7. What does the author mention as an imponant difference between a painting and a sculpture?

W A painting does not need shading to be displayed.

(B) A painting can be viewed from only one position.

(C) A sculpture needs to have proper lighL

(D) A sculpture does not look good from all angles.

8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a sculpting medium?

Wice (B) Ivory (C) Stone (D)Wax

9. The word "replicas" in line 32 is closest in meaning to

W replacements (B) molds (C) reproductions (D) monuments

10. According to the passage, what are the two basic methods for making sculptures?

(A) Carving and casting (B) Free-standing a nd relief (C) Hardening and melting (D)Stone and metal

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318 TOEFL STRATEGIES

Questions 11- 21 The Beatles became the most popular group in rock music history. This quartet of ex-

traordinarily talented musicians generated a phenomenal number of pieces tlut won gold records. They inspired a frenzy tlut transcended countries and economic strata. While all of

Line them sang. John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the majority of their songs. Originally, (5) Lennon and five others formed a group called the Quarrymen in 1956, with McCar1ney join-

ing them later tlut year. George Harrison, john Lennon, and Paul McCartney, together with Sruart Sutcliffe, who played the bass guitar, and Pete Best on the drums, performed to-gether in several bands for a few years, until they finally settled on the Silver Beatles in 1960. American rock musicians, such as Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley, influenced Len-

(10) non's and McCartney's music, whose first hits consisted o f simple runes and lyrics about young love, "Love Me Do" and "Please, Please Me. The Beatles' U.S. tour propelled them to stardom and led to two movies A Hard Day's Nlgbt and Help!, filmed in 1964 and 1965. The so-called British invasion of the United States was In full swiflg when they took the top five spots on the singles charts, followed by the release of their first film.

(15) During the 1960s, their music marured and acquired a sense of melody. The lyrics of their songs became deeper and gained in both imagination and meaning. Their popularity continued to grow as the Beatles rumed their attention to social problems and political is-sues in "Nowhere Man" and "Eleanor Rigby." Loneliness and nostalgia come through in their ballads "Michelle" and "Yesterday," which fully displayed the group's professional de-

(20) velopment and sophistication . Lennon's sardonic music with lyrics written in the first per-son, and McCartney's songs that created scenarios with off beat individuals, contributed to the character of the music produced by the group. ln addition to their music, the Beatles set a social trend that popularized long hair, Indian music, and mod dress.

For a variety of reasons, the musicians began to drift apart, and their last concert took (25) place in San Francisco in 1966. The newspapers and tabloids publiciz.ed their qua.rrcls and

lawsuits, and the much idolized group finally disbanded in 1970. However, their albums had outsold those of any other band in history. Although all or the Beatles continued to per-form solo or fonn new rock groups, alone, none could achieve the recognition and success that they had been able to win together.

11. What does the passage mainly discuss?

W The history and music of the Beatles (B) The history and milestones of rock

music (C) The fashion and music popular in the

1960s (D)The creation and histo ry of a music

group

12. According to the passage, how many members were in the band, formed in 1956?

(A) Four (B) Five (C) Six (O)Seven

13. According to the passage, which or the Beatles had the greatest musical talent?

(A) j~hn Lennon and Paul McCar1ney (B) George Harrison and j ohn Lennon (C) Sniart Sutcliffe and Pete Best (O)John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and

George Harrison

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14. The author of the passage implies that the Beatles

W competed with American musicians (B) wrote their music as a group (C) became popubr ...,btively quickly (D)were active in social movement.s

15. According to the passage, the Beatles' fume grew as a result of

W Chuck Berry's involvement (B) their American tour (C) two movies made in the U.S. (D)their first two hits

16. The autho r of the passage implies that over time, the music and lyrics by the Beatles

W became more complex than at the beginning of their career

(B) declined. in quality and political significance

(C) were dedicated to women named Eleanor and Michdle

(D)made them the richest musicians in the world

17. The word acquired" in line 15 Is closest in meaning to

(A) imparted (B)attached (C) imprinted (D)attained

18. According to the passage, when did the Beatles experience their greatest success.'

W In the late 1950s. (B) After their break-up in 1970. (C) During the early and mid-1960s. (D) Throughout their lifetimes.

PRACTICE TOEFL 6 319

19. The word scenarios" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) sceneries (B) situations (C) life s to ries (D) love themes

20. According to the passage, how did Lennon and McCartney enhance the musk of the group?

(A) They struggled to reach stardom in the United States.

(B) They composed lyrics to scornful songs and ballads.

(C) Their music added distinctiveness to the Beatles' repertoire.

(D)Their loneliness and sadness made their music popular.

21. In line 26, the word "disbanded" is closest in meaning to

Wseparated (B)slipped (C) revelled (D)bonded

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320 TOEFL STRATEGIES

Quest.ions 22-31 Like Europeam who arrived in the Americas, the first American Indians wee ~ Becrusc

1ndians were nomadic hunrcrs and gatherers, they probably arrived in search of new hunl-ing grounds from Asia when they crossed the ice

25. The author of the passage implies that Indians (A) carried their construClion ma1erials to

new locations (1:1) liwd in senlcments, similar to the

European~ (C) likt.'

322 TOEFL STRATEGIES

Questions 32-42 Continents and ocean basins represent the largest identifiable bodies on Eanh. On the

solid portions of the planet, the second most prominent fearures are flat plains, elevated pla-teaus, and large mountain ranges. ln geography, the term "continent" rcfetS to the surface of

Line continuous landmasses that together comprise about 29.2% of the planet's surface. On the (5) other hand, another definltion is prevalent in the general use of the term that deals Wilh ex-

tensive mainlands, such as Europe or Asia, that actually represent one very large landmass. Although all continents are bounded by water bodies or high mountain ranges, isolated main.lands, such as Greenland and India-Pakistan areas are called subcontinents. In some circles, the distinction between continents and large islands lies almost exclusively in the

(10) size of a particular landmass. The analysis of compression and tension in the earth's crust has determined that conti-

nental sau~ are com~ of layetS that underlie continental shelves. A great deal of disagreement among geologists surrounds the issue of exactly how many layers underlie each landmass because of their distinctive miner.tl and chemical composition. It is also quite

(15) possible that the ocean floor rests on the top of unknown continents that have not yet been explored The continental crust is believed to have been formed by means of a chemical reac-tion when lighter materials separated from heavier ones, thus settling at various levels within the crust. Assisted by the measurements of the specifics within CN5l formatio ns by means of monitoring earthquakes, geologists can speculate that a chemical split occurred to

(20) form the atmosphere, sea water, and the = before it solidified many cenruries ago. Although each continent has its special fearures, all consist of various combinations of

components that include shields, mountain belts, intracratonic basins, ma.rgins, volcanic plateaus, and blockvaulted belts. The basic differences among continents lie in the propor-tion and the composition of these features relative to the continent size. Climatic zones have

(25) a crucial effect on the weathering and formation of the surface features, soil erosion, soil deposition, land formation, vegetation, and human aaivities.

Mountain belts are elongated narrow zones that have a charaaeristic folded sedimentary organization of layers. They are typically produced during substantial crustal movements, which generate faulting and mountain building. When continental ma.rgins collide, the

(30) rise of a marginal edge leads to the formation of large mountain ranges, as explained by the plate tectonic theory. This process also accounts for the occurrence of mountain belts in ocean basins and produces evidence for the ongoing continental plate evolution.

32. What does this passage mainly discuss?

W Continental drift and division (B) Various definitions of the term

"continent" (C) Continental saucrure and crust (D) Scientific analyses of continental ousts

33. According to the passage, how do scientists define continents?

W As masses of land without divisions (B) As extensive bodies of land (C) As the largest identifiable features (O) As surftcial compositions and ranges

34. In line 7, the word "bounded" is closest in m~ning to

Wcovercd (B) convened (C) delimited (D) dominated

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35. The author of the passage implies that the disagreement among scientists is based on the fact that

W each continent has several planes and shelves

(B) continents have various underlying layers of crust

(C) continents undergo compression and experience tension

(D)contincnts have different chemical makeup

36. The word "specifics" in line 18 is closest in meaning co

W specialties (B) speculations (C) exact details CD) precise movements

37. The word "it" in line 20 refers co

W a chemical split (B) the crust (C) the atmosphere (D)sca water

38. The author of the passage implies that W it is nOl known exactly how the

contincn1al crust was formed (B) geologists have neglected the

exploration of the ocean floor (C) scientists have concentrated o n

monitoring earthquakes (D)the eanh's atmosphere split into

water and solids

PRACTICE TOEFL 8 323

39. According to the passage, what arc the differences in the structure of continents?

W The proportional s ize of continents to one anochcr

(B) Rati~ of major components and their comparative size

(C) The distinctive features o f their clements

(D)Climatic zones and their effect on the surf.ice features

40. In line 31, the phnse. "This process" refers to

W contincn1al collision (B) mountain ranges ( C) the rise of margins (D)platc tectonic theory

41 . The author of the passage implies that

W the process of mountain formation has not been accounted for

(B) mountain ranges on the ocean floor lead to surface mountain building

(C) faulting and continental margins arc parts of plate edges

(D)thc process of continent formation has not been completed

42. The word "evidence" in the last line is closest in meaning to

W cvencualicy (B) confirmation (C) exemplification (O)challcnge

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324 TOEFL STRATEGIES

Questions 43-50 Chicago ranks as the leading industrial and urban center in Nonh America. Carl Sand-

burg called it the "City of the Big Shoulders" primarily because in the 1930s, its population contained a large segment of industrial workers, the largest agricultural market, and a huge

Line airpon. This poetic phrase, however, does not do justice to the city's outstanding array of (5) cultural institutions, such as the symphony orchestra and the museums of art and histo ry.

The downtown business district on the shore of Lake Michigan is the hub of fashionable and elegant boutiques. quaint restaurants, and high-rise office buildings. Lllke Shore Drive extends to bolh the nonh and south ends of the city, making it one of the most spectacular roadways in the state of Illinois. The Old Water Tower, dwarfed by the John Hancock Cen-

(10) ter, is a must-see landmark frequented by thousands of tourists each year. Most of the Chi-cago lakefront is public, with spectacular beaches and wide lawns stretching along the shore line.

Throughout its history, Europeans streamed into the city in search of jobs in steel mills and factories. The large influx of population created tensions in various neighborhoods, and

(15) in the 1920s, Chicago gained a reputation for violence and crime that it never lived down. Nonetheless, the booming industries continued to attract new residents into the thriving city, despite its notoriety.

The Chicago metropolitan area has undergone dramatic changes since the 1940s when the suburban population almost doubled, and the number of city residents fell. Today, most

(20) of the city's ethnic enclaves have faded away, but their rich heritage remains. The residents take pride in impressive churches and blocks of homes constructed in the early 20th century by industrious European immigrants who built the city. More than 85% of Chicagoans were bom in the Un,ited States, and access to Irish, Italian, Polish, and German community institutions and businesses is not as imponant to them as it was to their grandparents. ltal-

(25) ian is no longer spoken in Linle Italy, and Irish pubs have fewer Irish customers than those of mixed, typically American origins.

43. What does the passage mainly d iscuss? (A) Chicago's industrial and urban

evolution (B) Cultural and tourist attractions in

Chicago (C) The size of the city and its roadways (D)The spectacular arrays of buildings in

Chicago

. According to the passage, Carl Sandburg's phrase

(A) describes the city in the best light (B) reflects the cicy in its entirety (C) overlooks many of Chicago's

attractive features (D)gives an overview of Chicago's

cultural life

45. The word "hub" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) hifl (B) center (C) comer (D)home

46. The author of the passage implies that

(A) the Old Water Tower is shoner than the John Hancock Center

(B) the John Hancock Center 1s probably the tallest building in the city

(C) the Old Water Tower and the John Hancock Center are located o n the lake shore

(D)the Old Water Tower and the John Hancock Center are easy to reach by one of the lllinois roadways

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47. Acco rding to the passage, immigrants from Europe

(A) arrived in Chicago by ships and boats (B) came to the city to enjoy its beaches (C) arrived in large numbers (D)came to Chicago to live in a large city

48. What changes have occurred in the city since the 1940s?

(A) Many residents moved out to neighboring towns.

(B) Its population grew rapidly. (C) Many residents forgot cheir ethnic

heritage. (D) Its original builders moved back to

Europe.

PRACTICE TOEFL 6 325

49. ln line 22, the word "industrious" is the closest in meaning to

(A) employed in an industry (B) hard-working (C) ill-famed (D)cmployecl in construction

50. According to the passage, currently most residents of Chicago

(A) speak several languages (B) do not shop in local stores (C) do not have community institutions (D) predominantly speak English