Palmer: Sec 64

Essential Question: Why did radical revolutionaries like Garibaldi side with moderates and Cavour?

*Cavour and the Italian War of 1859: The Unification of Italy

* Italian Nationalism: The Program of Cavour*During French Revolution Italian nationalism grew.

*Pope rejected the movements in 1848 of Mazzini

*Austria would not release its Italian territory with out force.

*Victor Emanuel II became king of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1849 and appointed Camillo di Cavour prime minister 1852

*What reforms did Camillo Cavour make as prime minister?

*Cavour and Emanuel II were conservative nationalists and therefor clashed with radicals like Mazzini and Garibaldi.

• Railroads, agriculture, free trade• Anti-Clerical policies

• Cut down on holidays• Limited church’s right to own

property• Abolished the church courts

• Modernized the military.

http://www.pickatrail.com/jupiter/location/europe/italy/map/piemonte.gif

*The Crimean War 1854-56

*War broke out between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over access to the Dardanelles and Bosporus straits.

*France and Britain came to the aid of the Ottomans

*Cavour hoped to gain support for Italian unification by entering on the side of France and Britain.

*Austria remained neutral.

*Russia was defeated and at the negotiating table Cavour got less than he hoped for but his army proved themselves and Austria was seen as week by the major powers.

*Cavour’s Agreement with Napoleon 1859

*In order to take Lombardy and Venetia from Austria Cavour turned to Napoleon III

*Cavour would allow France to annex Nice and Savoy who’s population was in favor of French annexation in exchange for French military support against Austria.

Italy 1860

http://go.hrw.com/venus_images/0522MC17.gif

* Italian Nationalism: The Program of Cavour*War with Austria 1859

*Cavour hoped to take Lombardy and Venetia

*With French military support Piedmont won the battles of Magenta and Solferino.

*France makes a separate peace with Austria*Napoleon III becomes fearful of a Strong Piedmont to the south east

*Revolutions in Central and Northern Italian sates*Rulers from Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna had fled to

Austria during the War of 1859 and had been replaced by republics.

*After the war their rulers were going to return they instead voted to join Piedmont.

*Austria was prevented from supporting the leaders due to the agreements made with France.

*Piedmont was able to incorporate them in 1860

• Austria keeps Venetia• Piedmont gained Lombardy • Papal states remained in central Italy under French

protection.

*The Completion of Italian Unity*In 1860 there were three states (Piedmont, Palpl States and

Kingdom of Two Sicily’s

*What was Giuseppe Garibaldi’s role in unification?

*1866 Venetia was annexed after the Prussian-Austrian war

*1870 Rome was annexed after French Troops left to fight Franco-Prussian war.

• April 1860 radical republicans rebelled against the Bourbon leaders.

• 1861 Garibaldi led the Red Shirts (volunteers from the north) to the Kingdom of Two Sicily’s and overthrew the government.

• Cavour marched his army south to confront Garibaldi• Cavour convinced Garibaldi that a constitutional monarch was

what was best for Italy at the time. This would prevent a civil war.

• The people of The Kingdom of Two Sicily’s voted to be joined with Piedmont. All other papal states except Rome Followed suit.

• 1861 Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed under Victor Emanuel II

Map of Italy in 1859

Map of Italy in 1860 Map of Italian Kingdom in 1861Map of Italian Kingdom in 1870

Map of Italy in 1810Map of Italy in 1796

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_unification