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iseh musyafak

Afakabar59.blogspot.c

om

Is English boring? Is English difficult? Is English fun? Is English easy?

Yups, it’s sometimes.

♫ Letter

♫ Word

♫ Clause

♫ Sentence

♫ Paragraph

♫ Essay

♫ Text

Who are they?

Letter: a written or printedsign representating a sound used in speech.

e.g. “B” is the second latter of alphabet

Word: a sound or group of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of a language.

e.g. “table” is word has meaning a piece of furniture consisting of aflat top supported on one or more legs.

Clause: a group of words that includes subject and a verb, forming a sentence or part of sentence.

e.g. He often visits Spain because he likes the climate

Sentence: a set of words expressing a stateement, question or a command. It consist of minimally Subject and verb

e.g. He often visits Spain because he likes the climate

Paragraph: a distrinct section of a piece of writing.e.g.

Essay: a piece of writing, usually short no any one subject.

Text: the main written or pointed part of a book or page, contrasted with notes, illustration

Come back and ave a look the box which is orange.

Parts of speech

What isthat?

P

A

N

C

A

V

I

P

PRONOUN

ADJECTIVE

NOUN

CONJUNCTION

VERB

INTERJECTION

PREPOSITION

ADVERB

is classification of words to show the character andfunction in every single sentence.

Pronoun: a word used in place of a noun or noun phrase,e.g. I, you, we, they, he, she, it.

Adjective: a that indicates quality of person or thing referred to by noun,e.g. Big, small, clever, stupid, handsome, beautiful, ugly, bad.

Noun: a word used the name or identity any of class of things, people, places or ideas, or particular one of these.e.g. Johny, Berlin, heart, song.

Adverb: a word that adds more information about place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree,etc to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb.e.g. Speak kindly, just in time, too quickly, incredibly..

Conjunction: a word used the name or identity any of class of things, people, places or ideas, or particular one of these.e.g. Johny, Berlin, heart, song.

Preposition: a word or agroup of words used before noun or pronoun to show place, position, time, or method,e.g. In, from, to, out of, on behalf of, etc.)

Verb: a word or phrase indicating an action, an event,or a state.e.g. Put, bring, come.

Interjection: a word or phrase used to express sudden surprise, pleasure, annoyance, etc.e.g. Oh!, Hurray!, or Damn!.

Personal pronoun

Subject Pronoun

Possesssive Adjective

ObjectPronoun

Reflexive Pronoun Possessive Pronoun

I My... Me Myself Mine

You Your... Your Yourself/selves Yours

We Our... Us Ourselves Ours

They Their... Them Themselves Theirs

He His... Him Himself His

She Her... Her Herself Hers

It Its... It itself Its

I read my book for me myself because this book is mine

You read your book for you yourself because this book is

yours

Etc.

e.g

Demonstrative Pronoun

e.g. This, that,

these, those, the...

Relative Pronoune.g. Who, whom, whose, when,

where, that.

Interrogative Pronoune.g. What, who, why, when,

where, which, whose, whom, how.

Reciprpocal Pronoune.g. Each

other, one

another.

Definite Pronoune.g. The other(s).

Indefinite Pronoune.g.

All, any, both, each, either, ot

her(s), another, few, many, m

ore, neither, none, some, some

one/thing, anyone/thing, one,

ones, half.

Adjective

Determiner

Descriptive Adjective

Noun Adjective

Determiner

Articles

Demonstrative

Adjective

Possessive

Adjective

Numeral

Adjective

Adjective of

Indefinite

Quality

Relative and interrogative

Adjective

The, a, an

From pronouns:

my, your, etc

From nouns:

tom’s, the

girl’s, etc

This;

plural these

That;

plural those

Cardinal:

One, two,three.

Ordinal:

First, Second.

Some, few, all, any, mo

re, etc.Whose, thet, which, etc.

Descriptive

Adjevtive

Quality Character

Size

Age Temperature

Participle

Shape

Colour

Origin Location

Beautiful

Big

Old

Neglected

Square

Red

Jamaican

Noun AdjectiveMateria

le.g. Stone

Noune.g.

plantation

Principle Noune.g. Houses

Descriptve AdjectiveNoun Adjective

Determ

iner

Quality C

haracter

Size

Age T

emp

erature

Prticip

le

Sh

ape

Co

lour

Origin

Lo

cation

Material

No

un

Particip

leN

oun

The beautifu

l

big old neglecte

d

squar

e

re

d

Jamaican stone plantation house

s

Those are the examples of Adjective

Noun

Alteration(s-P)

Form

Regular Plural Noun,eg. Book-books, class-classes, city-cities, etc.

Irregular Plural Noun,eg. Child-children, dantum-data, man-men, woman-women, etc.

Summaries

Countable Noun (can be counted),eg. Chair, book, pen, car, glass, spon, plate, etc.

Unountable Noun (cannot be counted),eg. Water, sugar, salt, fire, sand, etc.

Abstract Noun

Quality- kindness, bravery, etc

Action- movement, behavior, etc

State- childhood, youth, sickness, etc

Science, profession- economics, etc

Concrete Noun

Common- country, boy, mountain, etc

Proper- America, Surabaya, John, etc

Material- honey, gold, iron, rice, etc.

Collective- audience, club, group, etc.

Conjunction

Words that join into sentence

I went to bed earlier because I was extremely tired

ClauseClauseConjunction

Sentence

Conjunction not only join slauses together, they also show how the meanings of the two clauses are relatedWe bought the food and they suplied the

drink.

She was poor but she was honest.

We can go swimming, or we could stay here.

People dislike her because she was so rude.

I’ll phone you when I arrive.

Addition

Contrast

Alternative

Cause

Time

Conjunction

Co-ordinating Conjunction

e.g. And, but, or

Sub-ordinating Conjunction

e.g. Because, when, that, which

A part of the other clause.

Independent of each other.

Based on the meaning.

Conjunction

Simple Conjunctione.g. And, or, but, after.

Correlative

Conjunctione.g. Both...and...

Not only...but also

Prticipial Conjunctione.g. Supposing...

Provided...

Phrasal

Conjunctione.g. As if,as soon as,

in order that.

Adverb

Meaning Function

a word that adds more information

Meaning

Adverb of place, e.g here, there, in the clss, etc

Adverb of time, e.g

yesterday, now, tomorrow, etc

Adverb of manner, e.g seriously, by

train, well, etc

Adverb of intensifying

Adverb of degree, e.g so, too, very, entirely, etc

Distingiushing Adverb, e.g especially, only, etc

Function Sentence Adverb, e.g actually, evidently, etc

Conjunctive Adverb, e.g nevertheless, therefore, etc

Explanatory Adverb, e.g namely, for example, etc

Exclamatory Adverb – how

Relative, interrogative Adverb,

e.g when, where, how, etc

Verb

Complement Form

Complement

Linking Verbe.g. To be (is, am, are), feel.

Transitive Verbe.g. Call, read, write, keep.

Inransitive Verbe.g. go, run, sleep, cry.

Reflexive Verbe.g. Shave, dress, concentrate, hurry.

Auxliary Verbe.g. To be, do(es), did, have(s).

Note: We sometmites found

verb that belongs to tran-intran

verb

Form

P R E S

E N T

S t u d

y

L i s t

e n

Wa t c

h

A c c o

m p a y

L o v e

Wa l k

Wr i t

e

G o

H o l d

T e a c

h

S e e

P A S T

S t u d i

e d

L i s t e

n e d

Wa t c h

e d

A c c o m

p a i e d

L o v e d

Wa l k e

d

Wr o t e

We n t

H e l d

T a u g h

t

S a w

F e l t

C u t

P A S T -

P A R T I C I

P L E

S t u d i

e d

L i s t e

n e d

Wa t c h

e d

A c c o m

p a i e d

L o v e d

Wa l k e

d

Wr i t t

e n

G o n e

H e l d

T a u g h

t

P R E S E N T -

P A R T I C I

P L E

S t u d y i

n g

L i s t e n

i n g

Wa t c h i

n g

A c c o m p

a y i n g

-

Wa l k i n

g

Wr i t i n

g

G o i n g

H o l d i n

g

T e a c h i

Note: the changing called “regular-irregular Verb”

Interjection

Kinds of Interjection Functions

Hurray! Happiness

Bravo! Agreement

Hush! Attention

Pshaw! Unpatient

Alas! Sadness

Heigh-ho! Bordem

Fie! Fie! Reproach

Damn it! Anger

Preposition

Free Preposition

Bound Preposition

Free Preposition

Preposition Function (time) Example

On Followed by days On Sunday,.....

Follwed by date On July 27th 1989

In Followed by month

In March, in January,....

Followed by year In 2002, in 2011,...

At Followed by time At 7 o’clock, at 8.45

Preposition Function (place) Example

On Up of something Your pen is on the table.

In Inside of something Vina is in her room a whole day.

At Around of something He is sitting at the garden.

Bound Preposition

Prepositions that must be brought into line follow thw words

before.

He was angry with me last night.She always jealous of my friends.

John is different from Benno.Is she interested in me?I agree stronglu with you.

Don’t forget to smile at every body you meet.Are you afraid of ghost?

Finsha is clever at Mathematics.My mom hopes I’m successful in my bussiness.

Murphy, Raymond, English Grammar in

Use, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press,

1994

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of

Current English, Fifth Edition, Oxford University

Press, Jonathan Crowther, New York, 1995

Schrampfer Azar, Betty, Understanding and

Using English Grammar, Second Edition, prentice-

Hall, Inc, 1992

Slamet, Hadi, S.Pd, Fundamentals of

PANCAVIP, Kediri, 2007, Beswan Media Press

Kediri, 2011.

Swan, Michael, Practical English Usage,

Third Edition, Oxford University Press, New York,

2005

Tata, Muhtadi’in, S.Pd, Gren Module,

Kediri, 2009, Self-Circle, 2010

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOR ATTENTION

See you

later........

To be continued..........