papaya project
TRANSCRIPT
PAPAYA
1. INTRODUCTION
Papaya (Carica papaya) is a tropical fruit having commercial importance because of its high
nutritive and medicinal value. Papaya cultivation had its origin in South Mexico and Costa
Rica. Total annual world production is estimated at 6 million tonnes of fruits. India leads the
world in papaya production with an annual output of about 3 million tonnes. Other leading
producers are Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, Indonesia, China, Peru, Thailand and Philippines.
2. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this report is to present a bankable one acre model for high quality
commercial cultivation of the crop.
3. BACKGROUND
3.1 Area & Production
The area under papaya cultivation in India increased by 63% from 45.2 thousand ha. in
1991-92 to 73.7 thousand ha. in 2001-02 and the production increased from 8 lakh tones to
26 lakh tones. Papaya is mostly cultivated in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Gujarat, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. (Vide
Table-1)
Table 1 : State-wise Area, Production & Productivity of
papaya during 2001-02
State Area
(‘000 Ha.)
Production
(‘000 MT)
Productivity
(MT/Ha.)
Andhra Pradesh 11.7 1173.6 100.0
West Bengal 7.2 241.9 33.5
Karnataka 3.6 238.1 65.5
Orissa 10.7 217.5 20.3
Gujarat 4.4 175.1 39.4
Maharashtra 5.8 174.4 30.0
Assam 7.5 111.8 14.8
Kerala 13.2 59.7 4.5
Madhya Pradesh 0.8 39.2 49.0
Others 8.6 159.1 -
TOTAL 73.7 2590.4 35.1
Source : Database of National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture ,
Govt. of India.
3.2 Economic Importance
Fruit is a rich source of vitamin A and C. It has a high nutritive and medicinal value. Papain
prepared from dried latex of its immature fruits is used in meat tenderizing, manufacture of
chewing gum, cosmetics, for degumming natural silk and to give shrink resistance to wool. It
is also used in pharmaceutical industries, textile and garment cleaning paper and adhesive
manufacture, sewage disposal etc.
4. MARKET ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY
4.1 Demand and Supply patterns
Only 0.08% of domestic production is exported and the rest is consumed within the country.
Delhi and Mumbai are the two principal markets. Other major domestic markets are Jaipur,
Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad. Arrivals are sizeable in the markets of
Guwahati, Ahmedabad, Lucknow, Patna, Raipur, Baraut and Jammu. The crop arrives in
the market around the year in the major States viz. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa and West Bengal.
4.2 Export trends
India exports Papaya mainly to Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Netherlands etc.
The trend in export of papaya from India during the period 1999-2000 to 2001-02 is given in
Graph 3.
Table-2 : Country-wise export of papaya from India during 2001-
02.
Country
Quantity
(Tonnes)
Value
(Rs. in lakhs)
Bahrain
125.17
19.23
Kuwait
148.98
22.37
Netherlands
90.00
10.42
Qatar
142.66
22.39
Saudi Arabia
737.32
107.04
U.A.E.
499.84
59.75
Others
231.90
45.69
Total
1975.87
286.89
Source : APEDA,New Delhi
4.3 Analysis and Future Strategy
The fruit being perishable in nature poses problem in marketing. Development of
infrastructure facilities for transport to primary markets, standardization of packaging
techniques are aspects which need special attention. Processing facilities also need to be
created in the major producing states for value addition.
5. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Agro-climatic requirements
Papaya being a tropical fruit grows well in the mild sub-tropical regions of the country upto
1,000 m. above sea level. Night temperature below 120-140 C for several hours during winter
season affects its growth and production severely. It is very much sensitive to frost, strong
winds and water stagnation.
Deep, well drained sandy loam soil is ideal for cultivation of papaya.
5.2 Growing and Potential Belts
The state-wise growing belts are given in the following :
State Growing belts
Andhra Pradesh Cuddapah, Medak, Kurnool, Rangareddy
Assam Nagaon, Darrang, Karbi Anglong
Gujarat Kheda, Ahmedabad, Jamnagar
Jharkhand Simdega, Ranchi, Lohardaga, Hazaribagh, Chatra
Karnataka Bellary, Bidar, Bangalore (R& U), Mandya, Shimoga, Chitradurga, Mysore, Belgaum, Hassan
Maharashtra Sangli, Satara, Pune, Nasik, Sholapur, Nagpur, Amravati
Madhya Pradesh Dhar, Khandwa, Bilaspur, Ratlam, Guna
West Bengal North & South 24- Parganas, Hooghly, Nadia, Midnapur
5.3 Varieties Cultivated
Important papaya varieties cultivated in different states of India are given below :
State Varieties grown
Andhra Pradesh - Honey Dew, Coorg Honey Dew, Washington, Solo, Co-1,Co-2,
Co-3, Sunrise Solo, Taiwan
Jharkhand - Ranchi selection, Honey Dew, Pusa Delicious & Pusa Nanha
Karnataka & Kerala - Coorg Honey Dew, Coorg Green, Pusa Delicious & Pusa Nanha
West Bengal - Ranchi selection, Honey Dew, Washington, Coorg Green
Orissa - Pusa Delicious, Pusa Nanha, Ranchi selection, Honey Dew, Washington, Coorg Green
5.4 Land Preparation
A well-drained upland is selected for cultivation. In open and high lying areas plants are
exposed to strong winds or storm. Therefore, for proper establishment of papaya plantation,
suitable wind break should be planted at the orchard boundary.
5.5 Planting
5.5.1 Planting Material
Papaya is commercially propagated by seed and tissue culture plants. The seed rate is 250-
300 g./ha. The seedlings can be raised in nursery beds 3m. long, 1m. wide and 10 cm. high
as well as in pots or polythene bags. The seeds after being treated with 0.1% Monosan
(phenyl mercuric acetate), ceresan etc. are sown 1 cm. deep in rows 10 cm. apart and
covered with fine compost or leaf mould. Light irrigation is provided during the morning
hours. The nursery beds are covered with polythene sheets or dry paddy straw to protect
the seedlings. About 15-20 cm. tall seedlings are chosen for planting in about two months.
5.5.2 Planting season
Papaya is planted during spring (February-March), monsoon (June-July) and autumn
(October-November).
5.5.3 Spacing
A spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m. is normally followed. However higher density cultivation with
spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 m./ha enhances the returns to the farmer and is recommended.
High Density Planting : A closer spacing of 1.2 x 1.2 m. for cv. Pusha Nanha is adopted
for high density planting, accommodating 6,400 plants/ha.
5.5.4 Planting Method
The seedlings are planted in pits of 60x60x60 cm. size. In the summer months the pits are
dug about a fortnight before planting. The pits are filled with top soil along with 20 kg. of
farmyard manure., 1 kg. neem cake and 1 kg. bone meal. Tall and vigorous varieties are
planted at greater spacing while medium and dwarf ones at closer spacing.
5.6 Nutrition
Papaya plant needs heavy doses of manures and fertilizers. Apart from the basal dose of
manures (@ 10 kg./plant) applied in the pits, 200-250 g. each of N, P2O5 and K2O are
recommended for getting high yield. Application of 200 g. N is optimum for fruit yield but
papain yield increases with increase in N upto 300 g.
5.6.1 Micronutrients
Micro-nutrients viz. ZnSO4 (0.5%) and H2 BO3 (0.1%) are sprayed in order to increase
growth and yield characters.
5.7 Irrigation
The irrigation schedule is fixed on the basis of soil type and weather conditions of the region.
Protective irrigation is provided in the first year of planting. During the second year, irrigation
is provided at fortnightly interval in winter and at an interval of 10 days in summer. Basin
system of irrigation is mostly followed. In areas having low rainfall, sprinkler or drip system
can be adopted.
5.8 Intercultural Operations
Deep hoeing is recommended during the first year to check weed growth. Weeding should
be done on regular basis especially around the plants. Application of Fluchloralin or
Alachlorin or Butachlorine (2.0 g./ha.) as pre-emergence herbicide two months after
transplanting can effectively control the weeds for a period of four months. Earthing up is
done before or after the onset of monsoon to avoid water-logging and also to help the plants
to stand erect.
5.9 Inter-cropping
Intercropping leguminous crops after non-leguminous ones, shallow rooted crops after deep
rooted ones are beneficial. No intercrops are taken after the onset of flowering stage.
5.10 Removal of male plants
About 10% of the male plants are kept in the orchards for good pollination where dioecious
varieties are cultivated. As soon as the plants flower, the extra male plants are uprooted.
5.11 Plant Protection Measures
5.11.1 Insect Pests
The insect pests mostly observed are fruit flies (Bactrocera cucurbitae), ak grasshopper
(Poekilocerus pictus), aphids (Aphis gossypii), red spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus),
stem borer (Dasyses rugosellus) and grey weevil (Myllocerus viridans). In all cases the
infected parts need to be destroyed along with application of prophylactic sprays of
Dimethoate (0.3%) or methyl demeton (0.05%).
5.11.2 Diseases
The main diseases reported are powdery mildew (Oidium caricae), anthracnose
(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), damping off and stem rot. Application of wettable sulphur
(1 g./l.) carbendazim/thiophanate methyl (1 g./l.) and Kavach/Mancozeb (2 g./l.) has been
found to be effective in controlling the diseases.
5.12 Harvesting and Yield
Fruits are harvested when they are of full size, light green in colour with tinge of yellow at
apical end. On ripening, fruits of certain varieties turn yellow while some of them remain
green. When the latex ceases to be milky and become watery, the fruits are suitable for
harvesting.
The economic life of papaya plant is only 3 to 4 years. The yield varies widely according to
variety, soil, climate and management of the orchard. The yield of 75-100 tonnes /ha. is
obtained in a season from a papaya orchard depending on spacing and cultural practices.
6. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT
6.1 Grading
Fruits are graded on the basis of their weight, size and colour.
6.2 Storage
Fruits are highly perishable in nature. They can be stored for a period of 1-3 weeks at a
temperature of 10-130 C and 85-90% relative humidity.
6.3 Packing
Bamboo baskets with banana leaves as lining material are used for carrying the produce
from farm to local market.
6.4 Transportation
Road transport by trucks/lorries is the most convenient mode of transport due to easy
approach from orchards to the market.
6.5 Marketing
The farmers usually dispose off their produce to the wholesalers and middlemen at the farm
gate.
7. TECHNOLOGY SOURCES
Major sources for technology are:
(i) Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741252, West
Bengal.
(ii) Department of Horticulture, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Tel : (0651)-
2230691.
(iii) Horticulture and Agro-forestry Research Programme (ICAR), Plandu,
Ranchi, Tel : (0651)-2260141, 2260207.
(iv) Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi-110012.
(v) IARI Regional Station, Samastipur-848125, Bihar.
(vi) Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hassaraghatta, Lake Post,
Bangalore-560089, Karnataka.
(vii) Progressive growers of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
8. ECONOMICS OF A ONE ACRE MODEL
8.1 High quality commercial cultivation of crop by using improved variety seedlings as
planting material and drip irrigation leads to multiple benefits viz.
Synchronized growth, flowering and harvesting;
Improved fruit quality;
Increases average productivity by more than 60%.
Economy and increased efficiency in use of irrigation water with drip irrigation.
Costs & Returns
8.2 A one acre plantation of the crop is a highly viable proposition. The cost
components of such a model along with the basis for costing are exhibited in
Annexures I & II. A summary is given in the figure below. The project cost works
out to Rs. 1.25 lakhs.
Project Cost: (Unit – One Acre)
(Amount in Rs.)
Sl. No.
Component Proposed Expenditure
1. Cultivation Expenses
(i) Cost of planting material 3400
(ii) Manures & fertilizers 6600
(iii) Insecticides & pesticides 500
(iv) Cost of Labour 8400
(v) Others, if any, (Power Charges) 3600
Total 22,500
2. Irrigation
(i) Tube-well/submersible pump 45000
(ii) Cost of Pipeline -
(iii) Others, if any -
Total 45,000
3. Cost of Drip/Irrigation including fertigation 25,000
4. Infrastructure
(i) Labour Shed 5000
(ii) Farm Implementation 3500
Total 8,500
5. Land Development
(i) Land leveling & layout 4000
(ii) Fencing 20000
Total 24,000
6. Land (if newly purchased)*
Grand Total 1,25,000
*Cost of newly purchased land will be limited to one-tenth of the total project cost
8.3 The major components of the model are:
Land Development: (Rs.4.0 thousand): This is the labour cost of shaping and dressing the land site.
Fencing (Rs.20.0 thousand): It is necessary to guard the orchard by barbed
wire fencing to safeguard the valuable produce from animals and prevent
poaching. This is part cost of fencing taken in first year.
Irrigation Infra-structure (Rs.45 thousand): For effective working with drip
irrigation system, it is necessary to install a bore well with diesel/electric
pumpset and motor. This is part cost of tube-well.
Drip Irrigation & Fertigation System (Rs.25 thousand): This is average cost
of one acre drip system for papaya inclusive of the cost of fertigation
equipment. The actual cost will vary depending on location, plant population
and plot geometry.
Equipment/Implements (Rs.3.5 thousand): For investment on improved
manually operated essential implements a provision of another Rs.3.5
thousand is included.
Building and Storage (Rs.5.0 thousand): A one acre orchard would require
minimally a labour shed.
Cost of Cultivation (Rs.22.5 thousand): Land preparation and planting
operations will involve tractor hiring and 100 days of manual labour, the cost
of which will come to Rs.7.00 thousand. The cost of planting material (1700
plants per acre at 1.5 x 1.5 m) works out to Rs.3.4 thousand i.e. 1700 plants
@ Rs. 2.0 per plant.
8.4 Labour cost has been put at an average of Rs.70 per man-day. The actual cost will
vary from location to location depending upon minimum wage levels or prevailing
wage levels for skilled and unskilled labour.
8.5 Recurring Production Cost: Recurring production costs are exhibited in
Annexure III. The main components are planting material, land preparation, inputs
application (FYM, fertilizers, micro-nutrients, plant protection chemicals etc.) and
labour cost on application of inputs, inter-cultural and other farm operations.
8.6 Besides, provision is included for power charges, protection of the plantation (cost of
material for wind protection and polythene bunch covers), labour for harvesting and
packing/transportation charges for the produce to the nearest secondary market.
The recurring production cost for a one acre orchard works out as below:
(Rs.Thousand)
Year 1 26.50
Year 2 36.69
Year 3 32.71
8.7 Returns from the Project: The yield from the plantation is estimated at 30 tonnes
(per acre) the second year and 25 tonnes in the third year. Valued at Rs.4500 per
tonne the total realization works out to Rs.247.50 thousand over a three year crop
cycle. (Annexure-III)
Project Financing
8.8. Balance Sheet: The projected balance sheet of the model is given at Annexure IV.
There would be three sources of financing the project as below:
Source Rs.Thousand
Farmer’s share 62.50
Capital subsidy 25.00
Term loan 37.50
Total 125.00
8.9. Profit & Loss Account: The cash flow statement may be seen in Annexure V.
Annexure VI projects the profit and loss account of the model. Gross profit for three
years works out to Rs.178.1 thousand.
8.10. Repayment of Term Loan: The term loan will be repaid in 11 six monthly
installments of Rs.3.41 thousand each with a moratorium of 18 months. The rate of
interest would have to be negotiated with the financing bank. It has been put at 12%
in the model (vide Annexure VII). Repayment schedule is given at Annexure VII A.
8.11. Annexure VIII gives depreciation calculations.
Project Viability:
8.12. IRR/BCR: The viability of the project is assessed in Annexure IX over a period of 5
years. The IRR works out to 28.37 and the BCR to 2.5.
8.13. The Debt Service coverage ratio calculations are presented in Annexure X. The
average DSCR works out to 6.87.
8.14. Payback Period: On the basis of costs and returns of the model, the pay back
period is estimated at 2.45 years (vide Annexure XI).
8.15. Break-even Point: The break even point will be reached in the 3rd year. At this
point fixed cost would work out to 43.1% of gross sales (vide Annexure XII).