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Seminar on New Trends In Urban Planning And

Development"MIP-REHDA SELANGOR JOINT SEMINAR

30th October 2008

New Trends and Approachesin Urban Planning and Growth.

by

Pn. Khairiah Talha

Secretary General

Eastern Regional Organization for Planning and HumanSettlements (EAROPH)

www.earoph.info

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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Urbanization Issues

Malaysias Urban Policies

New Trends and Approaches The

Sequential Approach

Smart Growth Policies

Whats for Us?

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Urbanization Issues

Issues of Urban Sprawl & Sustainability

Example: Sprawl In Johore Bharu & Klang

Valley

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Issues of Urban Sprawl & Sustainability

Critics of sprawl argue that urban expansion encroaches

excessively on agricultural land,

leading to a loss of amenity benefits from open space as well

as the depletion of scarce farmland resources.

the long commutes generated by urban expansion create

excessive traffic congestion and air pollution.

growth at the urban fringe is thought to depress the incentive

for redevelopment of land closer to city centers, leading to

decay of downtown areas.

by spreading people out, low-density suburban development

reduces social interaction, weakening the bonds that underpin

a healthy society.

(Brueckner, Jan, 2001).

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Eg: Sprawl In Johore Bharu

Built-Up Area Change, 1980 2000 (Johor Bahru District)

Years Change In

Built-Up

Areas

(Hectares)

Built-Up Area

Annual

Growth Rate

(1980-2000)

%

Population

Annual

Growth Rate

(1980-2000)

%

1980 10,747 5.52 5.04

2000 32,332.00

Source : JPBD, Report of Survey (Amendment) Johor Bahru Structure Plan Johor Structure Plan, 2000

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As the urban population in the district of JohorBahruincreased, most of the lands were developed.

several factors: One is due to the building of highways,seaports, new townships and purpose-built shoppingcomplexes.

However, most of the populations who stay in thesuburban areas such as MPJBT and Pasir Gudang areworking in the centre of JohorBahru.

This has caused a high trip generation along the routeheading to the city centre (MBJB area),- serious trafficcongestion problems

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19881990 19961994

1998 1999 2002 2004

Urban Built-up Area Morphology in Klang Valley

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Who are these 5 million people ?

How will they earn a living?

How will they move around?

Where will their food come from?

Will there be enough water?

What energy source will they use?

How many can this landscape support?

What kind of culture will it become?

Can the future be planned?

In what form of city will we live?

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Urbanization & Issue of Sustainability

Sustainability has become a central theme of ourenvironment, human development and resource use.

The central idea is that we should use resources in waysthat do not diminish them.

Concern about Impact ofClimate Change contribution

of transportation towards CO2 emission; sustainable communities looking after the places

people live and work, for example, by developing green,open spaces and building energy-efficient homes. (UKGovernment)

Urbanization and the resulting urban sprawl has seriousimplications on the goals of achieving sustainability

In Malaysia, concerns about sustainability indevelopment and growth have been indicated in most ofthe planning at national, state and local levels

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Malaysias Urban Policies

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NATIONAL POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND

LEGISLATIVE PROVISION

NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLAN

NATIONAL URBANIZATION POLICY

FIVE YEAR MALAYSIA PLANS THE TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACT 1976

NATIONAL LAND CODE 1965

UNIFORM BUILDING BYE-LAWS 1984

STRATA TITLES ACT 1985

LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT 1976

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NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLAN

NPP 2 - The planning of urban-based economicactivities shall adopt the concept of Selective

Concentration for strategic urban centres for all

states.

NPP9 Urban Conurbations

NPP 12 - The individuality and physical separation

of the cities, towns and villages within the

conurbations shall be maintained.

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NATIONAL URBANIZATION POLICY

No

Policy Statement

1 NUP 5 Optimal and balanced landuse planning shall be given emphasis in urban development:

Measures:

i.Ensure development is concentrated within urban growth limit so as to create a

compact city;

ii.Promote housing development within the urban centre or near to activity centres with

access to good amenities and transportation;

2 NUP 6 Urban Development shall give priority to urban renewal within the urban area:

Measures:i.Implement infill development at potential areas;

ii.Identify and prepare an inventory of brownfield areas;

iii.Plan and prepare the re-development programmes for brownfield areas;

iv.Promote urban regeneration for areas potential for development;

v.Rehabilitate polluted areas prior to development;

vi.Establish an agency responsible for planning and managing urban renewal;

Encourage private sector involvement through the provision of incentives and joint

venture programmes with the government.

3 NUP 15 An integrated, efficient and user-friendly public transportation system shall be

developed.

Measures:

i.Prepare a public transportation master plan at all levels of urban centres;

ii.Integrate public transportation system in landuse planning by implementing the

concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

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THE TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACT

1976

The National Physical Plan

State Structure Plan

District Local Plans

Special Area Plans

Comprehensive Regional Plans

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State Structure Plan

Item Statement in Plan and Reference

1 Page xvi Sectoral Policy: DS 19

Giving priority to comprehensive infill development in the main towns and other

main centres.

2 Page 2-28 Directions of Growth 2.5.9 (i)Towards More Sustainable Land Use:

It is estimated that there are 4,500 hectares of land within existing town

centres that has the potential for development. Therefore, any applications for

planning permission shall only be considered forpriority development areas that

have been identified.

3 Page 3-3, Land Use Strategic Plan 3.3.1

Priority Development Areas

..are already built up areas. For these areas, the objectives are to optimize

land use and existing infrastructure.

Penang State Structure Plan Contents related/implied with Urban /

Town Centre Development

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4 Page 4-10, Policy DSU7

The development of Land until 2020 shall optimize priority development areas as well as

new areas to be identified.

Policy DSU7 L2Encourage integrated infill development, urban renewal, redevelopment and adaptive

reuse in town centres, dilapidated areas, abandoned areas, unproductive areas, and

areas outside of heritage zones.

Policy DSU7 L3

Encourage high density developments on the island especially in areas along transport

(monorail) routes,.

Policy DSU7 L4

Giving emphasis and priority of development into built up areas through the Sequential

Approach, as follows:

yGiving priority to development in areas of Rank 1 with focus on existing built up areas

that have public transportation and infrastructure facilities;

yGiving priority to Rank II built up areas and new areas that have transportation and

infrastructure facilities ..

Policy DSU7 L6

Encourage high density infill development along the monorail transport routes

Policy DSU7 L7

Land use planning shall be integrated with traffic planning , planning for public

transportation and social planning.

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5 PAGE 4-51, DS 18-

Commercial floor space shall be identified based on the hierarchy of centre;

DS1 8 L2

Targetted commercial floor space needs by 2020 in identified centres ofhierarchy (followed by a table on the allocation by hierarchy of centres)

Page 4-51, DS1 9

Giving priority to infill development in main town centres and other identified

centres;

DS1 9 L1

feasibility studies to determine the scale and distribution of commercial

floor space;.

Page 4-52, DS1 9 L2

To offer commercial floor space based on demand to avoid over supply

DS1 9 L3

To implement commercial development through infill

DS1 9 L4

Allowing and encouraging the change of use of buildings

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New Trends and Approaches

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The Sequential Approach The Sequential Approach in planning and development

has been in practice in the UK since 1996

a technique towards sustainable development.

It is a method of monitoring physical development and inthe planning system and process,

ensures that physical development meets up withdemand.

The approach also ensures that brownfield sites as wellas previously developed sites, be given priority for development, over greenfield areas.

Thus, urban sprawl is minimized,

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Basic Principles of Sequential ApproachBasic Principles of Sequential Approach

1stpreference

2nd preference

3rd preference

4th preference

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there is no oversupply in development products (housing orcommercial floor space), and existing infrastructures are fullyutilized.

emphasis has been given to a plan-led approach to promoting retail,leisure and employment development.

It establishes a Sequential Approach with preference to Town

Centre locations, then edge-of-town centre and finally out-of-towncentre. PPG no.6, UK

maximising the use of brownfield sites and the conversion/re-useof existing buildings;

accessible by a choice of means of transport.

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OBJECTIVES OF SEQUENTIAL APPROACH

saving the countryside by making towns and cities more

attractive places in which to live;

and it makes the best possible use of previously

developed land;

more sustainable environment and more sustainablecommunities;

economic and social consequences of urban decay

reduced; the quality of the urban environment and urban

life increased, encourage people to live and work in citycentres;

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Criteria Required For Implementation of the SequentialApproachCriteria Required For Implementation of the SequentialApproach

Political will.

Incentives

Availability of an integrated public transport

system

Clear implementation and execution

strategies that are transparent and readily

available for the public

A sound and comprehensive data base to

manage and monitor the implementation

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Prospect of the Sequential Approach to MalaysiaProspect of the Sequential Approach to Malaysia

The Sequential Approach alone maynot be sufficient to manage urban

growth and avoid sprawl

The Approach may be an inadequatetool for cities of different sizes, history

and urban growth morphology;

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Smart Growth Policies

Planning concept and practice popular in the USsince late 1980s

Part of new urbanism movement, looking atalternative of suburban sprawl

Antithesis of urban sprawl promotes center citygrowth, compact transit-oriented urban form, mixeduse development with range of housing and

transportation choices.

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PRACTICES OF SMART GROWTH

Strategic Planning

Self-contained communities

Maximize accessibility and trnsportation options

Create walkable neighborhoods

Encourage quality, compact, attractivecommunities with a strong sense of place

Encourage a mix of housing types and prices

encourage transit oriented development

Concentrate activities and avoid over-restrictivezoning

Preserve open space

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Strategic Tools and MechanismsStrategic Tools and Mechanisms

1. Urban Containment Boundaries

2. New Urbanism (transit OrientedDevelopment, Compact Cities, )

3. Agricultural Land Reserve

4. Brownfield Development & urbanrevitalization

5. Development Cost Charges

6. State and Local GovernmentsAssistance in Attracting privateinvestments

7. Integrated Planning ManagementApproach

8. Community Support AndParticipation In The DevelopmentProcess and Livable Communities

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1. Urban Containment Boundaries (UCBs)

Lines drawn on planning maps that divides urban landand rural land

UCBs prevent low-density rural and surburban sprawl

and encourage orderly development

Growth is channeled and energized into areas which are

ready for development in terms of infrastructure, people

and demands.

The use of UCBs can assist in reinforcing and protecting

prime agriculture lands as well as environmentally

sensitive areas

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2. New Urbanism (Transit Oriented Development &Compact CITIES -PRINCIPLES

New Urbanism Transit Oriented Development Compact City

i. Walkability

ii. Connectivity

iii.Mixed-Use & Diversity

iv. Mixed Housing

v. Quality Architecture &

Urban Design

vi.Traditional

Neighborhood

Structure

(Discernable center

and edge, Public

space at center,

Importance of qualitypublic realm; public

open space

designed as civic

art),

vii. Increased Density

viii. Integrated

Transportation

ix. Sustainability and

the Quality of Life

i. Locate new development and major generators of traffic

(transits such as railway station) where they could be

accessed by means other than private car (i.e. train,

commuter, etc.)

ii. Restrict parking provision.

iii. Protect and strengthen existing local centres.

iv. Maintain and improve choices for people to walk, cycle or

catch public transport

v. Transportation expenditure must emphasize on facilitating

economic activity rather than aiming to generate jobs and

investment.

vi. Provision of new and improvements of transportation

infrastructure must be safe, convenient and affordable tomost daily needs, including employment, education,

shopping, personal services and recreation.

vii. Transportation decisions designed to support land use

and economic objectives as opposed to relieving short-

term congestion problems;

viii. Encourage public participation on any TOD development

planning

ix. Urban development must be guided by ideas of compact,

mixed landuse, infill and redevelopment within mixed-useneighborhoods (brownfield development),

x. Within a compact development, all the facilities such as

library, sport complex, school and community hall are to

be located in the center of the community to reduce the

need to travel

xi. Use a system approach to environmental planning by

channeling development into areas that are already

disturbed. All lands classified under environmental

sensitive areas need to be preserved through theestablishment of buffer zones.

main characteristics:

y Central area

revitalization

y High density

development

y Mixed use

development

y Services and facilities:

hospitals, parks,

schools, leisure and

fun

Policies of the compactcity involve:

y the promotion of urban

regeneration,

y the revitalisation of

town centers,

y restraint on

development in rural

areas,

y higher densities,mixed-use

development,

y promotion of public

transport and the

concentration of urban

development at public

transport nodes

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3. Agriculture Land Reserve (ALR)

The Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) is a zone inwhich agriculture and its related activities arerecognized as the priority use.

ALR emphasizes preservation of agriculture landor open space within the UCBs where it iscritically required in order to achieve sustainablegrowth;

Implementation of the ALR requires strong andeffective policies and smart bylaws to enable thelocal government to exercise the power inenforcement;

It requires transference and efficientcollaboration among related agencies; especiallythe Department of Agriculture and LocalAuthorities.

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4. Brownfield Development and Urban Revitalization

move towards revitalizing cities through the useand re-development of brownfield lands;

several principles:

The desirability and benefits of walkable cities,compact, mixed-use, mixed-income, racially

diverse, livable urban cores and neighborhoods ;

Creation of a safe and healthful environmentwhere people live, work, and recreate;

Encouraging retail businesses and service

providers to stay or locate within the urbancommunities where their customers live;

Accessible transportation alternatives towardseconomic development, in reducing trafficcongestion, and in minimizing parking;

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Unlock the value of vacant, abandoned, and/orunderutilized property in older cities;

Preservation of the unique character of acommunitys historical, cultural, artistic,architectural, and natural resource assets.

The state should support the location of publicoffices and facilities in urbanized areasconsistent with local development plans andcompatible with existing land uses to stimulateeconomic activity,

encourage private reinvestment in city centreareas, make optimum use of existinginfrastructure, decrease sprawl, and increaseaccessibility of government services;

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Developing state incentives for constructing newschools and renovating schools within existing

town centers and encouraging shared use of sports facilities;

Support other public investments in town centreareas , including the siting of facilities by localgovernments and federal agencies such as the

construction of new facilities within cities or established town centers that have adequateexisting infrastructure.

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5. Development Cost Charges

The Town and Country Planning Act 1976(PartV) in which a charge is imposed on newdevelopment projects to raise revenue;

Revenue shall be used to finance the provisionof infrastructure cost to accommodate urban

growth;

The charges imposed may vary from place toplace depending on the condition and capacityof the existing infrastructure, the location ofproposed development, the type of landuse, and

the characteristics of development project;

The DCC may be lower for infill developments,brownfield and higher density developments

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6. State and Local Governments Assistance inAttracting private investments

National and State Governments must lend

support

Capital Investments in public transportation

infrastructure are heavy but absolutely vital

Encourage brownfield development through

various financial incentives.

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7. Integrated Planning Management Approach

Integrated planning may be defined as acombination of policy making, administration ofphysical planning and development, fundingand research, and monitoring;

Integrated planning management aims toconsolidate all related group of expertise toachieve smart growth strategies at allgovernment administrative level (i.e. national,regional and local government);

Needs a strong collaboration of multidisciplinaryorganizations that work together as a singleteam (task force);

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8. Community Support And Participation In TheDevelopment Process and Livable Communities

Citizen participation in development processprovides a source of special insight, information,knowledge, and experience gained (may not beseen by others) through discussion andrepresentative of citizen consensus;

Promotes dignity and self-sufficiency within theindividual;

It taps the energies and resources of individual

citizens within the community;

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In the USA and European nations, publicparticipation is well advanced with high degree

of awareness;

Almost all of the plans rest on a clear statementof principles or values that the community as awhole wants to preserve, to improve and toenhance;

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CRITERIA FOR IMPLEMENTATIONCRITERIA FOR IMPLEMENTATION

Strong political support;

Integration and Coordination amongst all

ministries, agencies

Capacity Building

Stakeholders involvement and

participation

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SUCCESS OF SMART GROWTH

Many cities in the U.S. have adopted smart growthconcept and strategies;

Most successful cities are Portland, Oregon andVancouver, British Columbia (Canada).

In Portland, population growth much higher thanincrease of built up areas;

Also adopted in Australia;

Smart growth is more comprehensive, more sensitive toeconomic and market factors and may be suitable forMalaysia;

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Integrated Development A Urban Farm in Osaka, Japan

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A community Urban Farm, The SkyGarden Tower, Osaka

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WHATS FOR US?

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The Malaysian ContextThe Malaysian Context

Growth in the suburban areas outside of thetraditional city centres in Malaysia occurs due to thenew economic activities

It is imperative to understand that new towns willcontinue to exist and prosper due to continueddemand

Any strategy to contain this sprawl must take

cognizance of the facts that in the current economicand urban development, other centres will continue tomushroom outside the city centre.

Any policy and strategy that favor only the city centrewithout understanding the pull factor of new growth

centres in the suburbs are unlikely to have a greatimpact in containing urban sprawl

Smart Growth does not concentrate development inexisting city centre only but allocate growth to othersuburban centres and rural areas as well

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Community

Support &

Participation

State & Local

Incentives and

AssistanceIntegrated Urban

Management

Development Cost

Changes

UrbanContainment

Boundaries

(UCB)

SequentialApproach

(SqA)

Agricultural LandReserve

(ALR)

Urban

Revitalization &

Brownfield

Development

New Urbanism

INTEGRATEDSUSTAINABLE

URBAN GROWTH

(ISUG)

AA systemicsystemic integratedintegrated approachapproach toto sustainablesustainableurbanurban managementmanagement ??AA systemicsystemic integratedintegrated approachapproach toto sustainablesustainableurbanurban managementmanagement ??

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REDEVELOPMENT ON BROWNFIELDS, KL

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MELBOURNES INNER CITY RESIDENTIALREVITALIZATION

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

The Integrated Systemic Urban Growth Approach intends to do the following:

Create more self-contained communities so as to reduce average tripdistances, and encourage walking, cycling and transit travel, by locating avariety of compatible land uses within proximity of each other.

These measurements can work together with the increase in developmentdensity within walking distance (0.25 to 0.50 miles) of high capacity transitstations and corridors, and the provision of high quality pedestrian andcycling facilities in those areas.

approach can also help foster distinctive, attractive communities with astrong sense of place.

Areas of high ecological and recreational value can be free from development

pressures especially when development priority is channeled towards areasthat are already built up

A strategy towards urban sustainability

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The Future doesnt

just happen -it has to be designed

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THANK YOUfor your attention

KHAIRIAH TALHA

secretariat@earoph.info