papers of the 29 rencontre assyriologique internationale, london, 5-9 july 1982 || neo-assyrian...

Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figures: Figurines, Rituals and Monumental Art, with SpecialReference to the Figurines from the Excavations of the British School of Archaeology in Iraqat NimrudAuthor(s): Anthony GreenSource: Iraq, Vol. 45, No. 1, Papers of the 29 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, London,5-9 July 1982 (Spring, 1983), pp. 87-96Published by: British Institute for the Study of IraqStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200182 .

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87

NEO-ASSYRIAN APOTROPAIC FIGURES

FIGURINES, RITUALS AND MONUMENTAL ART, WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO THE FIGURINES FROM THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE

BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN IRAQ AT NIMRUD *

By ANTHONY GREEN

From Assyria and Babylonia in the first half of the first millennium b.c. comes a

series of small figurines in the round and relief plaques, which are usually found

beneath the floors of buildings within receptacles of baked or unbaked brick or

(at Nineveh) stone slabs or (so far restricted to ASSur) pottery jars ; the figurines themselves are almost invariably of sun-dried clay, very occasionally, perhaps, of

terracotta or metal.1 Their purpose, as texts prescribing the rituals involved attest, was to avert evil from the buildings and sickness from the inhabitants.2 The British

School's Nimrud complement comprises at least 136 relevant pieces from 66 separate

deposits discovered in three buildings : the Burnt Palace, the Acropolis Palace (AB) and Fort Shalmaneser, and dating possibly from the reign of Shalmaneser III (?) or, at least, Adad-nirari III down to the fall of the Assyrian Empire in 613 b.c.3

In this paper I shall deal with just one, but perhaps the most important, area on

which the series sheds light, namely the question of the identification of the creatures

represented by the various iconographie types. It can hardly be denied that the

study of apotropaic figurines is of somewhat limited importance in itself. Where it

succeeds is rather in the light which it throws upon other matters of more general

* The excavations of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq at the site of ancient Kalhu, the modern tells of Nimrud and 'Azar, were carried out between 1949 and 1962 under the directorships of the late Professor Sir Max Mallowan, Professor David Oates and, in the final season, Mr. Jeffery Orchard. I would like to thank the School for the award of a travel grant in 1979 and two annual Fellowships between 1980-82, which have enabled me to study the corpus of Assyrian figurines from these excavations and comparable material from other sites. I must also record my gratitude to the Iraqi State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage under the Presidency of Dr. Muayad Sa'id, for permitting and facilitating my work in the Iraq Museum; also to the other institutions and their staffs who have provided me with information and photographs. Special thanks go to Lady Mallowan, for help with the figurines now in London, Professor David Oates, for elucidating matters relating to the excavations, Mr. Jeffery Orchard, for many helpful suggestions in locating the pieces, Dr. John Curtis, for information relating to the Assyrian reli?is in the British Museum, and in particular Mr. Nicholas Postgate, for often crucial aid with the figurines' inscriptions.

1 E. Douglas Van Buren, Foundation Figurines and Offerings (Berlin, 1931) [henceforth referred to as

FFO] is now out-dated on this subject. For a synthesis of material mainly from published sources up to 1973, see Dessa Rittig, Assyrisch-babylonische Kleinplastik magischer Bedeutung vom 13.-6. Jh. v. Chr. (M?nchen, 1977) [henceforth Rittig]. The Nimrud corpus remains for the most part unpublished. A certain amount of new material, including Nimrud figurines, will appear in R. S. Ellis, Domestic Spirits: Apotropaic Figurines in Mesopotamian Buildings (Phila- delphia, forthcoming).

2 Cf. S. Smith, JRAS 1926, 695 ff. ; O. R. Gurney, AAA 22 (1935), 21 ff. ; Rittig, 151 ff. ; Ellis, forthcoming, chapter 2.

9 Some of the " spearman

" figures from Fort

Shalmaneser may date to the original foundation, but this is uncertain. The Burnt Palace figurines begin in Phase E: cf. M. E. L. Mallowan, Iraq 16 (1954), 78; Nimrud and its Remains (London, 1966) [henceforth ? & R] I, 228, caption to pl.-figs. 188-9 ? 286 f. Layard found a set of figurines of the fish- apkallu type in the S.W. Palace : Nineveh and its Remains (London, 1850) II, 37, with two examples published in Monuments of Nineveh I (London, 1849), PL 95: 5-6 [= BM 91845, 91843]? Cf. Van Buren, Clay Figurines of Babylonia and Assyria (New Haven and Oxford, 1930) [henceforth CFBA], nos. 966, 974, 991 ; FFO, 52 f. ; Rittig, 82 f., Nrn. 8.3.2-8, mit 83, Anm. ?.



88 ANTHONY GREEN

and basic interest. It is vital here to recognize the official nature of the ritual and

practice, and the consequent position of the iconography of the figurines in the

official religion of the Assyrian state. And while there are no apparent documentary sources directly concerning, for example, the subjects of the apotropaic palace

reliefs, there are texts ordaining procedures for apotropaic rituals involving figurines, which often enable identifications of analogous types.

Professor Mallowan was quick to recognize the relationship between the so-called

Nisroch or " Griffin-demon

" common in the ninth-century palaces and in Middle

and Neo-Assyrian art in general (Plate IXa), and the bird-headed human figurines of apkall? from Phase E of the Burnt Palace (Plate IX?).4 Citing this instance,

J. B. Steams has remarked that although there is here an isolated, rather superficial,

relationship, there are no general correspondences between the figures on the reliefs

and the actual or prescribed figurines, and that even in this case the connection

does not aid our understanding of the monumental figures :

... it is important to note that they are only one type out of many kinds of statuettes mentioned in these texts. Thus the parallel between the foundation-figures and the reliefs seems far from

complete, since only the counterpart of the ?-VII [i.e. winged, eagle-headedj genie is present in the texts ... It should also be noted that among the several types of figurines excavated none

except the bird-headed type seems to resemble the g?nies of the reliefs ... In short, the relationship between the apkall? of the typical text here adduced and the excavated figurines seems rather

superficial, and the connection of either texts or the figurines with the rites depicted on the reliefs

seems too tenuous to warrant basing an explanation of the reliefs upon such evidence.6

But although this appears true when considering the reliefs catalogued in Stcarns's

restricted study, it is not the case when the full repertoire of apotropaic figures on

the reliefs and in fictile art is considered, when a number of correlations can be found.

The method of using such correlations to identify individual figure types has already been well vindicated, I believe, in Dr. Julian Rcade's reappraisal of the subject- matter of Assyrian sculpture.6

The most expansive text prescribing the types of figurines is the Assur ritual

KAR, no. 298.7 After defining the purpose of the ritual as to avert evil from the

house (obv., line 1), the text begins to prescribe the types of figures to be fashioned

and buried at set locations. It begins with a long passage prescribing wooden figures of seven apkall?

" Sages ", from seven Babylonian cities (obv., 11. 2 ff.). No such

actual figurines appear to exist, nor should we expect any if the prescription were

faithfully followed, since timber figurines would have perished. The next passage, however, prescribes apkallu figures with the faces and wings of

birds (obv., 11. 12 if.). These are the bird-headed figures (Plate IX?), found appro-

priately in groups of seven. As well as in the Burnt Palace,8 a group of such figures

4 Mallowan, ILN Aug. 15, 1953, 256; Iraq 16

(1954), 86 f., with 87, ?. ? ; N&R I, 102; 226, caption to pl.-fig. 191. Cf. already C. L. Woolley, JRAS 1926, 709, ?. 11.

5J. B. Steams, Relief s from the Palace of Ashurna-

sirpal IL AfO Beiheft 15 (Graz, 1961), 26, ?. 44? ? ?a? ?? (?979)? 35 ff? 7 Gurney, ??? 22 (?935)? 64 fi. ; Rittig, 152 fi. 8 Three septenary sets were discovered, ND 3518-

24, 3527-33, 4101-7. Cf. for now Mallowan, ILN

Aug. 15, 1953, 255 f., with Fig. 8; Iraq 16 (1954), 80, 86fr.; Pis. XVII-XVIII [showing above, ND 3523, 3520 ; below, ND 3522, 3519] ; ? & R I, 226; 229, pl.-fig. 191; Marie-Th?r?se Barrelet, Figurines et reliefs en terre-cuite de la M?sopotamie antique I (Paris, 1968) [henceforth Barrelet], uof., fig? 79fl? b [= ND 3523, 3520, not as caption]; Rittig, 71, Nrn. 5.2.1-'* 19

" [ND 3606-9, 3628 arc

not of this type, but are fish-apkall?] ; 75 fi. ; Abb. 20.



NEO-ASSYRIAN APOTROPAIC FIGURES 89

was found in Fort Shalmaneser in a late seventh-century context ; 9 the excavator

believed that the figures were redeposited ninth-century pieces, but they are rather different in style

10 and may in fact date closer to the period suggested by their

findspot. A group of figures of the same type was found by George Smith in the so-called " S.E. Palace ", perhaps a part of the same building as Palace " AB "

; the pieces are close in style to the Burnt Palace examples

n and may date to the

late ninth century.12 The ritual goes on to prescribe a set of seven figures of the apkall? cloaked in the

skin of a fish (obv., 11. 15 ff.). This type is represented by septenary groups offish-

garbed human figures which vary somewhat from deposit to deposit. The usual

type from the Burnt Palace, thin and fairly flat, sometimes has a fish-head and, on

the reverse, a dorsal fin (Plate X?), but often has no very obvious fish elements, so that the pieces must be identified from others in the same deposit or by com-

parison with those in other deposits.13 Also from the Burnt Palace come some more

obvious human-piscine figures of heavy solid clay (Plate Xc). Six examples of this

subtype were found,14 together with a seventh, " leader "

(?), figure of the same

being but of a very different style : a tall but flat fish-garbed man, the scales and

tail indicated on the back by incised cross-hatching and diagonal lines.15 Over

thirty figurines and metal figurine accoutrements were found not buried in boxes

but loose in the fill of one of the so-called "

barrack-rooms " of Fort Shalmaneser.16

They would seem to be remnants from disturbed deposits, but evidently re-used, since the fish-cloaked figures, of incongruous styles, were nevertheless seven in

number.17 It is possible, therefore, that the room was some kind of sick-bay, decked

out with these prophylactic images. Plate ?a? shows one of the types found, rather

crudely made but with the line of the fish-cloak evident enough. It is interesting to note, in this context, that when one of the legs is exposed and set forward on

figurines of this type, it is the left one,18 perhaps foreshadowing an Islamic custom

9D. Oates, Iraq 23 (1961), 8 f. ; PI. 111:6; Mallowan, ? & R II, 384 ; 387, Fig. 312 ; 388 f. ; 641, n. 387(1) : 28; cf. Rittig, 71, Nrn. 5.2.20-*'27".

10 ND 9518, figures in the round rather than flat- backed plaques. Unpublished.

11 BM 90989-92, 90998, 91839. Cf. G. Smith, Assyrian Discoveries (London, 1875), 78, fig. in text; Van Buren, CFBA, no. 1106, PI. LVIII : 280 ; FFO, 49 f., PI. XVIII : 34 ; D. Frankel, Clay Figures of Assyria and Babylonia (London, 1976), 9, with British Museum slide WAA 43 ; Rittig, 72, Nrn. 5.2.28-" 34

" [read

" 33 "].

12 So Mallowan, Iraq 16 (1954), 89 ; ? & R I, 293. Van Buren's dating of these pieces (CFBA, no. 1106, FFO, 49) confuses the " S.E. Palace " with the " Central Palace ". Rittig, 72, gives a seventh- century date, but without support. For figures of the type from other sites, cf. Rittig, 70 if.

13 ND 3606-9 -1- 3628 [+2 figures disintegrated], 4116-22, 4130-6. Examples are published by Mallowan, ILN Aug. 15, 1953, 255 f., with Fig. 6;

Iraq ?6 (1954), 80, 87, 93; PI. XIX: 1, 3, 6 [ND 3607, 3606, 3608]; Barrelet, no f., Fig. 806 ; 118, Fig. 87c [ND 3608, not as caption] ; Trudy S. Kawami, FuB 16 (1975), 10, 13 ; Taf. 2 : 2. Cf. also Rittig, 80 f., Nrn. 8.?.8-10, Abb. 28; double- catalogued as bird-apkall? (see ?. 8 above), 248 f., ?30.

14 ND 4123-8. Previously all unpublished. 15 ND 4129. Unpublished. 16 Cf. D. Oates, Iraq 21 (1959), 112; Mallowan,

? & RII, 423. Rittig, 244 f., ? 28, wrongly attributes the figures to five foundation boxes " in der Ecken beiderseits der T?re ".

17 ND 7892-5, 7902, 7903A, B. Previously all unpublished.

18 Cf., e.g., Van Buren, CFBA, no. 994, PI. LII : 251; FFO, PI. XVIII: 35; W. Andrae, Das wiedererstandene Assur (Leipzig, 1938), Taf. Sa, b; Evelyn Klengel-Brandt, FuB io (1968), Taf. 6:1; Kawami, FuB 16 (1975), Taf. 3:1-2; Rittig, Abbn. 27, 30, 32, 33a, b.



go ANTHONY GREEN

of entering a holy place with the right foot first,19 but the haunts of the jinn leading with the left.20 The fish-cloaked figure is known in Mesopotamian art from the Kassite period,21 and despite a dearth of extant sculpture was not an uncommon

figure in the Neo-Assyrian palace or temple (Plate ?a).22

Returning to the apotropaic ritual, after the ?sh-apkalle the text prescribes various kinds of wooden figures (obv., 11. 21 ff.) which cannot be identified among actual

figurines, although some types may, as Dr. Reade has suggested, be represented in

Assyrian sculpture.23 These wooden figures end, however, with those of the ugallu,

" Great-lion "

(obv., 11. 41 f.), of which clay examples do exist. The human-leonine figure of Plate Xlrf, centre, is commonly portrayed in glyptic art from the Akkadian period onwards 24 and in seventh-century Assyrian sculpture.25 He has been identified by Karl Frank and, with reservations, Ursula Calmeyer, as an utukku-aemon,2% but this

view has been challenged by Dessa Rittig.27 She is unable, however, to offer an

alternative identification.28 Woolley once appears to interpret the creature as the

ugallu,? but elsewhere in the same paper as the urmahlilu, " Lion-man ",30 apparently

incorrectly identifying the two. Dr. Reade has suggested alternative identifications

19 El Bokh?ri, Les traditions islamiques. Trnsl. O. Houdas and W. Marcias (Paris, 1903-8), 157. According to F. Duguet, Le p?lerinage de la Mecque (Paris, 1932), 84, the pilgrim to the Great Mosque at Mecca enters with the right foot first.

20 E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians (London, 1836), 308. According to Ibn al-Hajj, a Moslem will leave his home for the mosque right foot first, but must lead with his left when going out to urinate : see J. Chelhod, apud R. Needham (ed.), Right and Left: Essays on Dual Symbolic Classification (Chicago, 1973), 240.

21 Edith Porada, Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections I (Washington D.C., 1948), no. 581 ; cf. Van Buren, Or ns 23 (1954), 23 f. ; Kawami, Iran 10 (1972), 146, n. 25. The figure is found widely in Neo-Assyrian glyptic art : see, e.g., Elizabeth Williams Forte, Ancient Near Eastern Seals (New York, 1976), nos. 39-40, 54.

22 Stela from Tell Ashara, reign of Tukulti- ninurta II : J. R. Tournay and S. Saouaf, AAS 2 (1952), PI. Ill ; pair of reliefs from Ninurta Temple, Nimrud, reign of Assurnasirpal II: Plate X?; painted frescoes on plastered mudbrick, in Fort Shalmaneser, Nimrud, reign of Shalmaneser III : J. E. Reade, BaM 10 (1979). Taf. 9; idem, apud J. E. Curtis (ed.), Fifty Tears of Mesopotamian Discovery (London, 1982), PI. yb, c; cf. D. Oates, Iraq 25 (1963), 29; scvcn(!) pairs of reliefs from S.W. Palace, Nineveh, reign of Sennacherib : A. H. Layard, Nineveh and Babylon (London, 1853), 343 f., with woodcut ; 442, 460 ; A. Paterson, The Palace of Sinacherib (The Hague, 1915), 8, 10, 13; Kawami, Iran 10 (1972), PI. Ill?, b ; rectangular water- trough from Assur Temple, Assur, reign of Senna- cherib : Andrae, Amtl. Berichte 58 (1937), 130 fr.,

Abb. ? ; Das wiedererstandene Assur, Taf. 21 ; Kawami, FuB 16 (1975), Taf. 3:4; pairs(?) of reliefs from ?. Palace, Nineveh, reign of Assurbanipal : R. D. Barnett, Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668-627 B*C.) (London, 1976) [henceforth SNPAN], 15, n. 1 ; 42. Cf. also the con- ventionalized figure painted on plastered mudbrick in the Palace at Til Barsip, reign of Tiglath- pileser III (?) : F. Thureau-Dangin and M. Dunand, Til Barsib (Paris, 1936), PI. Lillo ; Rittig, Abb. 29 ; cf. ?. Hrouda, Kulturgeschichte des Assyrischen Flach- bildes (Bonn, 1965), 114.

23 Reade, BaM 10 (1979), 36 f. 24 Cf. U. Seidl, BaM 4 (1968), 171 ff. 25 See references cited by Reade, op. cit., 39,

?. 142, and now Barnett, SNPAN, Pis. IV, XX, XXI, XXXI, XXXVII, XLV, LV.

26 K. Frank, MAOG 14 (1941), 23 ff., esp. S. 33 ; idem, Babylonische Beschw?rungsreliefs (Leipzig, 1908), 26fT.; U. Seidl, BaM 4 (1968), 173 f. Cf. also Klengel-Brandt, FuB io (1968), 36 f., and references there cited. Notice already a figurine of the type used to illustrate the edition of Utnkk? Lemn?tu of R. C. Thompson, The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia and Assyria II (London, 1904), frontispiece.

27 Rittig, 108. 28 Ibid., 109 f. So also Use Fuhr-Jaeppelt,

Materialien zur Ikonographie des L?wenadlers Anzu- Imdugud (M?nchen, 1972), 223 f.

29 JRAS 1926, 711, n. 31. 30 Ibid., 712, n. 41. For suggested Akkadian

readings of the name, see R. S. Ellis, apud Maria de Jong Ellis (ed.), Essays on the Ancient Near East in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein (Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 19) (Hamden, 1977) [henceforth Essays . . . Finkelstein], 74.



???-ASSYRIAN APOTROPAIC FIGURES 91

as the ugallu or the lahmu.31 But the latter creature, as we shall see, appears to have

a different identity, and the identification of this human-leonine figure as the ugallu is apparently confirmed by the Nimrud fictile examples (Plate XI?).32 The inscription (Plate XIb) corresponds well with that prescribed for figures of the ugallu in

the ritual.33

The type must probably be distinguished from the whip-carrying human figure

wearing a lion's pelt,34 of which a single example occurs in the Nimrud series

(Plate ???a). The type, as R. S. Ellis has shown, is also distinguished on the palace reliefs (Plate Xlk).35 Perhaps yet another distinctive type is the Janus-figure of Plate XII?, having both human and leonine faces, but with no parallels known to

me.38 The identification of both types is unclear.37

The next passage of the ritual prescribes clay figures of the lahmu, inscribed and coated in gypsum, with

" water painted on them in black wash " (obv., 11. 43 ff.).

The type of figure to which this passage refers, though not the reading of the Akkadian name,38 has been well recognized, since plaques from A?Sur, inscribed as in the ritual, depict the figure in close conformity to his representation on the monumental reliefs (Plate Xld, left).39 The Nimrud "heroes" are in the main

heavily bearded and bewigged men without the distinctive six spiral tresses

(Plate XIII?), but they are nevertheless often inscribed, in the same fashion, and so quite likely represent the same personage.40 Most interesting, perhaps, is a Burnt

31 BaM ?? (i979), 40. 32 ND 8181, 8190. The former is unpublished;

for references to the latter see note to Plate XIa below.

33 mu-tir g ab a lemni u a-rbP, " Averter of the chest

of the evil one and the enemy ". For the prescription of the ritual, see Rittig, 156, 166.

34 Cf. Ellis, Essays . . . Finkelstein, 67 ff., with illustrations pp. 76 f. For figurines of the type, cf. also Rittig, 103 ff. A number of foundation figurines of familiar types were discovered at ASSur in 1980 and described by Dr. B. K. Ismail to the XXVIIle R.A.I., Vienna, 6th-ioth July, 1981 (for the excavations, see for now J. N. Postgate, Iraq 43 (1981), 173). They include a human figure in a lion cloak and mask having two vertical incised lines enclosing incised chevrons running down the middle of the back, in even closer conformity to the figure of the relief on Plate XUc.

35 Ellis, loc. cit. 36 The comments of Rittig, 128 f., Nr. 21.?, arc

based upon incorrect assumptions. 37 For the former, cf. the tentative suggestions of

Ellis, Essays . . . Finkelstein, 73 fT. He and Reade, Iraq 34 (1972), 96, regard the figure as depicting a dressed-up man.

38 For which I am indebted to Herr F. ?. M. Wiggermann. For previous readings, sec E. Ebcling, AfO 5 (1928-9), 218 f. ; Gurney, AAA 22 (1935)? 53, n. 4; B. Landsberger, Sam'al (Ankara, 1948), 95, Anm. 227; Rittig, 156. Cf. also CAD 9 (l), 42, s.v. " lahmu '*, ? c, and ibid., 16 (s), 84, s.v. *' salmu ", ? d. Wiggermann interprets lahmu as " the hairy

one " ; see also his article, Studies on Babylonian

Demonology, I: Exit Talim !, JEOL 28 (1983-4), forthcoming. For the object carried by the figure, see C. B. F. Walker, apud Reade, BaM 10 (1979), 38, n. 133; P. Hibbert, apud D. Kolbe, Die Relief- programme religi?s-mythologischen Charakters in neu- assyrischen Pal?sten (Frankfurt am Main, 1981), 195; Wiggermann, forthcoming.

39 Ebeling, loc. cit. ; Van Buren, FFO, 43 f. ; Rittig, 190 f., ?11.3; Reade, BaM 10 (1979)? 3^? n. 133. For the monumental reliefs, see references cited by Reade, loc. cit., and now Barnett, SNPAN, PI. IV.

40 Contra Rittig, 213 fr. Uninscribcd examples from the Burnt Palace are published by Mallowan, ILN Aug. 15, 1953, 255, Fig. 6; Iraq 16 (1954), PI. XIX: 2, 4, 5, 7 [ND 3629, 3526, 3516, 3311] ; ? & R I, 228, pl.-figs. 188-9 tND 3629> 35l6; not as caption]. Examples of two Fort Shalmaneser subtypes are published : ND 7847, as in note to Plate XI? ?a below, and ND 11304, in the catalogues of the exhibition '* Sieben Jahrtausende Kunst und Kultur an Euphrat und Tigris

" [issued in nearly

identical form under various titles, e.g. Tr?sors du mus?e de Bagdad, Der Garten in Eden, Sumer Assur Babylon, ed. by Eva Strommenger (Mainz am Rhein, 1977 ff.), cf. also e.g. Tigris-Euphrates (in Japanese)], no. 142 [not from Burnt Palace as stated in German commentaries]. Both of these pieces are inscribed, the former [<t]-?a? maSkim s[ig5?]/j?-? maskim HUL-/I (Plate XI? ?a), the latter ir tu m ask ? m siLM-me/si-i maskim hul-/i '* Come in demon of good, go out demon of evil ! ".



92 ANTHONY GREEN

Palace example on which much of the gypsum coating and painted water survive

(Plate XlII?), as on some similar figures from Ur.41

Figurines of a human deity with one arm raised in the air in similar fashion to the ugallu (Plate XL?)

42 have not been found at Nimrud, but the identification of the ugallu from Nimrud figurines allows a possible identification of this personage also. A common line-up at doorways in the North Palace at Nineveh involves a

trio of this god, the ugallu and the lahmu (Plate XL??). In the ritual text, moreover, the passages prescribing figurines of the ugallu and lahmu occur together, preceded by a prescription for figures of the " House god

" who makes a gesture with his

right hand and carries a weapon in his left (obv., 11. 38 ff.).43 It is possible, therefore,

although it cannot be proved, that the three figures of these doorway reliefs are

enumerated in the same order in this ritual.44

After the lahmu, the text goes on to prescribe a type whose name is lost in the break but which is to be inscribed " Go out death, come in life! "

(obv., 11. 45 f.).

Rittig has already pointed out, on the basis of figurines from Assur, that this is the

creature called in modern literature the " bull-man ",45 Plate XIV<z shows a Burnt

Palace example, with obvious taurine hindquarters, and Plate XHIrf a rather

different type from Fort Shalmaneser, broken but still with fairly clear bull's legs ; the latter was probably inscribed in the same fashion as the Assur examples and as

ritually prescribed.46 The being is apparently unknown in extant Assyrian monu-

mental sculpture, but can be seen at Pasargadae with the ?sh-apkallu (Plate XIW),

perhaps copied from an Assyrian or Babylonian original ; 47 the discovery of the

fish-cloaked figure and " bull-man " together on reliefs at Nineveh is referred to in

a letter of Rassam to Rawlinson.48

A type superficially resembling the " bull-man " but with some important

iconographie distinctions and a different inscription is the figure of Plate XIIL?.

The legs end in bird talons, and on the reverse (Plate XIV?) a curving ridge, formed by pressing the wet clay between the thumb and forefinger, would appear to represent a twisting scorpion-tail. The type would seem, therefore, to be analogous

11 Cf. Woolley, JRAS 1926, 694, no. 3 ; 709. n. 7 [identification with wrong passage of ritual]; Ur Excavations VIII (London, 1965), 94, no. 2. Notice the association of lahmu with the aps? : CAD 9 (l), 42.

42 For figurines of this type, cf. Rittig, 44 ff. Such figures are common at Late Babylonian sites, but that they are also an Assyrian type is shown by the examples from Khorsabad and Assur (Rittig, Nrn. 1.2.1-2) and perhaps Assyrian-occupied Ur (Nr. 1.2.1.3). An additional figurine of the type was found in the recent excavations at Assur (see note 34 above) ; another was discovered at Nineveh by Dr. 'Amr Suleimann, The Results of the Excavations of the University of Mosul in the Walls of Nineveh [in Arabic], Adab al-Rafidain 1 (July 1971), 45 fr., with fig. between pp. 96 and 97 [I owe this reference to Dr. M. A. Roaf].

43 Cf. Gurney, AAA 22 (1935), 68 f. ; Rittig, 156, 166. Figurines of the deity with raised arm sometimes carry small metal or stone weapons : see Rittig, 44 ff., 130 ff., 211 f.

44 For other suggestions as to the identity of the figure, cf. Rittig, 211 f. Reade, BaM 10 (1979), 36, offers no specific identification, but ibid., 38, implies the identity of the " House god

" with a different figure on the reliefs.

45 Rittig, 206 ; cf. 190, ? II.2, and for figurines of the types, 98 ff. Two additional examples were found at Assur in 1980, inscribed in the usual manner. F. A. M. Wiggermann has suggested to me the possible Akkadian name kusarikkn ; he reads in this passage [nu.mes cud] '"dumu"' [(?G?t?~?. Cf. already Reade, BaM 10 (1979), 40.

46 ?[. . ., " Go out [. . . " Other figures from Fort

Shalmaneser are inscribed in the appropriate fashion, but are extant above the waist only, so that any original taurine features are lost ; D. Oates, Iraq 21 (1959), 112, type (iv), describes these as depicting a cloaked figure holding a spear, but no such attribute is apparent. Unpublished.

47 Cf. the remarks of Stronach, Pasargadae, 75. 48 Quoted by Barnett, SNPAN, 42.




to a scorpion-tailed figure on an Assyrian relief who has the hindquarters and claws

of a bird.49 This creature has been identified as the girtablilu, "

Scorpion-man "

; 60

but the inscription on the Nimrud figure may possibly correspond to that prescribed in the ritual for the type immediately after the bull-legged being (obv., 11. 47 f.),61 while for the girtablilu no inscription is ordained (rev., 11. 8 f.). Unfortunately, the

Akkadian name is again lost.

After figures of snakes (rev., 11. 1 f.), whose identification is obvious enough,62 the ritual mentions figurines of the well-known mushullsu (rev., 1. 3), which is surely

represented by the creature of Plate XIW, regarded by the excavators as a dog.63 The following prescriptions are for figures of the suhurmassu,

" Goat-fish "

and

kultlu, " Fish-man

" (rev., 11. 4 ff.), rare types which do not occur at Nimrud, and

are illustrated here by examples probably from ASSur, Plate XV. Their identities

are indicated by comparison of the prescribed legends with actual inscriptions.64 A little later in the ritual appears the urmahlilu,

" Lion-man

" (rev., 11. 15 f.), who

has already been identified directly from the inscription on a bas-relief; 66 it is the

49 E. Pottier, Mus?e National du Louvre: Catalogue des antiquit?s assyriennes (Paris, 1924), no. 6, PI. IV; J. Meuszynski, Iraq 38 (1976), PI. XIV. Reade, BaM 10 (1979), 39, describes the figure as having ** a fish-head penis ", but this looks to have more the shape of a snake's head (?), and the figurines of the type may be closely related to those of snakes (see note 52 below). Outside monumental sculpture (cf. also D. Oates, Iraq 28 (1966), PI. XXXIV? ; Meuszynski, Iraq 38 (1976), PI. IX0 ; Jeanny V. Canby, Iraq 33 (1971), PI. XVIb ; R. C. Thompson, AAA 18 (1931), PI. XXVII), the figure is not usually winged, but cf. Ch. Zervos, UArt de la Mesopotamia . . . (Paris and Londres, 1935), P. 139 = Layard, Monu- ments of Nineveh I, PI. 95A : 10 [Neo-Assyrian pottery vessel from Nimrud, BM 91941] ; Helena Carnegie, Catalogue of the Collection of Antique Gems formed by James, gth Earl of Southesk II (London, 1908), no. Q</i6; L. Dclaporte, Catalogue des cylindres, cachets et pierres grav?es de style oriental du Mus?e du Louvre II (Paris, 1923), no. A. 703.

50 H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals (London, 1939), 201 f. ; Rittig, 218; Ellis, Essays . . . Finkelstein, 74; Reade, BaM 10 (1979), 39. For the reading of the Akkadian name here used, sec CAD 21 (z), 165 f, s.v. "

zuqaqipu ". 51 DiNGiR ? lu-u ka-a-a-ran~l/rna~>

DiNGiR e/an.kal ( = lama) [lu(-u) ] da-a-ri **

May the god of the house be permanent(ly present), '* [May] the god of the house/the lamassu be permanently present) !

"

Contra the translation in Iraq 21 (1959), 112, second inscription. It does not, in fact, appear to occur on another figurine. For the prescription, cf. Rittig, '57? 167 ; Wiggermann now reads ina (jut?-s'?-nu dLAMA ? lu d?-ra-rP (personal communication).

52 Cf. Rittig, 122 f., the Assur examples inscribed as in the ritual: cf. ibid., 188, ? II.? ; 2?6. Addi- tional figures of snakes were found at ASSur in 1980,

but with illegible inscriptions. The two Nimrud examples, ND 9524-5, are uninscribed (unpublished). That at Ur the boxes housing snake figures were in close association with those containing the equivalent of the scorpion-tailed figure (see JRAS 1926, 690, Fig. 28 : positions of boxes housing types 4 and 10) suggests that there is again some significance to the order of the types as prescribed in the ritual.

53 For the creature in Mesopotamian art, cf. Seid!, BaM 4 (1968), 187 fr. It occurs on a relief of ASsurbanipal : Barnett, SNPAN, PI. LIV.

64 Cf. Rittig, 186 f., ? Ib.i ; 188 f., ?Ib.2; 206; 218. The figure of Plate XVa is inscribed er-ba tal-mu u ma-ga-ru

" Come in, favourable hearing, com- pliance ! ", corresponding to KAR, 298, rev. line 5. The figure of Plate XVA is uninscribed, but similar models carry an exhortation closely approximating to KAR, 298, rev. lines 6 f. : see Rittig, 94 f., Nr. 9.1.2, and exhibition catalogues as in note 40 above, no. 141. The kul?lu occurs quite frequently in Neo-Assyrian art, including on reliefs from the palace at Khorsabad (P. E. Botta, Monument de Ninive I (Paris, 1849), Pis. 32, 34; Pottier, Catalogue des antiquit?s assyriennes, no. 44, PI. XX), on a bronze work band from the Nabu Temple at the same site (G. Loud and C. B. Altman, Khorsabad II (Chicago, ?938)> ?1? 49? ??? 20) and ?? tne form of sculptured figures in the round outside a gate of the Ezida Temple at Nimrud (Mallowan, Iraq 19 (1957), PI. IV; N&R I, 235, pl.-fig. 198). The figure occurs in glyptic art at least from the Old Babylonian period onwards : see Van Buren, Or ns 23 (1954), 23. For the suhurmas"su in Mesopotamian art, see Seidl, BaM 4 (1968), 178 fr.

"By C. J. Gadd, apud Barnett, SNPAN, 40, PI. XX. For a figurine of the same being with similar (perhaps in fact identical) inscription, see Klengel-Brandt, FuB 10 (1968), 26, Taf. 5 : 2 ; Ellis, Essays . . . Finkelstein, 74; Rittig, 112 f., Nr. 14.1.1 ; i86f., ?Ib.i.



94 ANTHONY GREEN

creature called in modern literature a " lion-centaur ". After the urmahltlu, the

ritual prescribes clay figures of dogs, an actual set of which, inscribed and coloured in close conformity to the prescription, was discovered by Loftus in a rectangular niche at the base of a sculptured doorway slab in the North Palace at Nineveh.56 Such clay dogs appear not to occur among the Nimrud figures, although seven

copper or bronze examples, of differing breeds, sitting and standing, were found in the North-West Palace (Plate XIVe).57 These metal models have also been considered apotropaic,58 although there is no absolute proof, and the Nimrud examples were found out of context at the bottom of a well.59

It does seem possible, therefore, to identify a number of the creatures of Assyrian religious art on the basis of these figurines and their rituals, and to this process the Nimrud figurines, while they do not show the same typological diversity as those from A??ur,60 are able to make a number of significant contributions.

Catalogue of Illustrations

Plate EXa. BRSMG : H 794. 232 x 154 cm. Limestone relief from the N.W. Palace at Nimrud. Previously published : E. F. Weidner, Die Reliefs der assyrischen K?nige, I : Die Reliefs in England,

in der Vatikan-Stadt und in Italien. AfO Beiheft 4 (Osnabr?ck 1967), 112 ff., Abb. 90. Cf. also S. M. Paley, King of the World: Ashur-nasir-pal II of Assyria 883-859 B.C. (New York 1976), 49 f. b. ND 3522 (Ox 1954729)? Ht. 144 cm.

Sun-dried clay plaque-figurine of a bird-apkallu, one of seven discovered in a foundation box in the S.W. corner of room 27 of the Burnt Palace at Nimrud.

Previously published: Mallowan, ILN Aug. 15, 1953, 255, Fig. 8, bottom left; Iraq 16 (1954), Pis. XVII-XVIII, bottom left; cf. pp.80, 86 ff., 93; ? & R I, 229, pl.-fig. 191; cf. p. 226. Gf. also Rittig, 71, Nr. 5.2.5 ; 75 ff. ; 248 ff., ? 30 ; Abb. 20.

Plate Xa. BM 124573. 233 x 77 cm* Limestone relief, one of a pair flanking a doorway in the Ninurta Temple at Nimrud.

Previously published : A. H. Layard, Monuments of Nineveh II (London 1853), PI. 6 ; A. Paterson, Assyrian Sculptures contained in the British Museum, London (Haarlem n.d. [c. 1904]), PI. LXV ; R. D. Barnett, Assyrian Sculpture in the British Museum (Toronto 1975), PI. 3 ; cf. also Layard, Nineveh and Babylon (London 1853), 348 ff. ; 350, fig. in text ; C. J. Gadd, The Stones of Assyria (London 1936), 139?

5eGadd, RA 19 (1922), 158 f.; Frankel, Clay Figures of Assyria and Babylonia, 8 f., with B.M. slide WAA 42 ; Barnett, SNPAN, Pis. I, XLV ; cf. pp. 18, 36\ 5?, 74? For these and other examples, see also Rittig, u6ff.

"ND 2182-6, 2214, 3209. Cf. Mallowan, ILN Aug. 16, 1952, 254, Fig. 3; Iraq 15 (1953), 24; N&R I, 146 f., pl.-fig. 86 [from left to right, ND 2185, 2183, 2182, and on p. 147 ND 2185 again; not as caption]; Rittig, 121, Nrn. 16." 1 "

[read "2"?], 26-8. See also J. E. Curtis, An Examination of Late Assyrian Metalwork with Special Reference to Material from Nimrud (Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of Archaeology, University of London, 1979) I, 210 f.; II, 48 f., Pis. XXXVI-XXXVII.

58 See references as in note 57 ; also Woolley, JRAS 1926, 712, n. 44. None of the Nimrud dogs

is inscribed; the statement in N& R I, 103, that one of them carried an apotropaic inscription, which misled Rittig, 121, should be referred back to the original veision in ILN Aug. 16, 1952, 254, stating that " one of them which has been in the British Museum for many years ", i.e. one of the clay dogs from Nineveh, was inscribed in this fashion.

5U Those from other sites have been found under the floor, but not in foundation boxes as the clay examples : cf. Rittig, 117 ff. Those from Nippur were also seven in number (Rittig, 117 f., Nrn. 16.1.6-11; 126 f., Nr. 20.1 [= 6N 276-80, 291; 275]), suggesting that those from well NN represent a complete set.

60 Cf. Klengel-Brandt, Apotrop?ische Tonfiguren aus Assur, FuB 10(1968), 19 ff.




b. ND 4118 (IM for study). Ht. 132 cm. Sun-dried clay figurine of a ?sh-apkallu, one of seven discovered in a foundation box in room 20

of the Burnt Palace at Nimrud.

Previously unpublished. Cf. plan of boxes in room 20 : D. Oates, Iraq 18 (1956), 27, Fig. 2. c. ND 4123 (IM 59291). Ht. n -5 cm.

Sun-dried clay figurine of a ?sh-apkallu, one of seven discovered in a foundation box in room 30 of the Burnt Palace at Nimrud.

Previously unpublished. d. ND 7903B [marked

" A "] (IM for study). Ht. as ext. 10 o cm. Sun-dried clay figurine of a ?sh-apkallu, one of seven discovered in the fill of room SE 5 of Fort

Shalmaneser, Nimrud. Head and dorsal fin missing. Previously unpublished. Cf. D. Oates, Iraq 21 (1959), 112 f., incl. p. 112, type (iii) ; Mallowan,

? & R II, 423 f., with 644, n. 423 : 69 ; Rittig, 82, sub Nrn. 8.2.22-25.

Plate XIa. ND 8190 (Bruxelles o 2652). Ht. 121 cm. Sun-dried clay figurine of an ugallu, discovered together with the figure of Plate XI Win a founda-

tion box at the S. jamb outside the W. doorway of corridor E of Fort Shalmaneser, Nimrud. Previously published: D. Oates, Iraq 21 (1959), PI. XXXII/, cf. p. 117, n. 29 ; Mallowan,

? & R II, 389, pl.-fig. 314. Cf. also Rittig, 103 f., Nr. 12.?.2 ; ??6 f. ; ? io ; 200, ? ???.4 ; 244 f-> ? 28 [read

" an der s?dlichen Laibung "] ; Abb. 43. b. ND8181 (IM 61854).

Inscription on sun-dried clay figurine of an ugallu, discovered in a foundation box at the N. jamb of the same doorway.

The figurine is unpublished : cf. D. Oates, Iraq 21 (1959), 117, n. 29 ; Rittig, 103 f., Nr. 12.1.4; 244 G?? ? 28 [read

" an der n?rdlichen Laibung "]. For earlier readings of the inscription, cf. D. Oates, loc. cit. ; Mallowan, ? & R II, 389, caption to pl.-fig. 314; followed by Rittig, 104; 106; 200, ? ??.4. c. Ox 1924.701. Ht. i6-8cm.

Sun-dried clay figurine of a deity, one of a pair discovered in foundation boxes in a room of the so-called **

Library " of Nabonidus at Kish. When found the figure wore a copper girdle and

shoulder-band and held a copper staff in one hand and a copper weapon in the other. Late Babylonian.

Previously published : S. Langdon, Excavations at Kish I, 1923-24 (Paris 1924), PI. XLV, pp. gif.; Van Buren, FFO, PI. XX : 39, p. 71 ; Barrelet, 116, Fig. 856. Cf. also S. Smith, JRAS 1926, 710, n. 21 ; Van Buren, CFBA, no. 985 ; Rittig, 47 f., Nr. ? .2. ? .6 ; 252 f., ? 43 ; Abb. 8 ; P. R. S. Moorey, Kish Excavations 1923-33 (Oxford 1978), 49 f. [Other references cited by Rittig refer to a Kish figurine of a different deity, Ox 1928.527, her Nr. 1.1.8, and R. Borger, BiOr 30 (1973), 177, Nrn. 8-9, also confuses the two types.] d. BM 118918. 158 ? 223-5 cm.

Limestone relief, one of a pair flanking a doorway in the N. Palace at Nineveh. Previously published : H. R. Hall, Babylonian and Assyrian Sculptures in the British Museum (Paris

and Brussels 1928), PI. XXXVI : 1 ; Barnett Assyrian Sculpture in the British Museum Pis. VI-IX; id., SNPAN, PL IV, left, pp. 14, 36. Cf. also Gadd, The Stones of Assyria, 191.

Plate Xlla. ND 9342 (BSAI). Ht. 12 7 cm. Sun-dried clay figurine of a human figure in a lion's pelt and mask, discovered in a foundation

box in the N.E. corner of room S 37 of Fort Shalmaneser, Nimrud. Previously published : Ellis, Essays ... Finkelstein, 70 f., no. 7 ; 77, Fig. 8. Cf. D. Oates Iraq 23

1961), 9 ; Mallowan, ? & R II, 390. Misclassified by Rittig, 103, Nr. 12.1.3. b. ND 5296 (MMA 57.27.12). Ht. 11 o cm.

Sun-dried clay figurine with human and leonine faces, discovered in a foundation box at the W. jamb of a doorway of a room in building

" DD " of the outer town at Nimrud. Previously unpublished. Cf. D. Oates, Iraq 19 (1957), 24, n. 1. See also the inaccurate assumptions

of Rittig, 128 f., Nr. 21.1. c. BM 136773 [formerly at Woburn Abbey]. 78-8 X 88-9 cm.

Limestone relief from the Central Palace at Nimrud.



96 ANTHONY GREEN

Previously published: Weidner, Die Reliefs... I, 6 f., Abb. 3; 154, 156 f., Abbn. 116-17; R. D. Barnett and M. Falkner, The Sculptures of Assur-nasir-apli II (883-859 B.C.), Tiglath-pileser III

{745-727 B.C.), Esarhaddon (681-669 B.C.) from the Central and South-west Palaces at Nimrud (London 1962), Pis. I?II ; cf. p. 129 ; Ellis, op. cit., 67 ff., 73, 75 f., Fig. 2 ; Barnett, Assyrian Sculpture in the British Museum, PL 51 ; Chronique des Arts, mars 1977, no. 273.

Plate Xma. ND 7847 (ROM 959.91.40). Ht. 12 4 cm. Sun-dried clay figurine of "

spearman "

type, probably representing a lahmu, discovered in a foundation box in the S.W. corner of throneroom S 5 of Fort Shalmaneser, Nimrud.

Previously published: D. Oates, Iraq 21 (1959), PL XXXIIa ; cf. p. 112, type (i). Cf. also

Mallowan, ? & R II 433 ; Rittig, 62, Nr. 3.2.7 ; 214 ; 242, ? 28 [read " Kalhu "] ; Abb. 16.

b. ND4111 (IM 59290). Ht. 13-8 cm. Sun-dried clay figurine of a lahmu, discovered in a foundation box at the E. jamb of the S. doorway

of room 7 of the Burnt Palace at Nimrud.

Previously unpublished. For the position of the box, cf. D. Oates, Iraq 18 (1956), 27, Fig. 2. c? ND 7901 (IM for study). Ht. as ext. 12-7 cm.

Sun-dried clay figurine of a scorpion-tailed, bird-footed human creature, discovered with figures of other types in the fill of room SE 5 of Fort Shalmaneser, Nimrud.

Previously unpublished. Cf. D. Oates, Iraq 21 (1959), 112 f., type (v) ; Mallowan, ? & R II, 423 f.; Rittig, 65 f. Nr. 3.4.1. d. ND 9523 (IM 65138). Ht. as ext. 13-6 cm.

Sun-dried clay figurine of " bull-man " type, discovered in a foundation box on the E. side of

the N.E. courtyard, at the N. jamb of the doorway leading to room NE 21, Fort Shalmaneser, Nimrud.

Previously unpublished. Cf. D. Oates, Iraq 23 ( 1961 ), 14.

Plate XTVa. ND 4114 (BSAI). Ht. as ext. 10 9 cm. Sun-dried clay figurine of " bull-man "

type discovered together with a *' spearman

" in a foundation box at the W. jamb of the S.E. doorway of court 18 of the Burnt Palace at Nimrud.

Previously unpublished. For the position of the box, cf. D. Oates, Iraq 18 (1956) 27, Fig. 2. A similar pair of figures were found at the opposite jamb. b. As Plate XIIL?, reverse. c. Pasargadae, in situ. Ht. of figures as restored c. 80 cm.

Limestone relief at one jamb of a doorway of Palace S at Pasargadae. Achaemenid period. Previously published : D. Stronach, Pasargadae (Oxford 1978), PL 59 ; pp. 68 f., Fig. 35 ; 74 ff. ;

with earlier references. d. ND 8194 (MMA 59.107.27). L. 92 cm.

Sun-dried clay figurine of a mushussu, discovered in the same foundation box as the figure of

Plate XIa. Previously published : D. Oates, Iraq 21 (1959), PL XXXII? ; cf. p. 117, n. 29 [read

" ND 8194 "] ; Mallowan, ? & R II, 433, pl.-fig. 359 ; cf. p. 431. Double catalogued by Rittig, 114 f., Nr. 15. ? ;

244 ?* ? 28 y Abb. 50 ; and 119 f., Nr. 16.3.1. e. ND 3209 (Birmingham A 794^4 [marked 672*54]). L. as ext. 4-3 cm.

Copper or bronze figurine of a dog, discovered with six others down a well at the S. end of room NN

of the N.W. Palace at Nimrud. Left ear chipped, and tip of tail broken in antiquity. Previously unpublished: see J. E. Curtis, Dissertation, II, PL XXXVI; cf. I, 210 f. Cf. also

Mallowan, ILN Aug. 16, 1952, 254; Iraq 15 (1953), 24; ? & RI, 103, 146 f.

Plate XVa. Lowie Museum 9-1796 [formerly UCBC 1201]. L. 14 o cm.

Sun-dried clay figurine of a suhurmassu, probably from Assur.

Previously published : H. F. Lutz, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology 9/7 (1930),

383 f., PL 6 ; Rittig, 97, Nr. 10.1 ; 188, Ib.2 ; 206 ; Abb. 38. b. Lowie Museum 9-1795 [formerly UCBC 1200]. L, 130 cm.

Sun-dried clay figurine of a kultlu, allegedly from Assur.

Previously published : Lutz, op. cit., 383 f., PL 5 ; Rittig, 95 f., Nr. 9.1.3 ; Abb. 37.



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papers of the 29 rencontre assyriologique internationale, london, 5-9 july 1982 || neo-assyrian...

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