PARAMETRIC X-RAYS:READY FOR APPLICATION

IX Gomel School - July 2007

R esea rch In stitu te

fo r N u clea r P ro b lem s

Alexander LOBKO

Institute for Nuclear Problems,Belarus State University

Minsk

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Light sources

http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000166

nano-science

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Spectral brilliance of T- & x-ray sources

There is a large gap between properties of common and accelerator-based x-ray sources

X-rays: The First Hundred Years // Wiley 1996

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Typical size of a contemporary synchrotron

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Budget of the SOLEIL synchrotron (France)

Construction

• Investment…………….235 M€

• Operation………………..64 M€

• Salaries………………….150 M€

Total………………………….449 M€

Yearly………………………...53 M€

www.synchrotron-soleil.fr

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Synchrotron sources in the world

About 40 sources in 20 countries

USA 8

Germany 5

Japan 5

China 3

France 3

UK 2

Russia 1

http://www-als.lbl.gov/als/synchrotron_sources.html

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Comparison of some x-ray generation processes at accelerators

Type of radiation Yield,

photon/e

Е,

MeV

BR 1.2*(-8) 500

CBR 1.7*(-7) 0.2

SR 1.2*(-5) 3 *(+3)

TR 1.0*(-9) 125

RR 1.6*(-7) 50

PXR 1.3*(-5) 50

V.G. Baryshevsky, I.D. Feranchuk // NIM 228 (1985) 490

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Parametric x-rays (PXR)

V. Baryshevsky, I. Feranchuk, A. Ulyanenkov Parametric X–ray Radiation in Crystals: Theory, Experiment and Applications // Springer, 2006. – 176 p.

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0, 0, , , , , , , , , , ,...nПРИB s

NNF eQ g L T X

k k

2

2( ) 1 1

2pn

1 cos 0vn k

sinnB

B

cn

d

Condition for the Cherenkov radiation emission

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PXR experiments in the World• Armenia – Erevan ErPI LINAC• Belarus – INP in collaborations with Tomsk & IHEP

Protvino & Mainz, own experiments with non-relativistic electrons

• Canada – Saskatchevan Accelerator Lab LINAC• Germany – Darmstadt S_DALINAC, Mainz MAMI

Microtron, Rossendorf ELBE LINAC• Japan – Tokyo U. Synchrotron, Tohoku U. LINAC,

Hiroshima U. LINAC, Kamigori Spring-8 Synchrotron, Kyoto U. LINAC, Hokkaido U. LINAC, Nihon U. LINAC

• Russia – Tomsk SIRIUS Synchrotron, Dubna JINR Nuclotron, Belgorod U. in collaborations

• Ukraine – Kharkov KPTI LINACs• USA – RPI LINAC, BNL Accelerator Facility LINAC,

Naval Postgraduate School LINAC

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Main PXR features

• it is quasi-monochromatic x-ray radiation

• x-rays energy can be changed continuously by the crystal target rotation

• it is directed and polarized x-ray radiation

• x-rays energy does not depend on energy of incident charged particles

• radiation angle can be as large as

180 arc degrees

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Applications of synchrotron radiation

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Soft X-Ray Imaging Methods: Soft x-ray imaging, photoelectron emission

microscopy (PEEM), scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM), full-field microscopy, x-ray diffraction imaging (XDI),

x-ray tomography, computer-aided tomography (CAT).

Problems:Cell biology

Nano-magnetism Environmental scienceSoft matter, polymers

The tunability of radiation is absolutely essential for the creation of contrast mechanisms.

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Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy Methods: Soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, soft x-

ray emission spectroscopy (SXES), resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS), x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD),x-ray photo-emission spectroscopy (XPS), Auger spectroscopy.

Problems:Complex materials Magnetic materials

Environmental scienceCatalysis

The photon energy tunability and its brilliance and polarisation for some applications are essential.

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Soft X-Ray Scattering Methods: Soft x-ray emission spectroscopy (SXES), inelastic

x-ray scattering (IXS), resonant x-ray inelastic scattering (RIXS), speckle patterns, small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS).

Problems:Strongly correlated materials

Magnetic materials Environmental science

Catalysis

The tunability of radiation and its brilliance for some applications are essential.

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Practical examples of PXR applications

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA

Nihon University, Japan

EXAFS

enhanced contrast images

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PXR source based on the tabletop synchrotron

Photon Production Laboratory Japan

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First observation of parametric rays in the microwave range

exiting (slow-wave) gratingstep – 0,67 мм

diffraction (feedback) gratingstep – 3 мм

NIM A 483 (2002) 21–23;NIM A 507 (2003) 137–140

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Possible T-rays applications

http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000680

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Thank you for attention