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PART 4: IMPLEMENTATION & OPERATION

�4.1 Hazard Identification, RiskAssessment and Risk Control (HIRARC)

Learning Objectives

� To define what is

hazard, risk and

danger.

� To assess the hazard

identification, risk

assessment and risk

control process.

� To describe the

method of identifying

hazard.

� To construct the risk

assessment matrix.

� Hazard: A source or a situation with a potential

for harm in terms of human injury or ill

health, damage to property, damage to the

environment or a combination of these.

� Danger: Relative exposure to hazard

Definitions

� Risk: A combination of the likelihood of an

occurrence of a hazardous event with specified

period or in specified circumstances and the

severity of injury or damage to the health of

people, property, environment or any combination

of these caused by the event.

Definitions

� What is Risk assessment: The process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising from hazards at work.

� Risk assessment results is documented and used for:

1. Risk control in OSH management

2. Future reference and review

Risk Assessment

1. Integrate Risk Management as part of planningat all levels of business

2. Accept all risks

3. Make risk decisions appropriately (depending on level of risk)

4. Manage the risk

Basic Principles Of Risk Management

� Gives organisations a more effective way of managing hazards

� Requirement of the law e.g.

� OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 & USECHH Regulations 2000

� Requirement of OSH management system standards:

� MS 1722:2003,

� OHSAS 18001 and

� ISO 14001, etc.

Why Carry Out Risk Assessment?

� Routine and non-routine activities including emergencies;

� Activities of all personnel having access to the workplace (including subcontractors and visitors);

� Facilities at the workplace, whether provided-by the organization or others.

Risk Assessment Should Be Carried Out

For:

� Before Operation� During Operation� After Operation

When To Carry Out Risk Assessment

� Types of review:

� initial review, and

� periodic review.

When To Review Risk Assessment

� Review whenever there are changes:

� internal

� Before modification, changes or introduction of new

�Materials, machinery or processes, working procedures,

� external

� Amendments of national laws and regulations

� Developments in OSH knowledge and technology

When To Review Risk Assessment

� Person or persons trained to identify hazard and risk assessment� In some cases legally competent person, example : Chemical Health Risk Assessor

� Consultation with and involvement of workers� Safety and health committee OR workers and their representatives

� Involvement of supervisors

Who Will Carry Out Risk Assessment

� Hazard Identification

� Risk Assessment

� Risk Control

� Review

Basic Components Of Risk Management

Classify Activities(Work, Product, Services, Activities)

Determine Risk

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Risk Control Action Plan

Identify Hazards

Review Adequacy of Risk Control

Start

Risk = Severity X Likelihood

The Process Of Risk Management

Hazard Identification

Man Unsafe acts

Machinery Installation, layout and design of equipment

Materials Substances such as chemicals and gases use in the workplace

Method The way people carry out their work

Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality, ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc.

Sources Of Hazards

Classification of Hazards

Example of Potential Sources of Hazards

Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges, overload or force a tool beyond its capabilities and grinding wheel without guard

Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged, electrical face plate or cover broken or missing and fan cord insulation pulled loose

Biological Exposed to airborne and blood borne viruses, bacteria and fungus

Classification & Potential Sources Of

Hazards

Classification of Hazards

Example of Potential Sources of Hazards

Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals, sensitizers and corrosive chemicals.

Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural postures and unnatural movement, wrong design of workstation, tools and task.

Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at work.

Classification & Potential Sources Of

Hazards

� Information on the facilities, processes and

activities of the organization, including:

� Area Map

� Site plan(s); own and neighbor

� Process flow-charts

� Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals, wastes, products, sub-products)

� Toxicology and other health and safety data

� Monitoring data

Pre-Assessment : Information Gathering

� Geographical areas within/outside the premises;

� Stages in a production process, or in the provision of a service;

� Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window cleaning);

� Identify the working groups;

� Land use; previous property use, future use.

Pre-Assessment : Classifying Work

Activities

� Review of documents and publications

� Inspection and observation at the workplace

� Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring the environment or medical surveillance of workers

� Hazard Analysis

Methods Of Identifying Hazards

� Reports of accidents, accident investigation and audits

� Information from publications

� Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice

� Statistics

� Handbooks

� Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)

Document Review

� Types of inspections: statutory inspection, periodic inspection, formal and informal inspection

� Documentation - Checklist and inspection worksheet (standard approach and record)

Inspection & Observation

� Activities - to involve supervisors, managers and employees

� Inspection outcome - to include actions and timeframes

� Ensure follow up on action - to ensure effectiveness

Inspection & Observation

� Types of monitoring: area and personal monitoring.

� Monitoring of:

� Noise

� Heat

� Radiation

� Air contaminants

� Chemicals etc.

Exposure Monitoring

� Biological monitoring is a regular measuring activity where selected validated indicators of the uptake of toxic substances in the human body are determined in order to prevent health impairment.

� This form of monitoring could entail examination of, for example, blood, urine, saliva and expired air.

Biological Monitoring

� Biological monitoring commonly features in the health or medical surveillance of persons exposed to hazardous environments especially complying to legal requirement i.e. USECHH Regulations 2000 etc.

Biological Monitoring

� Health Surveillance is Warranted if:

� Substance is used in workplace

� Substance is hazardous

� Evidence or reason to suspect injury

� Atmospheric monitoring insufficient

Medical Surveillance

� Method use: (example)

� Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

� Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

� Fault Tree Analysis etc.

Hazards Analysis

� Job described in less than 10 steps

� Action verb used to describe job

� List things that can go wrong

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

�Note:� The term JSA includes the formulation of safe work procedures using written instructions for workers

� May still require other risk controls

� Supervisor and workers assist

� Ideally all jobs should have a JSA

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

� To identify and evaluate safety hazard in the process plant

� To identify operability problems

� New design or process

� Multidisciplinary brainstorming

� “What If” questionnaire method

� Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release etc.

Hazards & Operability Studies (HAZOP)

� To analyse how and why incident could occur.

� Graphic technique - traces branches of events.

� To calculate probability of end event.

� Example: Water pumping system

Fault Tree Analysis

Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)(automatic

standby pump)

Pump failure Control valve (C)failure to regulate

flow of water throughpump

No Flow (T)

•No water flow occurs if both pumps fail or if the control valve fails.•If the individual initiating event probabilities P(A), P(B), and P(C) are known, then the probability of P(T) the top or end event can be calculated.

Fault Tree Analysis

Risk Assessment

Approach:

� Qualitative Risk Assessment

� Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

� Quantitative Risk Assessment

Types of Risk Assessment

� Severity in terms of:

� Harm to health

� Damage to property

� Damage to environment

� Or the combination of the above

Determining Severity

Determine severity categories i.e.:

� Fatality

� Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or damage to health)

� Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or damage to health requiring days off work)

� Negligible injuries (first aid)

Severity

� Based on statistic & data, professional judgement.

� Determine likelihood categories i.e.:

� highly likely,

� likely,

� highly unlikely.

Determining Likelihood of Occurrences

of Hazard

� Very likely - could happen frequently

� Likely - could happen occasionally

� Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

� Highly unlikely - could happen, but probably never will

Likelihood

SeverityLikelihood

Very Likely(4) Likely (3) Unlikely(2)Highly

Unlikely(1)

Fatality(4) High-16 High-12 High-8 Medium-4

Major Injuries(3) High-12 High-9 Medium-6 Medium-3

Minor Injuries(2) High-8 Medium-6 Medium-4 Low-2Negligible Injuries(1) Medium-4 Medium-3 Low-2 Low-1

Qualitative Risk Table

Determine severity categories i.e. :

� 4: Fatality & Permanent Disability

� 3: More than 4 days MC

� 2: Less than or 4 days MC

� 1: First aid and near misses

Semi – Quantitative Risk Assessment

Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of Hazard

� 4: Daily

� 3: Weekly

� 2: Monthly

� 1: Yearly

Semi – Quantitative Risk Assessment

LIKELIHOOD

SE

VE

RIT

Y

Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily

1 2 3 4

First Aid and Near Misses

1 1 2 3 4

Less than or 4 days

MC2 2 4 6 8

More than 4 days MC 3 3 6 9 12

Fatality & Permanent Disability

4 4 8 12 16

Semi – Quantitative Risk Assessment

� Where the hazards presented by the undertaking are numerous and complex, and may involve novel processes, for example in the case of large chemicals process plants, detailed and sophisticated risk assessments will be needed, and it is appropriate to carry out a detailed quantitative risk assessment.

Quantitative Risk Assessment

� Quantitative risk assessment involves obtaining a numerical estimate of the risk from a quantitative consideration of event probabilities and consequences.

Quantitative Risk Assessment

� In carrying out quantitative risk assessments, special quantitative tools and techniques will be used for hazard identification, and to estimate the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of realisation of the hazards.

Quantitative Risk Assessment

� Where such methods and techniques are used it is important that they are carried out by suitably qualified and experience assessors.

Quantitative Risk Assessment

LEVEL

OF

RISK

AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP) PRINCIPLE

Risk cannot be justifiedon any grounds

ALARP

Risk is undertaken if a benefit is desired

����

Reduce risk

No need for detailedaction

TOLERABLE IF:Reduction

Impracticalor

Cost / gain grosslyDisproportionate

Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

Trivial

Decision For Action

Activities / process / facilities/ equipment

Hazard EffectCurrent Risk

ControlLegal

Reqmt

Risk Action &

RecommendationsSeverity. LikelihoodRisk

Rating

Kimpalan arka1. Radiasi Pedih mata,

berair, berpasir Face shieldFMA, OSHA

2 3 6PPE-goggles, eye wash station, job rotation

2. Fumes Pernafasanterganggu -

FMA, OSHA

2 3 6Exhaust fan, respirator, job rotation

3. Spark Melecur kulit, pakaianterbakar

Gloves, overall, kasut

FMA, OSHA

2 3 6

Overall tahan api, glove berkualiti, fire extinguisher, emergency shower

Risk Assessment Form

Risk Control

•Substitution•Modify process•Enclosure•Local exhaust •Fugitive emission control

•Isolation

•Housekeeping•General ventilation

•Continuous area monitoring

•Dilution ventilation

•Automation or remote control

•Training and education

•Worker rotation•Enclosure of worker•Personal monitoring

•Personal protective devices

Principle of Control

� Review measures regularly; modify if necessary

� Comply with national laws and regulations

� Reflect good management practice; and

Consideration In Implementing Risk

Control

� Consider the current state of knowledge

� Include information or reports from organizations such as:

� DOSH, OSH services, and others.

Consideration In Implementing Risk

Control

Hierarchy Of ControlMOST EFFECTIVE

Elimination - remove the hazard.

FAIRLY EFFECTIVESubstitution - use less hazardous one.Isolation – isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in restricted room

Engineering Control – design, isolation at source, barricade, guarding,

LEAST EFFECTIVE Administrative Control – safe work procedure, isolation i.e. reduce exposure time and limit, training, signage etcPPE - last resort.

� The basis of OSH management is the identification of hazard, risk assessment and control

� Ways of identifying hazards varies from inspection of the workplace to reviewing legislation

� Risk assessment allows an organisation to build a sound basis for managing hazard

� Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination; use PPE as protection is the last resort

Summary